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Avoiding Cognitive Trap in Habitat Restoration: A Case Study of the World's Rarest Primate 避免栖息地恢复中的认知陷阱:世界上最稀有的灵长类动物的案例研究
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70018
Yuxin Wang, Xukai Zhong, Changyue Zhu, Xuming Qi, Yexing Feng, Pengfei Fan

The lack of knowledge regarding the basic ecological traits of an endangered species may lead to traps in habitat restoration efforts. Understanding the ranging ecology of endangered species is essential in avoiding these traps. The Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), the world's rarest primate, reportedly takes refuge in suboptimal montane habitats and occupies an abnormally large home range, resulting in suggestions for enhancing montane habitat quality with high priority. However, these conservation suggestions and actions are not based on solid science. For the first time, we habituated two groups of Hainan gibbon, and studied their ranging ecology over a year from January to December 2022. We found that the average home range size of these groups was 164.5 ± 70.6 ha (95% KDE-href) and 155.2 ± 71.1 ha (95% MCP), which is comparable to other Nomascus gibbons and represents an adaptive trait in response to their heterogeneous habitat. Furthermore, gibbons have shown a preference for higher-altitude habitats between 800 and 1100 m, where food is more abundant than in low-altitude habitats. Our findings, combined with the evidence of favorable food conditions and short interbirth intervals of the Hainan gibbon, indicate that montane habitats meet gibbons' life-history requirements and are suitable for them. The idea that “montane habitat is suboptimal” is a cognitive trap. Given the Hainan gibbons' isolated habitat is approaching saturation, we suggest prioritizing ecological corridor construction to enable gibbons to rapidly gain access to other suitable montane forests.

缺乏对濒危物种基本生态特征的了解可能会导致栖息地恢复工作陷入困境。了解濒危物种的分布生态对于避免这些陷阱至关重要。海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是世界上最稀有的灵长类动物,据报道,海南长臂猿在次优的山地栖息地避难,并且占据了异常大的栖息地范围,因此建议优先提高山地栖息地质量。然而,这些保护建议和行动并没有坚实的科学依据。本文首次对海南长臂猿的两个类群进行了生活化,并于2022年1 - 12月对其栖息地生态进行了研究。研究发现,这些类群的平均家域大小分别为164.5±70.6 ha (95% KDE-href)和155.2±71.1 ha (95% MCP),与其他野曲长臂猿相当,代表了对异质生境的适应特征。此外,长臂猿表现出对800 - 1100米高的栖息地的偏好,那里的食物比低海拔栖息地更丰富。结合海南长臂猿良好的食物条件和较短的生育间断期,说明山地生境符合长臂猿生活史的要求,适合长臂猿生长。“山地栖息地不是最理想的”的想法是一个认知陷阱。鉴于海南长臂猿的孤立栖息地已接近饱和,建议优先考虑生态廊道建设,使长臂猿能够迅速进入其他适合的山地森林。
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引用次数: 0
Altitudinal Ranging Pattern of Critically Endangered Cao Vit Gibbon in Karst Forest: Pinpointing the Reforestation Sites 喀斯特森林中极危长臂猿的海拔分布格局:再造林地点的精确定位
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70022
Yuxin Wang, Xukai Zhong, Changyong Ma, Haigang Ma, Jiang Yang, Cuipao He, Pengfei Fan

Cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) is one of the world's 25 most endangered primate species, with only one population of 11 groups living in a small karst forest patch along the China–Vietnam international border. Assisted habitat regeneration is underway in both China and Vietnam to conserve the species. However, the lack of crucial information on habitat use and habitat preferences of these gibbons could severely compromise the conservation outcomes. To understand gibbon habitat use patterns and guide ongoing habitat restoration, we studied the ranging behavior of two cao vit gibbon groups in Bangliang Gibbon Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China. We established vegetation plots within gibbon's habitat along the altitudinal gradient. Then quantified food distribution in different altitudinal ranges. Both groups avoided using areas above 800 m, but preferred lower areas, and they spent more time feeding in low-altitude areas compared to high-altitude areas. Our analysis revealed that the altitudinal ranging pattern was affected by both food distribution and temperature. The gibbons preferred altitudes that provided more food for their diet, and their selectivity for lower altitudes increased as temperatures dropped while they adopted an energy-conserving strategy during cold seasons. Our results suggested that gibbons prefer habitats at lower altitudes, which serve as important feeding sites and provide refuges during cold exposure. Therefore, we strongly propose prioritizing reforestation in areas below 750 m by planting important food species.

