The binding of glucose to serum proteins in a non-enzymatic reaction occurs proportionately to the prevailing serum glucose concentration during the lifespan of each protein. The non-enzymatic reaction of proteins with reducing sugars results in the formation of glycated proteins that are indicative of the relative amount of reducing sugars present. Hemoglobin, albumin, lipoproteins and other tissue proteins can be non-enzymatically glycated. Hence, estimation of these glycated proteins can be used for the estimation of average glycemic status. Spectrophotometric, chromatographic and immunoassays techniques are used for the detection and quantitation of these glycated proteins. Key words: Glycated protein, reducing sugars, detection, quantitation.
{"title":"Glycated proteins: Clinical utility and analytical approaches","authors":"Yoseph Cherinet Megerssa, D. Tesfaye","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0802","url":null,"abstract":"The binding of glucose to serum proteins in a non-enzymatic reaction occurs proportionately to the prevailing serum glucose concentration during the lifespan of each protein. The non-enzymatic reaction of proteins with reducing sugars results in the formation of glycated proteins that are indicative of the relative amount of reducing sugars present. Hemoglobin, albumin, lipoproteins and other tissue proteins can be non-enzymatically glycated. Hence, estimation of these glycated proteins can be used for the estimation of average glycemic status. Spectrophotometric, chromatographic and immunoassays techniques are used for the detection and quantitation of these glycated proteins. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Glycated protein, reducing sugars, detection, quantitation.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"18-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88157579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice-koji is an important agent for the saccharification of fermented food production in Japan. In koji-making, temperature, humidity, light and oxygen are important environmental factors. However, there is no report of koji-making controlled by sound wave. In this study, focusing on the enzyme activity of rice-koji, we confirmed the relationship between enzyme activity and frequency of sound waves. Here, the enzyme activities of rice-koji cultured with no sound and sound waves at seven different frequencies (1.0, 2.5, 6.3, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5 and 16.0 kHz) were compared. Using two types of polished rice from different production areas, the activities were investigated. In this study, we investigated the enzyme activity of four types of rice-koji and found frequencies where the enzyme activity was significantly different to activity with no sound. In particular, the frequency of significant difference was investigated to confirm both rice. In the results, due to the irradiation frequency of 6.3 kHz, glucoamylase activity of both rice-koji decreased significantly (P<0.01) compared to the silent control. Further, due to the irradiation frequency of 1.0 kHz, acid protease activity confirmed a significant difference between the silent control and a frequency of 1.0 kHz (P<0.01). That is, as the activity of one of rice-koji increased, that of another rice-koji decreased. However, the activity of α-amylase and acid carboxypeptidase was not affected at any frequency. These results suggest that sound waves, particularly at frequencies of 1.0 and 6.3 kHz, have marked effects on the specific enzymatic activity of rice-koji. Key words: Frequency of sound waves, sound wave, rice-koji, enzyme activity, koji-making.
{"title":"Effects of sound waves on the enzyme activity of rice-koji","authors":"Noriaki Saigusa, Seika Imayama, Y. Teramoto","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0810","url":null,"abstract":"Rice-koji is an important agent for the saccharification of fermented food production in Japan. In koji-making, temperature, humidity, light and oxygen are important environmental factors. However, there is no report of koji-making controlled by sound wave. In this study, focusing on the enzyme activity of rice-koji, we confirmed the relationship between enzyme activity and frequency of sound waves. Here, the enzyme activities of rice-koji cultured with no sound and sound waves at seven different frequencies (1.0, 2.5, 6.3, 8.0, 10.0, 12.5 and 16.0 kHz) were compared. Using two types of polished rice from different production areas, the activities were investigated. In this study, we investigated the enzyme activity of four types of rice-koji and found frequencies where the enzyme activity was significantly different to activity with no sound. In particular, the frequency of significant difference was investigated to confirm both rice. In the results, due to the irradiation frequency of 6.3 kHz, glucoamylase activity of both rice-koji decreased significantly (P<0.01) compared to the silent control. Further, due to the irradiation frequency of 1.0 kHz, acid protease activity confirmed a significant difference between the silent control and a frequency of 1.0 kHz (P<0.01). That is, as the activity of one of rice-koji increased, that of another rice-koji decreased. However, the activity of α-amylase and acid carboxypeptidase was not affected at any frequency. These results suggest that sound waves, particularly at frequencies of 1.0 and 6.3 kHz, have marked effects on the specific enzymatic activity of rice-koji. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Frequency of sound waves, sound wave, rice-koji, enzyme activity, koji-making.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"57 5","pages":"35-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91490430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Laachari, Fatimazahra El Bergad, M. Sadiki, Adel Sayari, W. Bahafid, S. Elabed, I. Mohammed, S. Ibnsouda
The main objective of this work was to identify novel lipases of industrial interest. In this paper, Aspergillus flavus lipase (AFL) was isolated from the traditional tannery of Fez city in Morocco; it kept its stability even in the presence of high concentrations of detergent from 0 to 10 mM sodium deoxycholate (NaDC). Bile salts showed no inhibitory effect on the lipolytic activity, whereas the calcium salts showed a stimulating action on the lipase activity. Unlike most of the lipases which were quickly denatured at the lipid/water interface, the accumulation of free fatty acids at the oil/water interface did not affect the activity of the enzyme which effectively hydrolyzed the emulsified olive oil even in the absence of bile salts. Furthermore, AFL was more active on long chain triacylglycerols than on short chain triacylglycerols. This study allowed us to prove that AFL had the interfacial activation phenomenon. A 3D structure model of AFL was built and we have concluded that the ratio hydrophobic surface/hydrophilic surface was 51% versus 50%; it could be responsible for a higher tolerance to the presence of free fatty acids at lipid/water interface. Key words: Aspergillus flavus lipase (AFL), detergent, interfacial activation, free fatty acids, model.
{"title":"Higher tolerance of a novel lipase from Aspergillus flavus to the presence of free fatty acids at lipid/water interface","authors":"F. Laachari, Fatimazahra El Bergad, M. Sadiki, Adel Sayari, W. Bahafid, S. Elabed, I. Mohammed, S. Ibnsouda","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0804","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work was to identify novel lipases of industrial interest. In this paper, Aspergillus flavus lipase (AFL) was isolated from the traditional tannery of Fez city in Morocco; it kept its stability even in the presence of high concentrations of detergent from 0 to 10 mM sodium deoxycholate (NaDC). Bile salts showed no inhibitory effect on the lipolytic activity, whereas the calcium salts showed a stimulating action on the lipase activity. Unlike most of the lipases which were quickly denatured at the lipid/water interface, the accumulation of free fatty acids at the oil/water interface did not affect the activity of the enzyme which effectively hydrolyzed the emulsified olive oil even in the absence of bile salts. Furthermore, AFL was more active on long chain triacylglycerols than on short chain triacylglycerols. This study allowed us to prove that AFL had the interfacial activation phenomenon. A 3D structure model of AFL was built and we have concluded that the ratio hydrophobic surface/hydrophilic surface was 51% versus 50%; it could be responsible for a higher tolerance to the presence of free fatty acids at lipid/water interface. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Aspergillus flavus lipase (AFL), detergent, interfacial activation, free fatty acids, model.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"65 1","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89607399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abanobi, A. U. Ezirim, Chidi Uzoma Igwe, C. P. Ihedimbu, C. Iheme, R. Nwaoguikpe, E. Udenze, D. I. Ukairo
This study aimed at investigating the changes in activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline protease of soil samples exposed to electromagnetic radiations (EMR) from mobile phone for the periods of 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. EMR-unexposed soil samples served as the source of control enzyme activities. The mean enzyme activities from the EMR-exposed soil were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those from the unexposed samples. The overall percentage changes in enzymes activities of the EMR-unexposed and exposed soil samples for dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline protease relative to their respective starting values were 124.42 and -65.15%, 138.01 and -13.87%, 94.09 and 19.70%, 101.01 and -41.00%, and 162.55 and -21.71% respectively. The results show that EMR from mobile phones elicited significant negative impact on soil enzymes activities. Key words: Electromagnetic radiations, mobile phones, enzymes.
