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Is Primate Cone Ratio Variation Functional and Adaptive? 灵长类视锥比变异是功能性的和适应性的吗?
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70038
Rachel A. Munds, Amanda D. Melin, James P. Higham

Variation in animal perception provides excellent opportunities for studying adaptation. Unusually, primates exhibit a great deal of inter- and intra-specific visual system variation. Here, we discuss what is known about the retinal cone mosaic, and the sources of variation in primate cone types and their relative expression. We focus on catarrhines (African and Asian monkeys and apes and humans), which have evolved uniform trichromacy, exhibiting short- (S), medium- (M), and long-wave (L) cones. Catarrhines generally exhibit high inter-specific consistency in the peak sensitivities of their L and M sensitive cones. One under-explored component of variation is the relative expression of those cones, that is, the L:M ratio. Across catarrhines, the mean L:M ratio is 1:1, with some limited intraspecific variation. Intriguingly, humans show two big differences compared to other catarrhines. Firstly, their mean L:M ratio is shifted to 2:1. Secondly, they show vast (75-fold) intraspecific L:M ratio variation. We discuss evidence as to whether this difference in the mean ratio, and this high intraspecific variation, are likely to have functional consequences, concluding that indeed this variation likely impacts color perception. We finish by suggesting possible explanations for the higher mean ratio of L:M cones in humans, highlighting similarities with other aspects of our color vision that differ from other catarrhines. We hope that the suggestions and questions we raise will inspire future research on primate cone ratios.

动物感知的变化为研究适应提供了极好的机会。不同寻常的是,灵长类动物表现出大量的特定间和特定内的视觉系统变异。在这里,我们讨论了什么是已知的视网膜锥镶嵌,变异的来源在灵长类视锥类型和他们的相对表达。我们关注的是卡塔鼻猴(非洲和亚洲的猴子、猿和人类),它们已经进化出了统一的三色视觉,表现出短(S)、中(M)和长波(L)视锥细胞。卡他鼻虫在L和M敏感锥的峰值灵敏度上普遍表现出高度的种间一致性。一个未被探索的变异成分是这些锥体的相对表达,即L:M比。在整个卡他林中,平均L:M比为1:1,有一些有限的种内变异。有趣的是,与其他动物相比,人类表现出两大差异。首先,他们的平均L:M比率被移至2:1。其次,它们显示出巨大的(75倍)种内L:M比率变化。我们讨论了这种平均比率的差异以及这种高种内差异是否可能产生功能后果的证据,并得出结论,这种差异确实可能影响颜色感知。最后,我们提出了人类L:M视锥细胞平均比率较高的可能解释,强调了我们色觉与其他视锥细胞不同的其他方面的相似性。我们希望我们提出的建议和问题将启发未来灵长类动物锥体比率的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Highs and Lows of Arboreal Life: Space use and Movement Strategies of Lion-Tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus) in the Western Ghats of India 树栖生活的高潮和低谷:印度西高止山脉的狮尾猕猴(Macaca silenus)的空间利用和运动策略
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70042
Sikha Hariharan, Krithi K. Karanth, Divya Vasudev

Lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus), endemic to the Western Ghats of India, are increasingly threatened by habitat loss and degradation, and are vulnerable to environmental change. Insights into their spatial ecology can reveal the strategies that enable these macaques to navigate and use spatially complex heterogeneous spaces. This is crucial for conservation, given the increasing human disturbance in and around the Western Ghats. This study, conducted in Silent Valley National Park between January and June of 2019, 2022, and 2023, focused on two macaque troops occupying habitats with varying human presence—in the park's core (Sairandhri) and in the buffer (Keeripara). The observed group sizes of the Sairandhri and Keeripara troops were 51 and 21, respectively. We examined differences in the spatial ecology of these troops by assessing their vertical space use, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) home ranges, and using an integrated step-selection function to understand movement-based habitat selection. We observed similarities in movement patterns across the two troops, with notable differences mainly in their vertical use of the forest. The Keeripara troop, resident in a more disturbed area, utilized a smaller home range (1.80 km²). They spent 94.2% of their time in mid-level canopy (6–20 m), descending rarely (1.1%) into lower strata (≤ 5 m), likely due to perceived high risk from predators and humans, and proximity to roads. The Sairandhri troop, resident in the less disturbed area, had a larger home range (3.05 km²) and exhibited greater terrestriality (11.3%), with 84.2% observed time in mid-canopies. Both troops preferred areas with canopy cover and fruiting trees, displaying similar slow movements (indicated through small step lengths and large turning angles) near these resources. Our findings suggest that lion-tailed macaques may be less strictly arboreal than previously believed, displaying more terrestriality in less disturbed habitats. Strategic use of 3D space based on local ecological and anthropogenic conditions highlights the need for conservation efforts that maintain canopy connectivity to support the ecological flexibility of this vulnerable species.

印度西高止山脉特有的狮尾猕猴(Macaca silenus)日益受到栖息地丧失和退化的威胁,并且容易受到环境变化的影响。对其空间生态的深入了解可以揭示使这些猕猴能够导航和利用空间复杂的异质空间的策略。考虑到人类对西高止山脉及其周边地区的干扰日益增加,这对保护至关重要。这项研究于2019年1月至6月、2022年和2023年在寂静谷国家公园进行,重点研究了两支猕猴部队,它们占据了公园核心(Sairandhri)和缓冲区(Keeripara)不同人类存在的栖息地。观察到的Sairandhri和Keeripara部队的人数分别为51人和21人。我们通过评估它们的垂直空间利用、二维(2D)和三维(3D)活动范围,并使用综合阶梯选择函数来了解基于运动的栖息地选择,研究了这些部队的空间生态差异。我们观察到两支部队在行动模式上有相似之处,主要在他们对森林的垂直使用上有显著差异。Keeripara部队驻扎在一个更动荡的地区,使用了一个较小的范围(1.80平方公里)。它们在中层树冠(6-20米)中度过了94.2%的时间,很少(1.1%)下降到下层(≤5米),可能是由于天敌和人类的高风险,以及靠近道路。Sairandhri部队居住在较少受干扰的地区,有更大的活动范围(3.05 km²),并表现出更大的陆地性(11.3%),84.2%的观测时间在冠层中部。两支部队都喜欢有树冠和果树的地方,在这些资源附近表现出类似的缓慢移动(通过小的步长和大的转弯角度来表示)。我们的研究结果表明,狮子尾猕猴可能不像以前认为的那样严格地生活在树上,而是在较少受干扰的栖息地表现出更多的陆地性。基于当地生态和人为条件的3D空间战略利用强调了保护工作的必要性,以保持树冠的连通性,以支持这种脆弱物种的生态灵活性。
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引用次数: 0
Is Sociability Generally Linked to Infection? A Study Based on Rhesus and Japanese Macaques 社交通常与感染有关吗?基于恒河猴和日本猕猴的研究
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70037
Zhihong Xu, Chengfeng Wu, Yun Yang, Alba Castellano-Navarro, Emilio Macanás-Martínez, Bojun Liu, Tao Chen, Xiaochen Ma, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh

Parasite infection is one key risk inherent in group living and is considered to influence the formation and evolution of animal societies. Previous studies investigating the relationship between sociability (a measure of an individual's level of social engagement) and parasite infection have yielded mixed results, with some observing positive relationships between social network centrality and infection and others observing negative or no sociability-infection links. Here, we aggregated behavioral and parasitological data from three groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta brevicaudus) in China and two groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata and Macaca fuscata yakui) to test whether sociability generally predicts geohelminth infection in macaques with similar social structure. We discovered variability in the relationship between sociability and geohelminth infection across these different groups of macaques, and results did not support a general pattern linking sociability to geohelminth infection. Among the five groups, we found a significant positive relationship between sociability and infection in only one group. These results call into question how generally useful an indicator social network centrality metrics are in predicting geohelminth parasite infection across individuals, at least relative to other factors that influence infection dynamics. We discuss potential confounds when examining relationships between sociability and infection across populations and groups, and encourage future studies that can account for these while focusing on the mechanisms that might link social factors and parasite infection to fully understand this relationship.