中国长臂猿是世界上25种最濒危的灵长类动物之一,只有11个种群的一个种群生活在中越边境的一小片喀斯特森林中。为了保护这一物种,中国和越南正在进行辅助栖息地重建。然而,缺乏栖息地利用和栖息地偏好的关键信息可能严重影响这些长臂猿的保护结果。为了解长臂猿栖息地利用模式,指导长臂猿栖息地恢复,对广西邦良长臂猿自然保护区2个高头长臂猿类群的活动范围进行了研究。在长臂猿栖息地沿海拔梯度建立植被样地。量化了不同海拔高度的食物分布。两组均避免使用海拔800 m以上的区域,而偏好使用海拔较低的区域,且在海拔较低的区域觅食的时间多于海拔较高的区域。分析表明,海拔分布格局受食物分布和温度的双重影响。长臂猿更喜欢能提供更多食物的海拔高度,随着气温的下降,它们对低海拔的选择也会增加,而在寒冷的季节,它们会采取节约能量的策略。我们的研究结果表明,长臂猿更喜欢低海拔的栖息地,这是重要的觅食场所,也是寒冷暴露时的避难所。因此,我们强烈建议在750米以下的地区优先植树造林,种植重要的粮食物种。
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引用次数: 0
“Dear Enemies”, “Nasty Neighbors”, and the Strength in Numbers: Exploring the Behavioral and Hormonal Responses of Mantled Howler Monkey Males to Simulated Intruder Loud Calls “亲爱的敌人”,“讨厌的邻居”,以及数量的力量:探索雄性蒙毛吼猴对模拟入侵者大声呼叫的行为和激素反应
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70032
Natalia Maya Lastra, Pedro A. D. Dias, David Roberto Chavira Ramírez, Ariadna Rangel Negrín

Loud calls are critical for primate intergroup communication, influencing resource defense, territorial boundaries, and conflict management. This study examined the interplay of familiarity and numeric odds in shaping the behavioral and hormonal responses of male mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) to simulated intruder calls. Using playback experiments, we tested whether responses were consistent with “dear enemy” dynamics, which predict stronger responses to unfamiliar intruders, or “nasty neighbor” dynamics, which predict stronger responses to familiar intruders. Additionally, we assessed the influence of numeric odds, hypothesizing stronger responses under favorable conditions. Behavioral responses, including vocalization and approach latencies, were primarily influenced by numeric odds, with shorter latencies observed under favorable odds. Vocal duration, however, was longer when intruders were familiar, consistent with “nasty neighbor” dynamics. Hormonal responses, measured via fecal glucocorticoid and testosterone metabolites, increased in response to unfamiliar intruders, supporting “dear enemy” predictions. Interaction effects showed that familiarity modulated approach duration and latency when numeric odds were unfavorable. These findings reveal the distinct roles of numeric odds and familiarity in shaping immediate and prolonged responses to intruders. Numeric odds influenced engagement decisions, while familiarity was related to stress-related hormonal changes and vocal communication strategies. This study contributes to the understanding of intergroup dynamics by clarifying the role of competitive asymmetries and social relationships in conflict management. Future work incorporating multimodal cues and ecological variability will further elucidate the adaptive significance of these responses.

