Life would be ever so much easier if quasi-experiments yielded just as good causal inferences as randomized experiments. Of course, the term "quasi-experiment" covers a multitude of designs. Here it refers to the workhorse of the quasi-experimental design literature: the nonequivalent control group design that includes a treatment group, a control group not receiving treatment, and a posttest for both, but where the assignment of subjects to conditions is not controlled by the researcher, and is certainly not random.
{"title":"Experiments versus quasi-experiments: do they yield the same answer?","authors":"W. Shadish, D. T. Heinsman","doi":"10.1037/E495592006-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E495592006-008","url":null,"abstract":"Life would be ever so much easier if quasi-experiments yielded just as good causal inferences as randomized experiments. Of course, the term \"quasi-experiment\" covers a multitude of designs. Here it refers to the workhorse of the quasi-experimental design literature: the nonequivalent control group design that includes a treatment group, a control group not receiving treatment, and a posttest for both, but where the assignment of subjects to conditions is not controlled by the researcher, and is certainly not random.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"170 1","pages":"147-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57801558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After nearly 15 years of declining rates in adolescent drug abuse, current epidemiologic research indicates significant increases in the use of a variety of illicit drugs of abuse such as inhalants, marijuana, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and phencyclidine (PCP) (Department of Health and Human Services 1994) by children and youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. Faced with these alarming increases in drug abuse, concerned parents, educators, and community leaders are turning to prevention research to better understand the nature of these recent trends and to guide prevention policy and program development. Critical to effective preventive action at all levels of Government is an assessment of the numerous scientific findings that have been published over the past decade that may indicate which prevention practices are efficacious and which drug abuse prevention strategies need to be considered for implementation in school and community programs in order to bring a halt to increased drug abuse by the Nation's youth.
{"title":"META-ANALYSIS OF DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION RESEARCH","authors":"W. Bukoski","doi":"10.1037/e495592006-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495592006-002","url":null,"abstract":"After nearly 15 years of declining rates in adolescent drug abuse, current epidemiologic research indicates significant increases in the use of a variety of illicit drugs of abuse such as inhalants, marijuana, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and phencyclidine (PCP) (Department of Health and Human Services 1994) by children and youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. Faced with these alarming increases in drug abuse, concerned parents, educators, and community leaders are turning to prevention research to better understand the nature of these recent trends and to guide prevention policy and program development. Critical to effective preventive action at all levels of Government is an assessment of the numerous scientific findings that have been published over the past decade that may indicate which prevention practices are efficacious and which drug abuse prevention strategies need to be considered for implementation in school and community programs in order to bring a halt to increased drug abuse by the Nation's youth.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"170 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57801586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research syntheses are more and more used to inform decisionmakers about the effects of a particular policy or of different policy options. For instance, do substance abuse prevention programs in junior high schools reduce drug use in high school? Are random drug tests more effective than drug education programs in reducing drug use? Are social influence prevention programs more effective with boys than with girls?
{"title":"Drawing generalized causal inferences based on meta-analysis.","authors":"G. Matt","doi":"10.1037/e495592006-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495592006-009","url":null,"abstract":"Research syntheses are more and more used to inform decisionmakers about the effects of a particular policy or of different policy options. For instance, do substance abuse prevention programs in junior high schools reduce drug use in high school? Are random drug tests more effective than drug education programs in reducing drug use? Are social influence prevention programs more effective with boys than with girls?","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"170 1","pages":"165-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57801950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meta-analysis as a method holds great promise for allowing fields of research to accomplish synthesis and integration of findings. This goal must be compared to experimental research, which is inherently reductionistic in its approach. Because of this divergence in methods and implicit goals, meta-analysts are often faced with a need to reconceptualize original research in order to fit it into a method that allows comparison. The authors have identified two such issues (classification of variables and classification of correlational results) that will pose continued dilemmas for meta-analysts.