寄生虫感染是群居生活中固有的一个主要风险,被认为会影响动物社会的形成和进化。以往对社会性(衡量个体社会参与程度的指标)与寄生虫感染之间关系的研究结果不一,有些研究观察到社会网络中心性与感染之间存在正相关关系,有些研究则观察到社会性与感染之间存在负相关或无相关关系。在这里,我们汇总了中国三组猕猴(Macaca mulatta brevicaudus)和两组日本猕猴(Macaca fuscata 和 Macaca fuscata yakui)的行为学和寄生虫学数据,以检验社会性是否能普遍预测具有相似社会结构的猕猴的地虫感染。我们发现,在这些不同的猕猴群体中,交际能力与地线虫感染之间的关系存在差异,结果并不支持交际能力与地线虫感染之间存在普遍联系的模式。在五组猕猴中,我们发现只有一组猕猴的交际能力与感染之间存在显著的正相关关系。这些结果令人质疑社会网络中心度指标在预测个体感染地虫寄生虫方面的普遍作用,至少相对于其他影响感染动态的因素而言是如此。我们讨论了在研究跨人群和群体的社会性与感染之间的关系时可能存在的混淆因素,并鼓励未来的研究在关注可能将社会因素与寄生虫感染联系起来的机制的同时,能够考虑到这些混淆因素,以充分理解这种关系。
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引用次数: 0
Electrocutions in Free-Ranging Platyrrhine Nonhuman Primates: Diagnostic Features for a Threatening Condition 自由放养的Platyrrhine非人灵长类动物的电刑:一种威胁状态的诊断特征
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70039
Rafaela M. Barros, Isabel L. Macêdo, Davi E. R. Sousa, Liz A. Cerqueira, Yasmin N. G. Fonseca, Ana L. V. Sousa, Antonio D. Santos, Cristiano B. de Melo, Márcio B. Castro

Electrical accidents pose a considerable threat to wildlife in anthropized regions, particularly arboreal mammals, as evidenced by cases of electrocutions in nonhuman primates (NHPs). This study characterized the frequency, anatomic distribution, and pathological features of electrocution injuries in free-ranging NHPs based on data retrieved from necropsy archives at the Veterinary Pathology and Forensics Laboratory, University of Brasilia, Brazil. Gross and microscopic evaluations were conducted to assess the nature and extent of electrothermal injuries, including burns and tissue damage. Between 2019 and 2022, electrocution accounted for 16.5% of NHP deaths, primarily affecting black tufted marmosets. Adult NHPs, regardless of sex, were predominantly affected, mainly in the rainy season. Limbs were the most commonly affected body parts, with double, triple, or multiple injury sites being common. Gross findings mostly included severe burns (Grades III and IV), ulcerative injuries, blisters, bone exposure, singed hair, and muscle exposure. Microscopic examinations unveiled epidermal necrosis, smudging of collagen fibers, stretched epidermal nuclei, blisters (epidermal honeycomb aspect), muscle necrosis, skin metallization, and hemorrhage and congestion within internal organs. Electrocution has emerged as a substantial cause of death in free-ranging NHPs, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. The study underscores the need for public policy adjustments to mitigate the risks of electrocution in NHPs and enhance species conservation efforts in human-dominated landscapes.