响亮的叫声对灵长类动物群体间的交流至关重要,影响着资源防御、领土边界和冲突管理。本研究考察了熟悉度和数字几率在塑造雄性披毛吼猴(Alouatta palliata)对模拟入侵者呼叫的行为和激素反应中的相互作用。通过回放实验,我们测试了反应是否与“亲爱的敌人”动力学一致,这预示着对不熟悉的入侵者的更强烈的反应,或者“讨厌的邻居”动力学,这预示着对熟悉的入侵者的更强烈的反应。此外,我们评估了数值赔率的影响,假设在有利条件下反应更强。行为反应,包括发声和接近潜伏期,主要受数字几率的影响,在有利几率下观察到的潜伏期更短。然而,当入侵者是熟悉的人时,声音持续时间更长,这与“讨厌的邻居”的动态一致。通过粪便糖皮质激素和睾丸激素代谢物测量的激素反应,对不熟悉的入侵者的反应增加,支持“亲爱的敌人”的预测。交互效应表明,当数值优势不利时,熟悉度调节接近持续时间和延迟。这些发现揭示了数字概率和熟悉度在形成对入侵者的即时和长期反应中的独特作用。数字几率影响参与决策,而熟悉度与压力相关的荷尔蒙变化和声音沟通策略有关。本研究通过澄清竞争不对称和社会关系在冲突管理中的作用,有助于理解群体间动力学。未来结合多模态线索和生态变异的工作将进一步阐明这些反应的适应性意义。
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引用次数: 0
Innovation, Inhibition and Flexibility in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) 恒河猴的创新、抑制和灵活性
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70027
Josephine Hubbard, Brenda McCowan

Innovation is a key component of behavioral flexibility. When individuals are presented with novel problems, their ability to behave flexibly often relies upon their exploratory tendencies, motivational states and intrinsic traits. Studies of repeated innovation pose additional benefits to understand mechanisms of behavioral flexibility, including measuring persistence, exploration and inhibitory control when learned solutions are blocked. The multi-access box (MAB) paradigm tests repeated innovation without prior training and minimal habituation. We tested fifty adult captive female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with a MAB to evaluate the role of individual traits on repeated innovation and explore the relationship between inhibitory responses and innovation. We found that exploratory diversity positively predicted repeated innovation, as has been reported for previous studies. We also found that traits such as age and personality influenced innovation, where younger individuals and those that scored high on nervousness had higher innovation scores. However, we did not find any relationship between inhibitory responses and innovation. Our study provides the first assessment of repeated innovation in rhesus macaques using a MAB design and highlights the importance of individual traits for repeated innovation in this species.

创新是行为灵活性的关键组成部分。当个体面临新问题时,他们灵活行动的能力往往依赖于他们的探索倾向、动机状态和内在特征。重复创新的研究为理解行为灵活性的机制提供了额外的好处,包括测量持久性、探索和抑制控制,当学习的解决方案受阻时。multi-access box (MAB)范式测试重复创新,无需事先训练和最小的习惯化。本文对50只圈养雌性恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)进行MAB测试,探讨个体特征对重复创新的影响,并探讨抑制反应与创新之间的关系。我们发现探索性多样性正向预测重复创新,正如之前的研究所报道的那样。我们还发现,年龄和个性等特征会影响创新,其中年轻人和那些紧张程度高的人的创新得分更高。然而,我们没有发现抑制反应和创新之间的任何关系。我们的研究首次使用单抗设计对恒河猴的重复创新进行了评估,并强调了个体特征对该物种重复创新的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Supplementation With Human Foods Affects the Gut Microbiota of Wild Howler Monkeys 补充人类食物对野生吼猴肠道微生物群的影响
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70029
Katherine R. Amato, Janaína P. Back, Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro, Júlio César Bicca-Marques

Wild primates face a wide range of anthropogenic influences globally that impact their health, fitness, and survival. One area of potential impact that has been particularly understudied is the supplementation of wild primate diets with human foods. Although the consumption of human foods represents a substantial dietary change for wild primates, knowledge of how it impacts their physiology and behavior is limited. Here we explore how human food supplementation impacts wild primates by comparing the gut microbiomes of free-ranging brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) in periurban Brazil that do or do not have access to human foods. We found that howler monkeys consuming human foods had reduced gut microbial diversity and reduced relative abundances of fiber degrading microbial taxa, which has been associated with negative health consequences in other animals, including humans. However, the effect size of these differences was relatively small and varied over time. Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiome varied significantly across months, regardless of the access to human foods. We suggest that the biology of this howler monkey population is minimally impacted by human foods. Further empirical research will help clarify the relationship between human food supplementation and health across primate populations, facilitating conservation applications.