{"title":"Issues in classification in meta-analysis in substance abuse prevention research.","authors":"W. B. Hansen, Rose La","doi":"10.1037/e495592006-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495592006-010","url":null,"abstract":"Meta-analysis as a method holds great promise for allowing fields of research to accomplish synthesis and integration of findings. This goal must be compared to experimental research, which is inherently reductionistic in its approach. Because of this divergence in methods and implicit goals, meta-analysts are often faced with a need to reconceptualize original research in order to fit it into a method that allows comparison. The authors have identified two such issues (classification of variables and classification of correlational results) that will pose continued dilemmas for meta-analysts.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"170 1","pages":"183-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57802005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measuring levels and patterns of illicit drug use, their correlates, and related behaviors requires the use of self-report methods. However, the validity of self-reported data on sensitive and highly stigmatized behaviors such as drug use has been questioned. The goal of this monograph is to review current and cutting-edge research on the validity of self-reported drug use and to describe methodological advances designed to reduce total error in estimates of drug use and quantify sources of nonsampling error. This monograph reviews a number of studies that use some presumably more accurate measure of drug use to validate self-reported use. In addition, evolving methods to improve a wide variety of procedures used in survey designs are explored, including computer-assisted interviewing, predictors of response propensity, measurement error models, and improved prevalence estimation techniques. Experimental manipulations of various survey conditions and situational factors also show promise in improving the validity of drug prevalence estimates in self-report surveys.
{"title":"Introduction--the validity of self-reported drug use: improving the accuracy of survey estimates.","authors":"Lana Harrison, Arthur Hughes","doi":"10.1037/e495622006-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495622006-002","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring levels and patterns of illicit drug use, their correlates, and related behaviors requires the use of self-report methods. However, the validity of self-reported data on sensitive and highly stigmatized behaviors such as drug use has been questioned. The goal of this monograph is to review current and cutting-edge research on the validity of self-reported drug use and to describe methodological advances designed to reduce total error in estimates of drug use and quantify sources of nonsampling error. This monograph reviews a number of studies that use some presumably more accurate measure of drug use to validate self-reported use. In addition, evolving methods to improve a wide variety of procedures used in survey designs are explored, including computer-assisted interviewing, predictors of response propensity, measurement error models, and improved prevalence estimation techniques. Experimental manipulations of various survey conditions and situational factors also show promise in improving the validity of drug prevalence estimates in self-report surveys.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"167 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57802748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug use among different populations such as household members, students, and arrestees vary substantially and the accuracy of their self-reports may be questionable. The accuracy of prevalence estimates based on self-report data can be monitored by chemical drug testing of biological specimens such as urine, saliva, sweat, and hair. Each biological specimen is unique and offers a somewhat different pattern of information regarding drug use over time. Also, each specimen has unique strengths and weaknesses regarding the type of information obtained from drug testing. The performance characteristics of the assay methodology may also be important. The validation of self-report data by drug testing must be performed with careful consideration of the limitations imposed by the testing methodology and the biological specimen.
{"title":"New developments in biological measures of drug prevalence.","authors":"E. J. Cone","doi":"10.1037/e495622006-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495622006-007","url":null,"abstract":"Drug use among different populations such as household members, students, and arrestees vary substantially and the accuracy of their self-reports may be questionable. The accuracy of prevalence estimates based on self-report data can be monitored by chemical drug testing of biological specimens such as urine, saliva, sweat, and hair. Each biological specimen is unique and offers a somewhat different pattern of information regarding drug use over time. Also, each specimen has unique strengths and weaknesses regarding the type of information obtained from drug testing. The performance characteristics of the assay methodology may also be important. The validation of self-report data by drug testing must be performed with careful consideration of the limitations imposed by the testing methodology and the biological specimen.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"167 1","pages":"108-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57803332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter reports on a field trial involving the application of hair assays to a probation population. The objectives were to evaluate the general reactions of probation officers and probationers to the collection of hair samples, to compare the outcomes of the hair samples with the outcomes of urinalyses (which the probationers undergo routinely), to note and react to differences in the prevalence as indicated by the two assay types, and to assess the general monitoring potential for hair assays in a correctional setting. In general, hair assays showed an increased capability of detecting cocaine exposure when compared to urinalysis. The detection of cannabis was, however, problematic for hair. The hair assays, using urine as a comparator, appeared to result in several apparent false negatives for cannabinoids. There were no false negatives for cocaine, and an approximately fourfold increase in the detection rate when compared to urine. The collection of hair samples was not difficult and the cooperation of the probationers was quite good. Probation officers appear to prefer the use of hair specimens to urine specimen collection, and appeared enthusiastic about the potential use of hair analysis in their routine monitoring of clients.
