Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307724
Tianjing Li,George Sam Wang,Lisa Bero,Ashley Brooks-Russell,Gregory Tung,Jonathan M Samet
For public health protection, informed decision-making relies on having a robust foundation of evidence concerning risks and their prevention. Application of an evidence-based framework depends on the availability of pertinent, scientifically sound data generated by well-directed and valid research endeavors. In this essay, we address the current state of research in humans and the evidential base concerning high-concentration delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) products, which are readily available in the United States. Furthermore, we explore the intricate challenges faced in carrying out research on these products, which reflect the full range of study design issues: measurement of exposure and outcomes, confounding, selection bias, and the generalizability of findings. We offer recommendations to guide future research toward providing more informative evidence. By following these recommendations, researchers and funders on this emerging topic could move toward generating the valid and comprehensive evidence needed to effectively inform public health initiatives and guide policy decisions regarding high-concentration delta-9-THC products and their use. The urgency of generating such evidence cannot be overstated, given the widespread legalization and increasing availability and use of these products. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S639-S644. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307724).
在公共卫生保护方面，明智的决策依赖于有关风险及其预防的强大证据基础。循证框架的应用取决于是否有相关的、科学上可靠的数据，这些数据是由方向明确的有效研究工作产生的。在这篇文章中，我们将讨论人类研究的现状以及有关高浓度δ-9-四氢大麻酚（δ-9-THC）产品的证据基础，这些产品在美国很容易买到。此外，我们还探讨了对这些产品进行研究时所面临的复杂挑战，这些挑战反映了一系列研究设计问题：暴露和结果的测量、混杂、选择偏差以及研究结果的普遍性。我们提出了一些建议，以指导未来的研究工作，从而提供更多翔实的证据。通过遵循这些建议，这一新兴课题的研究人员和资助者可以逐步形成所需的有效而全面的证据，为公共卫生活动提供有效信息，并指导有关高浓度 delta-9-THC 产品及其使用的政策决策。考虑到这些产品的广泛合法化以及越来越多的供应和使用，生成此类证据的紧迫性怎么强调都不为过。(Am J Public Health.2024;114(S8):S639-S644. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307724).
{"title":"Enhancing Methodological Approaches for Studying Health Effects of High-Concentration THC Products.","authors":"Tianjing Li,George Sam Wang,Lisa Bero,Ashley Brooks-Russell,Gregory Tung,Jonathan M Samet","doi":"10.2105/ajph.2024.307724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2024.307724","url":null,"abstract":"For public health protection, informed decision-making relies on having a robust foundation of evidence concerning risks and their prevention. Application of an evidence-based framework depends on the availability of pertinent, scientifically sound data generated by well-directed and valid research endeavors. In this essay, we address the current state of research in humans and the evidential base concerning high-concentration delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) products, which are readily available in the United States. Furthermore, we explore the intricate challenges faced in carrying out research on these products, which reflect the full range of study design issues: measurement of exposure and outcomes, confounding, selection bias, and the generalizability of findings. We offer recommendations to guide future research toward providing more informative evidence. By following these recommendations, researchers and funders on this emerging topic could move toward generating the valid and comprehensive evidence needed to effectively inform public health initiatives and guide policy decisions regarding high-concentration delta-9-THC products and their use. The urgency of generating such evidence cannot be overstated, given the widespread legalization and increasing availability and use of these products. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S639-S644. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307724).","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":"14 1","pages":"S639-S644"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142489420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307722
Caroline J Meek,Leah M Ranney,Sonia A Clark,Kristen L Jarman,Rachel Callanan,Sarah D Kowitt
Objectives. To characterize regulatory practices related to nonmedical cannabis warning labels in states across the United States that have legalized retail nonmedical cannabis. Methods. In March 2024, we conducted a content analysis of regulations for nonmedical cannabis warning labels required on product packages in 20 states where, as of March 2024, adults could legally purchase nonmedical cannabis in retail environments. For each state, we examined requirements related to warning label content and characteristics. Results. Required warning label content and characteristics varied widely across states. Only 2 states required a warning about mental health risks (10%) and 2 states required a warning for high potency products on risk of psychosis (10%). No states required front-of-package warning placement, only 2 states required rotating warnings (10%), and 4 states required contrasting colors (20%). Warnings were often verbose (mean = 57 words), vague, and had small or no minimum font size. Conclusions. Opportunities exist for states to improve the alignment of their nonmedical cannabis warning label regulations with evidence that has been generated so far in cannabis effects, cannabis warning efficacy, and warning label design. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S681-S684. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307722).