野生灵长类动物在全球范围内面临着广泛的人为影响,影响着它们的健康、适应和生存。有一个潜在影响的领域一直没有得到充分的研究,那就是用人类食物补充野生灵长类动物的饮食。虽然人类食物的消耗代表了野生灵长类动物饮食的重大变化,但关于人类食物如何影响它们的生理和行为的知识有限。在这里,我们通过比较巴西近郊自由放养的棕吼猴(Alouatta guariba)的肠道微生物组,研究人类食物补充如何影响野生灵长类动物,这些棕吼猴可以或不可以获得人类食物。我们发现,食入人类食物的吼猴降低了肠道微生物多样性和纤维降解微生物类群的相对丰度,这与包括人类在内的其他动物的负面健康后果有关。然而,这些差异的效应大小相对较小,并且随着时间的推移而变化。此外,肠道微生物组的组成在几个月内发生了显著变化,与人类食物的获取方式无关。我们认为这种吼猴种群的生物学受到人类食物的影响最小。进一步的实证研究将有助于澄清人类食物补充与灵长类种群健康之间的关系,促进保护应用。
{"title":"Supplementation With Human Foods Affects the Gut Microbiota of Wild Howler Monkeys","authors":"Katherine R. Amato,&nbsp;Janaína P. Back,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro,&nbsp;Júlio César Bicca-Marques","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wild primates face a wide range of anthropogenic influences globally that impact their health, fitness, and survival. One area of potential impact that has been particularly understudied is the supplementation of wild primate diets with human foods. Although the consumption of human foods represents a substantial dietary change for wild primates, knowledge of how it impacts their physiology and behavior is limited. Here we explore how human food supplementation impacts wild primates by comparing the gut microbiomes of free-ranging brown howler monkeys (<i>Alouatta guariba</i>) in periurban Brazil that do or do not have access to human foods. We found that howler monkeys consuming human foods had reduced gut microbial diversity and reduced relative abundances of fiber degrading microbial taxa, which has been associated with negative health consequences in other animals, including humans. However, the effect size of these differences was relatively small and varied over time. Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiome varied significantly across months, regardless of the access to human foods. We suggest that the biology of this howler monkey population is minimally impacted by human foods. Further empirical research will help clarify the relationship between human food supplementation and health across primate populations, facilitating conservation applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tails in Action: Comparative Use of the Prehensile Tail and Substrate in Alouatta macconnelli, Sapajus apella, and Potos flavus 尾巴的作用:在阿鲁阿塔·麦康纳利、无皮鱼和黄豆中对卷绕尾巴和基质的比较利用
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70025
Arthur Georges Naas, John Bosu Mensah, Pierre-Michel Forget, Éric Guilbert, Anthony Herrel

Arboreal habitats are three-dimensionally complex and are composed of substrates that differ in size, compliance, and continuity. In response, arboreal vertebrates have evolved morphological and behavioral traits allowing them to successfully move through these environments. Prehensile tails constitute one of such adaptations, yet remain poorly studied. Variation in prehensile tail use between species might result in anatomical variations, as has been shown in primates but remains undocumented in most species. The present study, therefore, sought to describe prehensile tail use and substrate type utilization between two primates, the Guianan red howler (Alouatta macconnelli) and Brown capuchin (Sapajus apella) and one carnivoran, the Kinkajou (Potos flavus). To do so, we used 1431 photographs obtained from camera traps placed in the canopy in French Guyana. The results showed that P. flavus exhibits a greater diversity of overall positional and prehensile tail-associated behaviors compared to S. apella and A. macconnelli. Moreover, P. flavus used its tail for both stability and mass-bearing purposes during locomotor and postural behaviors, while A. macconnelli and S. apella used their tails mainly for mass bearing and stability, respectively, and this was only during postural behaviors. P. flavus mostly used large substrates but A. macconnelli used more small substrates. S. apella showed a preference for both medium and large substrates. Multivariate analyses showed that the three species were well discriminated regarding positional behaviors, with P. flavus exhibiting several postural and especially locomotor behaviors not shared by the two primate species, as well as a combination of behaviors shared with either of the two aforementioned species. A. macconnelli was mainly characterized by suspensory posture and vertical displacements, whereas S. apella mainly used above-branch postures using its tail to anchor itself.