{"title":"Changes in enzymes activities of soil samples exposed to electromagnetic radiations (EMR) from mobile phone","authors":"S. Abanobi, A. U. Ezirim, Chidi Uzoma Igwe, C. P. Ihedimbu, C. Iheme, R. Nwaoguikpe, E. Udenze, D. I. Ukairo","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0808","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at investigating the changes in activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline protease of soil samples exposed to electromagnetic radiations (EMR) from mobile phone for the periods of 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. EMR-unexposed soil samples served as the source of control enzyme activities. The mean enzyme activities from the EMR-exposed soil were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those from the unexposed samples. The overall percentage changes in enzymes activities of the EMR-unexposed and exposed soil samples for dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline protease relative to their respective starting values were 124.42 and -65.15%, 138.01 and -13.87%, 94.09 and 19.70%, 101.01 and -41.00%, and 162.55 and -21.71% respectively. The results show that EMR from mobile phones elicited significant negative impact on soil enzymes activities. Key words: Electromagnetic radiations, mobile phones, enzymes.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88527745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Akomolafe, O. Olukiran, C. Imafidon, O. Ayannuga, J. Oyekunle, Babatunde Akanji, A. Oladele
This study aimed at determining the changes in food consumption, water intake, plasma and urine concentrations of some organic constituents which are often used in the assessment of renal function following two weeks’ administration of two doses of copper sulphate to Wistar rats. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of five rats each. Group I (control group) received distilled water; groups II and III were given 100 and 200 mg/kg/day p. o of copper sulphate for 14 days, respectively. Significant reductions in food consumption and water intake were observed in group II when compared with the control and group III rats, but their body weight increased insignificantly throughout the study. The plasma urea concentrations of the treated rats were not significantly different from the control rats. The plasma creatinine levels of the experimental rats rose slightly, but not significantly different from the control rats. The creatinine and urea concentrations in the urine fell significantly in group II when compared with the control group. This was accompanied by decrease in creatinine clearance. Photomicrographs of the kidneys of both the control and experimental rats revealed no alteration in the histology of their renal tissue. It is concluded that acute copper sulphate administration to rats induced anorexia and suppression of renal function, thereby indicating the potential toxicity of the salt if ingested for a longer period. Key words: Copper sulphate, kidney, creatinine, urea, rats.
{"title":"A study of two weeks administration of copper sulphate on markers of renal function and feeding pattern of Wistar rats","authors":"R. Akomolafe, O. Olukiran, C. Imafidon, O. Ayannuga, J. Oyekunle, Babatunde Akanji, A. Oladele","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0814","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at determining the changes in food consumption, water intake, plasma and urine concentrations of some organic constituents which are often used in the assessment of renal function following two weeks’ administration of two doses of copper sulphate to Wistar rats. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of five rats each. Group I (control group) received distilled water; groups II and III were given 100 and 200 mg/kg/day p. o of copper sulphate for 14 days, respectively. Significant reductions in food consumption and water intake were observed in group II when compared with the control and group III rats, but their body weight increased insignificantly throughout the study. The plasma urea concentrations of the treated rats were not significantly different from the control rats. The plasma creatinine levels of the experimental rats rose slightly, but not significantly different from the control rats. The creatinine and urea concentrations in the urine fell significantly in group II when compared with the control group. This was accompanied by decrease in creatinine clearance. Photomicrographs of the kidneys of both the control and experimental rats revealed no alteration in the histology of their renal tissue. It is concluded that acute copper sulphate administration to rats induced anorexia and suppression of renal function, thereby indicating the potential toxicity of the salt if ingested for a longer period. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Copper sulphate, kidney, creatinine, urea, rats.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"117 1","pages":"158-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77712371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. C. Nwachukwu, S. Asagba, Chibueze Nwose, Michael P. Okoh
�The present study investigates and examines the comparative effects of plant extracts such as, garlic, ginger and onion on some organs (liver, kidney and heart) of x-ray exposed rats, using and assaying some biochemical enzymes. Twenty (20) albino rats with an average weight of (155.00 ± 2.01 g), divided into five groups were used for the study. The rats with exception of the control were exposed to x-ray with ionizing radiation at a dose of 525 kv/s. The results indicate some toxicity conferred on the rats were reversed when fed with diet containing garlic, ginger and onion, as evidently shown in some of the biochemical parameters examined that includes: body weight gain, plasma and femur alanine aminotransferase (ALP) activity; enzymatic changes in super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) level in the liver, kidney and heart. Feeding with ginger, garlic and onions extracts failed to restore the x-ray induced inhibition of aldenylate oxidase (AO) and sulphite oxidase (SO) activities in the liver and heart. Data of the study indicates that garlic and onions had more beneficial effects on radiation induced toxicity in rats, as increased body weight gain (P<0.05) of rats caused by radiation which was reduced by feeding with garlic and onion by -65.11 and -30.02%, respectively as against radiation exposed rats fed ginger (-3.17%) compared to rats treated with only x-ray. Together, the results obtained from this study suggest that garlic, ginger and onion may have significant anti-radiation properties, bearing the reversal and restoration observed after radiation exposure on some of the investigated biochemical parameters. Such properties properly harnessed will be helpful in combating cellular oxidative stress.