{"title":"Regulatory Landscape of Cannabis Warning Labels in US States with Legal Retail Nonmedical Cannabis, 2024.","authors":"Caroline J Meek,Leah M Ranney,Sonia A Clark,Kristen L Jarman,Rachel Callanan,Sarah D Kowitt","doi":"10.2105/ajph.2024.307722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2024.307722","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. To characterize regulatory practices related to nonmedical cannabis warning labels in states across the United States that have legalized retail nonmedical cannabis. Methods. In March 2024, we conducted a content analysis of regulations for nonmedical cannabis warning labels required on product packages in 20 states where, as of March 2024, adults could legally purchase nonmedical cannabis in retail environments. For each state, we examined requirements related to warning label content and characteristics. Results. Required warning label content and characteristics varied widely across states. Only 2 states required a warning about mental health risks (10%) and 2 states required a warning for high potency products on risk of psychosis (10%). No states required front-of-package warning placement, only 2 states required rotating warnings (10%), and 4 states required contrasting colors (20%). Warnings were often verbose (mean = 57 words), vague, and had small or no minimum font size. Conclusions. Opportunities exist for states to improve the alignment of their nonmedical cannabis warning label regulations with evidence that has been generated so far in cannabis effects, cannabis warning efficacy, and warning label design. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S681-S684. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307722).","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":"110 1","pages":"S681-S684"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142489429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307782
Tyler Cochran, Leah Smith, Kara Ayers, Maureen van Stone
{"title":"Beyond Stigma: The Case Against the Criminalization of Sex Work for HIV Prevention and Health Equity.","authors":"Tyler Cochran, Leah Smith, Kara Ayers, Maureen van Stone","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307782","DOIUrl":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307782","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":"1175-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11447781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-09-05DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307815
Aditya Suresh, Lucy Tu, Fatima Cody Stanford
{"title":"The 2023 Maui Wildfires and the Mental Health Effects of Climate-Induced Relocation.","authors":"Aditya Suresh, Lucy Tu, Fatima Cody Stanford","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307815","DOIUrl":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307815","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":"1184-1187"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11447790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307893
Maya Doe-Simkins, Eliza J Wheeler
{"title":"Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution: An Evidence-Based Practice That Warrants Course Correcting.","authors":"Maya Doe-Simkins, Eliza J Wheeler","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307893","DOIUrl":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307893","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":"e1-e3"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307863
Danielle M Krobath, Jourdyn A Lawrence, Benjamin W Chrisinger, Adolfo G Cuevas
{"title":"Safeguarding SNAP as an Effective Anti-Hunger Program: Myths and Potential Harms of Adding Diet Quality as a Core Objective.","authors":"Danielle M Krobath, Jourdyn A Lawrence, Benjamin W Chrisinger, Adolfo G Cuevas","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307863","DOIUrl":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307863","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":"e1-e5"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307856
John M Harris
Stephen Smith launched a 40-year effort to bring trees to New York City streets in 1872, the year he founded the American Public Health Association (APHA). Smith argued that street trees would mitigate the adverse health effects of Manhattan's summer heat and help purify the air. The young APHA endorsed Smith's position and gave trees a prominent role in urban sanitation, but public health turned away from trees and urban reform movements as it adopted a biomedical public health model in the late 19th century. Nevertheless, Smith wrote and campaigned for a successful 1902 law requiring the New York City Parks Department to assume management of street trees in the name of public health. He then led a 1914 campaign to force the department to uphold his law. New York's street tree program has had an erratic trajectory, but it now generally follows Smith's vision. Public health could play a bigger role in creating greener cities and mitigating climate change with more field research and the health in all policies approach that Smith used to bring trees to Manhattan's streets in 1914. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 31, 2024:e1-e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307856).
{"title":"Manhattan's Street Trees: An Unfinished Public Health Story.","authors":"John M Harris","doi":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307856","DOIUrl":"10.2105/AJPH.2024.307856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stephen Smith launched a 40-year effort to bring trees to New York City streets in 1872, the year he founded the American Public Health Association (APHA). Smith argued that street trees would mitigate the adverse health effects of Manhattan's summer heat and help purify the air. The young APHA endorsed Smith's position and gave trees a prominent role in urban sanitation, but public health turned away from trees and urban reform movements as it adopted a biomedical public health model in the late 19th century. Nevertheless, Smith wrote and campaigned for a successful 1902 law requiring the New York City Parks Department to assume management of street trees in the name of public health. He then led a 1914 campaign to force the department to uphold his law. New York's street tree program has had an erratic trajectory, but it now generally follows Smith's vision. Public health could play a bigger role in creating greener cities and mitigating climate change with more field research and the health in all policies approach that Smith used to bring trees to Manhattan's streets in 1914. (<i>Am J Public Health.</i> Published online ahead of print October 31, 2024:e1-e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307856).</p>","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":" ","pages":"e1-e9"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307896
Jonathan J Buonocore,Jeremy Fisher,Daniel Prull,Mary D Willis,Saravanan Arunachalam,Frederica Perera,Patrick Kinney,Brian Sousa,Jonathan I Levy
{"title":"Federal Policy Platforms and Public Health: Reinforcing the Benefits of Air Pollution Control Devices at Power Plants in the United States.","authors":"Jonathan J Buonocore,Jeremy Fisher,Daniel Prull,Mary D Willis,Saravanan Arunachalam,Frederica Perera,Patrick Kinney,Brian Sousa,Jonathan I Levy","doi":"10.2105/ajph.2024.307896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2024.307896","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":"14 1","pages":"e1-e4"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142490494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307814
Diane L Rowley,Kelechukwu Anyanwu,Alexander Crosby,Kiwita S Phillips,Sonja Hutchins
Objectives. To compare pregnancy-related mortality ratios (PRMRs) associated with COVID-19 by race/ethnicity, by region of residence, and in states with and without Medicaid expansion. Methods. We used 2020-2021 data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research in our analysis. We stratified PRMRs by race/ethnicity, census regions, and Medicaid expansion and nonexpansion states. Results. The 2020-2021 PRMR was 40.3 per 100 000 live births. American Indian/ Alaska Native pregnant people had the greatest PRMR, followed by non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders. PRMRs associated with COVID-19 in the southern region were at least 2 times higher than in other regions and were highest for all pregnant people in the various racial/ethnic groups. PRMRs associated with COVID-19 were lower in Medicaid expansion states than in nonexpansion states. Conclusions. The US COVID-19 epidemic exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related mortality. Public Health Implications. The alarming increase in disparities among racial and ethnic pregnant people during the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need to address social determinants of health at the structural level. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 24, 2024:e1-e8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307814).