{"title":"Patterns of concordance between hair assays and urinalysis for cocaine: longitudinal analysis of probationers in Pinellas County, Florida.","authors":"T. Mieczkowski, R. Newel","doi":"10.1037/E495622006-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E495622006-010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reports on a field trial involving the application of hair assays to a probation population. The objectives were to evaluate the general reactions of probation officers and probationers to the collection of hair samples, to compare the outcomes of the hair samples with the outcomes of urinalyses (which the probationers undergo routinely), to note and react to differences in the prevalence as indicated by the two assay types, and to assess the general monitoring potential for hair assays in a correctional setting. In general, hair assays showed an increased capability of detecting cocaine exposure when compared to urinalysis. The detection of cannabis was, however, problematic for hair. The hair assays, using urine as a comparator, appeared to result in several apparent false negatives for cannabinoids. There were no false negatives for cocaine, and an approximately fourfold increase in the detection rate when compared to urine. The collection of hair samples was not difficult and the cooperation of the probationers was quite good. Probation officers appear to prefer the use of hair specimens to urine specimen collection, and appeared enthusiastic about the potential use of hair analysis in their routine monitoring of clients.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"167 1","pages":"161-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57803488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family factors have been part of the drug abuse lore at least since Fort's early (1954) paper commenting on the parents of heroin addicts. Subse-quently, the literature on family variables in the process and treatment of drug problems has shown steady and increasing accumulation; there were nearly 400 such publications between 1954 and 1978 (Stanton 1978), and that total would appear to have at least doubled by now (Heath and Atkinson 1988; Kaufman 1985; Mackenson and Cottone 1992; Sorenson 1989; Stanton 1988).
至少从Fort早期(1954年)的一篇评论海洛因成瘾者父母的论文开始，家庭因素就一直是药物滥用的一部分。随后，关于药物问题过程和治疗中的家庭变量的文献逐渐积累;在1954年至1978年间，有近400篇这样的出版物(Stanton 1978)，到目前为止，这一数字似乎至少翻了一番(Heath and Atkinson 1988;考夫曼1985;Mackenson and Cottone 1992;索伦森1989;斯坦顿1988)。
{"title":"The role of family and significant others in the engagement and retention of drug-dependent individuals.","authors":"M. Stanton","doi":"10.1037/E495632006-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E495632006-009","url":null,"abstract":"Family factors have been part of the drug abuse lore at least since Fort's early (1954) paper commenting on the parents of heroin addicts. Subse-quently, the literature on family variables in the process and treatment of drug problems has shown steady and increasing accumulation; there were nearly 400 such publications between 1954 and 1978 (Stanton 1978), and that total would appear to have at least doubled by now (Heath and Atkinson 1988; Kaufman 1985; Mackenson and Cottone 1992; Sorenson 1989; Stanton 1988).","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"42 1","pages":"157-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57804373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The course and treatment of substance use disorder in persons with severe mental illness.","authors":"K T Mueser, R E Drake, K M Miles","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"172 ","pages":"86-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20101602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Treatment of depression in drug-dependent patients: effects on mood and drug use.","authors":"E V Nunes, F M Quitkin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"172 ","pages":"61-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20102315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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