{"title":"Radiation protection and anti-oxidative effects of garlic, onion and ginger extracts, x-ray exposed albino rats as model for biochemical studies","authors":"K. C. Nwachukwu, S. Asagba, Chibueze Nwose, Michael P. Okoh","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0794","url":null,"abstract":"�The present study investigates and examines the comparative effects of plant extracts such as, garlic, ginger and onion on some organs (liver, kidney and heart) of x-ray exposed rats, using and assaying some biochemical enzymes. Twenty (20) albino rats with an average weight of (155.00 ± 2.01 g), divided into five groups were used for the study. The rats with exception of the control were exposed to x-ray with ionizing radiation at a dose of 525 kv/s. The results indicate some toxicity conferred on the rats were reversed when fed with diet containing garlic, ginger and onion, as evidently shown in some of the biochemical parameters examined that includes: body weight gain, plasma and femur alanine aminotransferase (ALP) activity; enzymatic changes in super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) level in the liver, kidney and heart. Feeding with ginger, garlic and onions extracts failed to restore the x-ray induced inhibition of aldenylate oxidase (AO) and sulphite oxidase (SO) activities in the liver and heart. Data of the study indicates that garlic and onions had more beneficial effects on radiation induced toxicity in rats, as increased body weight gain (P<0.05) of rats caused by radiation which was reduced by feeding with garlic and onion by -65.11 and -30.02%, respectively as against radiation exposed rats fed ginger (-3.17%) compared to rats treated with only x-ray. Together, the results obtained from this study suggest that garlic, ginger and onion may have significant anti-radiation properties, bearing the reversal and restoration observed after radiation exposure on some of the investigated biochemical parameters. Such properties properly harnessed will be helpful in combating cellular oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"166-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83610919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Emejulu, C. Alisi, E. S. Asiwe, K. Iheanacho, V. Onwuliri
Effect of Irvingia gabonensis fruit juice administration on serum lipid profile of sodium fluoride (NaF)-intoxicated rats was investigated. Twenty-four (24) male Wistar rats divided into four groups of six (6) animals each - one control and three intoxicated groups were used. The normal control (NC) group received only standard pelletized diet and water. All three intoxicated groups received 20 mgkg-1 bodyweight of NaF daily by gavage for 35 days. While the first group (NaFC group) received only NaF, the second in addition was treated with I. gabonensis fruit juice (I. gabonensis group). The third received NaF plus 15 mgkg-1 body weight Quercetin + 100 mgkg-1 bodyweight vitamin E (Q+Vit E group). Result showed that LDL-C was significantly elevated, while HDL-C was markedly reduced in the NaFC group. In the I. gabonensis-treated group, lipoprotein phenotypes were normalized, with HDL-C increasing from 38.92±9.28 mgdl-1 in NaF intoxicated group (NaFC) to 65.14±5.33 mgdl-1, which was even higher than 60.83±4.56 mgdl-1 obtained in the standard (Q+Vit E) group. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration also reduced from 17.3±3.2 mgdl-1 in NaF-intoxicated group to 7.5±1.0 mgdl-1 in I. gabonensis-treated group, which compared favourably with that of the standard. Furthermore, NaF toxicity resulted in the elevation of atherogenic index in the NaFC group. This was significantly (p<0.05) lowered in all other groups. The total non-HDLcholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio were significantly reduced in I. gabonensis-treated rats. This tends to suggest that the juice of I. gabonensis may be useful in alleviating and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Key words: Sodium flouride, Irvingia gabonensis, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
{"title":"Hypolipidemic effect of Irvingia gabonensis fruits juice on sodium fluoride induced dyslipidemia in rats","authors":"A. Emejulu, C. Alisi, E. S. Asiwe, K. Iheanacho, V. Onwuliri","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0782","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of Irvingia gabonensis fruit juice administration on serum lipid profile of sodium fluoride (NaF)-intoxicated rats was investigated. Twenty-four (24) male Wistar rats divided into four groups of six (6) animals each - one control and three intoxicated groups were used. The normal control (NC) group received only standard pelletized diet and water. All three intoxicated groups received 20 mgkg-1 bodyweight of NaF daily by gavage for 35 days. While the first group (NaFC group) received only NaF, the second in addition was treated with I. gabonensis fruit juice (I. gabonensis group). The third received NaF plus 15 mgkg-1 body weight Quercetin + 100 mgkg-1 bodyweight vitamin E (Q+Vit E group). Result showed that LDL-C was significantly elevated, while HDL-C was markedly reduced in the NaFC group. In the I. gabonensis-treated group, lipoprotein phenotypes were normalized, with HDL-C increasing from 38.92±9.28 mgdl-1 in NaF intoxicated group (NaFC) to 65.14±5.33 mgdl-1, which was even higher than 60.83±4.56 mgdl-1 obtained in the standard (Q+Vit E) group. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration also reduced from 17.3±3.2 mgdl-1 in NaF-intoxicated group to 7.5±1.0 mgdl-1 in I. gabonensis-treated group, which compared favourably with that of the standard. Furthermore, NaF toxicity resulted in the elevation of atherogenic index in the NaFC group. This was significantly (p<0.05) lowered in all other groups. The total non-HDLcholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio were significantly reduced in I. gabonensis-treated rats. This tends to suggest that the juice of I. gabonensis may be useful in alleviating and preventing cardiovascular diseases. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Sodium flouride, Irvingia gabonensis, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL).","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"331 1","pages":"151-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76579162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Investigation of the effect of oral administration of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as powder on lipid profiles and blood glucose in healthy and type-2 diabetic human patients was done. Forty-five type-2 diabetic patients and 15 non-diabetic persons of age 40 years or older participated in the study. Patients selected in this study had fasting blood glucose in the range 160-300 mg/dl, and high lipid profiles levels. In addition, patients were allowed to take their routine diet and usual diabetic medicine but not any other health medication. All participants were told to take 3 g of rosemary per day for 4 weeks. Plasma lipid profiles and blood glucose were measured before and after rosemary administration. Significant effect of rosemary is obviously noticed in diabetic patients. Lipid profiles (low density lipoprotein LDL, triglycerides and cholesterol) decreased by 31-35%, and blood glucose decreased by 21%. In addition, high density lipoprotein (HDL) in both diabetic and non diabetic persons increased by 22%. Rosemary showed favorable changes in lipid profiles and blood glucose levels in type-2 diabetic patients. Key words: Type-2 diabetes, rosemary, dyslipidemia, blood glucose.
{"title":"Effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) on lipid profiles and blood glucose in human diabetic patients (type-2)","authors":"A. Jamal","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0765","url":null,"abstract":"Investigation of the effect of oral administration of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as powder on lipid profiles and blood glucose in healthy and type-2 diabetic human patients was done. Forty-five type-2 diabetic patients and 15 non-diabetic persons of age 40 years or older participated in the study. Patients selected in this study had fasting blood glucose in the range 160-300 mg/dl, and high lipid profiles levels. In addition, patients were allowed to take their routine diet and usual diabetic medicine but not any other health medication. All participants were told to take 3 g of rosemary per day for 4 weeks. Plasma lipid profiles and blood glucose were measured before and after rosemary administration. Significant effect of rosemary is obviously noticed in diabetic patients. Lipid profiles (low density lipoprotein LDL, triglycerides and cholesterol) decreased by 31-35%, and blood glucose decreased by 21%. In addition, high density lipoprotein (HDL) in both diabetic and non diabetic persons increased by 22%. Rosemary showed favorable changes in lipid profiles and blood glucose levels in type-2 diabetic patients. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Type-2 diabetes, rosemary, dyslipidemia, blood glucose.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"40 2 1","pages":"147-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85012371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experiment evaluated the 28-day feeding study in rats after they were continuously fed with multi-species probiotics dosages in the low-dosage, medium-dosage, and high-dosage groups: 2,000 mg/kg body weight (B.W.), 4,000 mg/kg B.W., and 6,000 mg/kg B.W., respectively, for 28 days as a reference for the safety of its repeated usage. Each group consisted of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and the test substance was administered for 28 continuous days. After the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and their blood and viscera were collected for haematological analysis, serum bio-chemical analysis, and pathological examination. The test results showed that, during the experiment, none of the tested rats exhibited abnormal clinical symptoms; the rats in all dosage groups gained weight normally. At the end of the test, the results of urological testing, haematological testing, and serum biochemical testing revealed no significant differences between the dosage groups and the control group. The results of the pathological dissection, the macroscopic inspection of pathological changes, and the histopathological inspection revealed no significant pathological changes related to the tested substance in the dosage groups and the control group. Key words: Probiotics, Sprague-Dawley rat, haematological analysis, serum biochemical analysis, pathological examination.