树木栖息地是三维复杂的,由大小、顺应性和连续性不同的基质组成。作为回应,树栖脊椎动物进化出了形态和行为特征,使它们能够成功地在这些环境中移动。可抓握的尾巴就是这样一种适应,但对它的研究还很少。不同物种间卷曲尾巴使用的差异可能导致解剖学上的差异,这在灵长类动物中已经得到证实,但在大多数物种中仍未得到证实。因此,本研究试图描述两种灵长类动物——贵州红叫猴(Alouatta macconnelli)和棕色卷尾猴(Sapajus apella)以及一种食肉动物——蜜熊(Potos flavus)之间可抓握力尾巴的使用和底物类型的利用。为此,我们使用了从法属圭亚那树冠上放置的相机陷阱中获得的1431张照片。结果表明,黄颡鱼在整体位置和可卷曲尾巴相关行为上比无瓣鱼和麦康奈尔鱼表现出更大的多样性。此外,黄菖蒲在运动和体位行为中,尾巴既用于稳定又用于承载质量,而麦康奈尔菖蒲和apella则分别主要用于承载质量和稳定质量,且仅用于体位行为。黄曲霉主要利用大型底物,而麦氏霉则以小型底物为主。无瓣草对中、大型基质均表现出偏好。多变量分析表明,这三种灵长类动物在位置行为上有很好的区分,黄斑古猿表现出两种灵长类动物所没有的几种姿势行为,尤其是运动行为,以及与上述两种灵长类动物共同的行为组合。mcconnelli以悬吊姿态和垂直位移为主,而S. apella则以枝上姿态为主,利用尾巴固定自身。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Breeding Success Through Simple Intrauterine Insemination in Large-Scale Cynomolgus Macaque Colony 通过简单的宫内受精提高大型食蟹猕猴群体的繁殖成功率。
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70028
Yong Lu, Lu Zhang, Yan Wang, Changshan Gao, Xinyan Bian, Yanhong Nie, Qiang Sun

Ultrasound-guided intrauterine insemination (IUI) has been successfully employed in cynomolgus macaques, yet its effectiveness in large-scale, multi-age cohorts has not been fully explored. Here, we implemented IUI within large breeding colonies to boost pregnancy rates in cynomolgus macaques. Ovulation timing was estimated by monitoring menstrual bleeding, after which IUI was performed. We then compared single menstrual cycle (SMC) pregnancy rates between IUI groups and harem-style mating groups. Our findings revealed that the overall pregnancy rate in the IUI group was significantly higher than in the harem-style breeding group across all ages. Notably, this advantage was mainly attributable to monkeys over 10 years old; in contrast, no significant difference was observed among 4–5-year-old and 6–10-year-old monkeys. Although pregnant females in the IUI group exhibited a higher birth rate compared to those in harem-style breeding, this difference was not statistically significant. Collectively, these results establish a basis for refining reproductive technologies in older cynomolgus macaque breeding programs and highlight potential improvements in managing large-scale colonies.

超声引导宫内人工授精(IUI)已成功应用于食蟹猕猴,但其在大规模、多年龄群体中的有效性尚未得到充分探讨。在这里,我们在大型繁殖群体中实施人工授精,以提高食蟹猕猴的怀孕率。通过监测月经出血来估计排卵时间,之后进行人工授精。然后,我们比较了人工授精组和后宫式交配组的单次月经周期(SMC)妊娠率。我们的研究结果显示,在所有年龄段,人工授精组的总体妊娠率明显高于后宫式生育组。值得注意的是,这种优势主要归因于10岁以上的猴子;相比之下,在4-5岁和6-10岁的猴子中没有观察到显著差异。虽然宫内节育术组的孕妇出生率高于后宫生育组,但差异无统计学意义。总的来说,这些结果为完善老年食蟹猴繁殖计划的生殖技术奠定了基础,并突出了管理大规模种群的潜在改进。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Student Comprehension of Paternity Assignment in Molecular Primatology: A Pilot Study Using a Shiny Web Application in Kenya 提高学生对分子灵长类学父权分配的理解:肯尼亚使用闪亮网络应用程序的试点研究。
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70024
David K. Mwaura, Jordan A. Anderson, Daniel M. Kiboi, Mercy Y. Akinyi, Jenny Tung