{"title":"Pregnancy-Related Mortality Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Diane L Rowley,Kelechukwu Anyanwu,Alexander Crosby,Kiwita S Phillips,Sonja Hutchins","doi":"10.2105/ajph.2024.307814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2024.307814","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. To compare pregnancy-related mortality ratios (PRMRs) associated with COVID-19 by race/ethnicity, by region of residence, and in states with and without Medicaid expansion. Methods. We used 2020-2021 data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research in our analysis. We stratified PRMRs by race/ethnicity, census regions, and Medicaid expansion and nonexpansion states. Results. The 2020-2021 PRMR was 40.3 per 100 000 live births. American Indian/ Alaska Native pregnant people had the greatest PRMR, followed by non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders. PRMRs associated with COVID-19 in the southern region were at least 2 times higher than in other regions and were highest for all pregnant people in the various racial/ethnic groups. PRMRs associated with COVID-19 were lower in Medicaid expansion states than in nonexpansion states. Conclusions. The US COVID-19 epidemic exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related mortality. Public Health Implications. The alarming increase in disparities among racial and ethnic pregnant people during the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need to address social determinants of health at the structural level. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 24, 2024:e1-e8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307814).","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":"236 1","pages":"e1-e8"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142490431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307854
Ther W Aung,Ashwini R Sehgal
Objectives. To quantify the prevalence, correlates, and impacts of displacement because of natural disasters in the United States. Methods. We pooled data across 10 independent survey samples from the Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey from December 2022 to September 2023. Survey questions asked about displacement from home because of natural disasters, duration of displacement, and impacts of disasters. Results. In our weighted sample of 213 234 003 adults, 3 166 500 (1.5%) reported displacement in the past year because of a natural disaster. People of color, sexual and gender minority populations, and those with lower incomes, disabilities, or unfavorable social determinants of health (SDOH) such as food insecurity were more likely to report displacement. Long-term displacement was more common with fires compared with other disasters. Disaster impacts, including food and water shortage, electricity loss, unsanitary conditions, feeling isolated, and experiencing scams, were more common among people of color and individuals with lower education or income. Conclusions. Many people in the United States, particularly from health disparity populations, are displaced because of natural disasters. Addressing SDOH and other vulnerability factors may help improve disaster preparedness and mitigate postdisaster impacts. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 24, 2024:e1-e11. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307854).
{"title":"Prevalence, Correlates, and Impacts of Displacement Because of Natural Disasters in the United States From 2022 to 2023.","authors":"Ther W Aung,Ashwini R Sehgal","doi":"10.2105/ajph.2024.307854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2024.307854","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives. To quantify the prevalence, correlates, and impacts of displacement because of natural disasters in the United States. Methods. We pooled data across 10 independent survey samples from the Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey from December 2022 to September 2023. Survey questions asked about displacement from home because of natural disasters, duration of displacement, and impacts of disasters. Results. In our weighted sample of 213 234 003 adults, 3 166 500 (1.5%) reported displacement in the past year because of a natural disaster. People of color, sexual and gender minority populations, and those with lower incomes, disabilities, or unfavorable social determinants of health (SDOH) such as food insecurity were more likely to report displacement. Long-term displacement was more common with fires compared with other disasters. Disaster impacts, including food and water shortage, electricity loss, unsanitary conditions, feeling isolated, and experiencing scams, were more common among people of color and individuals with lower education or income. Conclusions. Many people in the United States, particularly from health disparity populations, are displaced because of natural disasters. Addressing SDOH and other vulnerability factors may help improve disaster preparedness and mitigate postdisaster impacts. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 24, 2024:e1-e11. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307854).","PeriodicalId":7647,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health","volume":"44 1","pages":"e1-e11"},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142490496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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