{"title":"Safety evaluation for multispecies probiotics in a 28- day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats","authors":"Chun-Chih Huang, Mun-Kit Nam, Yueh-Ting Tsai, Cheng-Chih Tsai","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0791","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment evaluated the 28-day feeding study in rats after they were continuously fed with multi-species probiotics dosages in the low-dosage, medium-dosage, and high-dosage groups: 2,000 mg/kg body weight (B.W.), 4,000 mg/kg B.W., and 6,000 mg/kg B.W., respectively, for 28 days as a reference for the safety of its repeated usage. Each group consisted of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and the test substance was administered for 28 continuous days. After the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and their blood and viscera were collected for haematological analysis, serum bio-chemical analysis, and pathological examination. The test results showed that, during the experiment, none of the tested rats exhibited abnormal clinical symptoms; the rats in all dosage groups gained weight normally. At the end of the test, the results of urological testing, haematological testing, and serum biochemical testing revealed no significant differences between the dosage groups and the control group. The results of the pathological dissection, the macroscopic inspection of pathological changes, and the histopathological inspection revealed no significant pathological changes related to the tested substance in the dosage groups and the control group. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Probiotics, Sprague-Dawley rat, haematological analysis, serum biochemical analysis, pathological examination.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"84 1","pages":"127-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77244058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in monitoring heavy metal contamination in food products. Spices can improve the taste of food and can also be a source of many bioactive compounds but can unfortunately, also be contaminated with dangerous materials, potentially heavy metals. This study was conducted to investigate lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in selected spices commonly consumed in Libya including Capsicum frutescens (chili pepper), Piper nigrum (black pepper), Curcuma longa (turmeric) and mixed spices (HRARAT) which consist of a combination of: Alpinia officinarum, Zingiber officinale and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Spices were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy after digestion with nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide. The highest levels of lead (Pb) was found in Curcuma longa and Capsicum frutescens in wholesale markets (1.05 ± 0.01 mg/kg, 0.96 ± 0.06 mg/kg). Cadmium (Cd) levels exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limit. C. longa and P. nigrum sold in retail markets had a high concentration of Cd (0.36 ± 0.09, 0.35 ± 0.07 mg/kg, respectively) followed by 0.32 ± 0.04 mg/kg for C. frutescens. Mixed spices purchased from wholesale markets also had high levels of Cd (0.31 ± 0.08 mg/kg). C. longa and C. frutescens may pose a food safety risk due to high levels of lead and cadmium. Cadmium levels exceeded FAO/WHO recommendations (0.2 ppm) for P. nigrum, C. alonga and HRARAT. Key words: Heavy metals, lead, cadmium determination, spice, Libya.
{"title":"Lead and cadmium residue determination in spices available in Tripoli City markets (Libya)","authors":"Mohamed Ziyaina, Ahlam Rajab, Khadija Alkhweldi, Wafia Algami, Omer Al-Toumi, B. Rasco","doi":"10.5897/AJBR2014.0766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBR2014.0766","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a growing interest in monitoring heavy metal contamination in food products. Spices can improve the taste of food and can also be a source of many bioactive compounds but can unfortunately, also be contaminated with dangerous materials, potentially heavy metals. This study was conducted to investigate lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in selected spices commonly consumed in Libya including Capsicum frutescens (chili pepper), Piper nigrum (black pepper), Curcuma longa (turmeric) and mixed spices (HRARAT) which consist of a combination of: Alpinia officinarum, Zingiber officinale and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Spices were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy after digestion with nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide. The highest levels of lead (Pb) was found in Curcuma longa and Capsicum frutescens in wholesale markets (1.05 ± 0.01 mg/kg, 0.96 ± 0.06 mg/kg). Cadmium (Cd) levels exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limit. C. longa and P. nigrum sold in retail markets had a high concentration of Cd (0.36 ± 0.09, 0.35 ± 0.07 mg/kg, respectively) followed by 0.32 ± 0.04 mg/kg for C. frutescens. Mixed spices purchased from wholesale markets also had high levels of Cd (0.31 ± 0.08 mg/kg). C. longa and C. frutescens may pose a food safety risk due to high levels of lead and cadmium. Cadmium levels exceeded FAO/WHO recommendations (0.2 ppm) for P. nigrum, C. alonga and HRARAT. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Heavy metals, lead, cadmium determination, spice, Libya.","PeriodicalId":7631,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biochemistry Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"137-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85639232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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