Kinship is a major determinant of affiliative and mating behavior in primates. In field studies, identifying kin typically relies in part on genetic analysis, especially for discriminating paternal relationships. Such analyses assume knowledge of Mendelian inheritance, genotyping technologies, and basic statistical inference. Consequently, they can be difficult for students to grasp, particularly through traditional lecture formats. Here, we investigate whether integrating an additional active learning approach—interaction with DadApp, an application built using the R package Shiny that implements a popular paternity inference approach in an accessible graphical user interface—improves student understanding of genetic kinship analysis in molecular primatology. We do so in the context of a nontraditional learning environment in Kenya, a developing nation in which students have limited access to technology, and where the efficacy of educational Shiny apps has never been assessed. Twenty-eight (28) participants with diverse educational backgrounds attended an introductory lecture on genetics and paternity inference, completed a pre-test, interacted with DadApp via a structured set of exercises and questions, and then completed a post-test and survey about their experience and subjective understanding. Post-test scores significantly improved relative to pre-test scores (p = 3.75 × 106), indicating enhanced learning outcomes. Further, student interest and confidence in the subject matter significantly increased after the practical session with DadApp. Our results suggest that Shiny web app-based active learning approaches have potential benefits in communicating complex topics in molecular primatology, including in resource-limited settings where such methods have not yet experienced high penetrance.

亲属关系是灵长类动物从属关系和交配行为的主要决定因素。在野外研究中,识别亲属关系通常部分依赖于基因分析,尤其是用于区分父系亲属关系。这种分析需要掌握孟德尔遗传、基因分型技术和基本的统计推断知识。因此,学生很难掌握这些知识,尤其是通过传统的授课形式。DadApp 是一个使用 R 软件包 Shiny 构建的应用程序,它以易于使用的图形用户界面实现了一种流行的亲子推断方法。我们是在肯尼亚的一个非传统学习环境中完成这项研究的,肯尼亚是一个发展中国家,学生接触技术的机会有限,而且从未对 Shiny 教育应用程序的功效进行过评估。二十八(28)名具有不同教育背景的参与者参加了关于遗传学和亲子推断的入门讲座,完成了前测,通过一系列结构化练习和问题与 DadApp 进行了互动,然后完成了后测,并就他们的体验和主观理解进行了调查。与前测成绩相比,后测成绩有了明显提高(p = 3.75 × 10-6),表明学习效果得到了增强。此外,在使用 DadApp 进行实践课程后,学生对该主题的兴趣和信心明显增加。我们的研究结果表明,基于 Shiny 网络应用程序的主动学习方法在分子灵长类动物学复杂课题的交流中具有潜在的益处,包括在资源有限的环境中,因为在这些环境中,此类方法尚未得到广泛应用。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Affecting the Diet and Activity Budget of Wild Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) 野生藏猕猴(Macaca thibetana)饮食和活动预算的影响因素
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70026
Yangkai Ru, Jilai Zhao, Paul A. Garber, Wenbo Li, Huijuan Pan

Behavioral and dietary flexibility allow primates to effectively exploit resources that fluctuate in time and space. Here we examined monthly variation in the diet and activity budget of a wild nonprovisioned group of Tibetan macaques inhabiting Mt. Huangshan, China. From October 2022 to September 2023, we recorded the behavior of a group of wild macaques and collected data on food availability, temperature, rainfall, and day length. We found that over a 12-month period, the Tibetan macaques fed on 109 plant species. The main food types consumed were fruits (54.5%), leaves (24.3%), seeds (7.7%), stems (6.5%), flowers (4.0%), and buds (2.5%). Tibetan macaques were found to target fruits as a main resource during months in which fruits were most abundant. During months when fruits were scarce, they increased their consumption of leaves, seeds, and stems. The top three plant species each month accounted for 70.7% of total feeding time indicating that their foraging effort focused on a small number of highly productive plant species each month. The Tibetan macaque daily activity budget was dominated by feeding (3.98 h or 33.7%) and resting (3.81 h or 32.8%), followed by traveling (2.40 h or 20.9%) and socializing (1.45 h or 12.6%). When time spent feeding on leaves increased, the Tibetan macaques experienced a significant increase in time spent resting and a significant decrease in time spent feeding. In addition, during the months of December and January, pine seeds were found to be an important food for Tibetan macaques. It is possible that increasing lipid consumption during the cold winter months serves to offset the additional costs of thermoregulation. Our results indicate that Tibetan macaques flexibly adjusted their diet and activity patterns in response to monthly variation in temperature, rainfall, and food availability across a range of forest types in east-central China.

行为和饮食的灵活性使灵长类动物能够有效地利用随时间和空间变化的资源。在这里,我们研究了居住在中国黄山的一群野生藏猕猴的饮食和活动预算的月度变化。从2022年10月到2023年9月,我们记录了一组野生猕猴的行为,并收集了食物供应、温度、降雨量和昼长等数据。我们发现在12个月的时间里,西藏猕猴以109种植物为食。主要食物类型为水果(54.5%)、叶子(24.3%)、种子(7.7%)、茎(6.5%)、花(4.0%)和芽(2.5%)。藏猕猴在水果最丰富的月份以水果为主要食物来源。在水果匮乏的几个月里,它们增加了对叶子、种子和茎的消耗。月食时间前3位的植物种类占总取食时间的70.7%,表明月食时间主要集中在少数高产植物种类上。藏猕猴日活动预算以进食(3.98 h,占33.7%)和休息(3.81 h,占32.8%)为主,其次是旅行(2.40 h,占20.9%)和社交(1.45 h,占12.6%)。当进食树叶的时间增加时,西藏猕猴的休息时间显著增加,进食时间显著减少。此外,在12月和1月,松树种子被发现是西藏猕猴的重要食物。在寒冷的冬季,增加脂质消耗可能有助于抵消体温调节的额外成本。我们的研究结果表明,在中国中东部的一系列森林类型中,藏猕猴灵活地调整了它们的饮食和活动模式,以响应温度、降雨量和食物供应的月度变化。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Infection Among Free-Ranging Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand 评估与泰国自由放养的长尾猕猴(Macaca fascicularis)中结核分枝杆菌复合感染相关的社会人口学因素
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70023
Nalina Aiempichitkijkarn, Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Suthirote Meesawat, Krishna N. Balasubramaniam, Brenda McCowan

The threat of disease transmission at the intersection of human-wildlife interfaces underscores the urgent need for detailed studies on the transmission of human-borne pathogens across species, especially among nonhuman primates in urban areas. This research focuses on the social and demographic determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection in free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand. Behavioral observations and noninvasive biological specimens (freshly defecated feces and rope-baited oral samples) were collected from 98 long-tailed macaques living in Wat Khao Thamon, southern Thailand, between August 2021 and February 2022. We detected the MTBC antigen using IS6110 nested-PCR method in 11 out of 98 monkeys (11.22%). Logistic GLMs revealed that the risk of MTBC acquisition was higher among macaques with frequent human-macaque interactions, whereas increased social grooming of conspecifics showed a nonsignificant trend toward reducing the risk. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic exposure increases the risk of MTBC infection among macaques, but this risk may be mitigated (socially buffered) by increased within-group affiliative interactions. More generally, the potential for increased disease prevalence in wildlife with frequent human interactions or reduced social buffering highlights the need to consider animal socio-demography when developing strategies to understand and prevent the transmission of diseases between humans and wildlife.

在人类与野生动物交界的交叉点,疾病传播的威胁强调了迫切需要对人类传播的病原体跨物种传播进行详细研究,特别是在城市地区的非人灵长类动物中。本研究的重点是泰国自由放养的长尾猕猴(Macaca fascicularis)中结核分枝杆菌复合体(MTBC)感染的社会和人口统计学决定因素。在2021年8月至2022年2月期间,从泰国南部Wat Khao Thamon的98只长尾猕猴身上收集了行为观察和非侵入性生物标本(新鲜排便的粪便和绳饵口腔样本)。98只猴子中有11只(11.22%)采用IS6110巢式pcr检测MTBC抗原。Logistic GLMs结果显示,频繁与人交往的猕猴获得MTBC的风险较高,而增加对同种猕猴的社交梳理对降低风险的趋势不显著。我们的研究结果表明,人为暴露增加了猕猴中MTBC感染的风险,但这种风险可以通过增加群体内的附属互动来减轻(社会缓冲)。更一般地说,由于人类频繁互动或社会缓冲减少,野生动物中疾病流行率可能会增加,因此,在制定了解和预防人类与野生动物之间疾病传播的战略时,有必要考虑动物社会人口学。
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American Journal of Primatology
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