电事故对人类地区的野生动物,特别是树栖哺乳动物构成了相当大的威胁,非人灵长类动物(NHPs)的触电案件就是证据。本研究基于巴西巴西利亚大学兽医病理学和法医实验室的尸检档案数据,描述了自由放养的NHPs中触电损伤的频率、解剖分布和病理特征。进行肉眼和显微镜下的评估,以评估电热损伤的性质和程度,包括烧伤和组织损伤。在2019年至2022年期间,电刑占NHP死亡人数的16.5%,主要影响黑绒猴。成人NHPs,不分性别,主要在雨季受到影响。四肢是最常见的受累部位,双、三或多处损伤是常见的。主要表现包括严重烧伤(III级和IV级)、溃疡性损伤、水泡、骨骼暴露、头发烧焦和肌肉暴露。显微镜检查发现表皮坏死,胶原纤维混浊,表皮核拉伸,水泡(表皮蜂窝状面),肌肉坏死,皮肤金属化,内脏出血和充血。电刑已成为自由放养的国家卫生保健机构的一个主要死亡原因,特别是在城市和城郊地区。该研究强调需要调整公共政策,以减轻NHPs中触电的风险,并加强人类主导景观中的物种保护工作。
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引用次数: 0
Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Use Tools to Access Out of Reach Water 野生黑猩猩(类人猿)使用工具获取不可及的水
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70036
Charlie MacKenzie, Skylar Brodnan, Elisa Felsche, Kris Sabbi, Emily Otali, Richard Wrangham, Alexandra G. Rosati, Zarin P. Machanda

The use of tools to drink water is well-documented in wild chimpanzees, but the specific function of this behavior is unclear. Here we use a large data set of drinking behaviors spanning 14 years of observation from the Kanyawara community of chimpanzees living in Kibale National Park, Uganda, to test two possible functions of leaf-sponges and other drinking tools. On the one hand, chimpanzees may use tools to access water that is hard to reach, which predicts that chimpanzees will preferentially use tools to drink at tree holes and crevices compared to all other locations. Conversely, chimpanzees may use these tools to filter stagnant water, in which case they would use tools more often at holes and puddles compared to running water sources (e.g., streams). We compared both likelihood of using a tool to drink at different locations, as well as overall rates of drinking, and found chimpanzees in this community most often drink from streams without tools. However, when they do use tools, they preferentially do so to drink at tree holes. Given known age and sex effects on tool use in chimpanzees, we also examined demographic variation in drinking tool use to understand the emergence of this behavior. While females use tools more often than males overall—in part driven by differences in drinking rates at different locations—both males and females use tools more frequently at tree holes than other locations when they do drink there. Finally, comparisons by age indicate that this selectivity strengthens over development with older chimpanzees showing a more pronounced effect of using tools more often at tree holes, suggesting that younger chimpanzees may exhibit exploratory tool use behavior. These results pinpoint the specific function of tool use during drinking and further suggest that even simple tools may require learning for use in appropriate contexts.

在野生黑猩猩中,使用工具喝水的行为已被广泛记录,但这种行为的具体功能尚不清楚。在这里,我们利用对生活在乌干达基巴莱国家公园 Kanyawara 黑猩猩群落长达 14 年的饮水行为的大量观察数据,检验了叶海绵和其他饮水工具的两种可能功能。一方面,黑猩猩可能会使用工具来获取难以到达的水源,这就预示着黑猩猩会比其他所有地点的黑猩猩更喜欢使用工具在树洞和缝隙处饮水。相反,黑猩猩可能会使用这些工具过滤积水,在这种情况下,与流水(如溪流)相比,黑猩猩会更多地在树洞和水坑使用工具。我们比较了在不同地点使用工具饮水的可能性以及总体饮水率,发现该群落中的黑猩猩最常在不使用工具的情况下从溪流中饮水。然而,当它们使用工具时,它们更喜欢在树洞里饮水。鉴于已知的年龄和性别对黑猩猩使用工具的影响,我们还研究了饮水工具使用的人口统计学差异,以了解这种行为的出现。总体而言,雌性黑猩猩比雄性黑猩猩更频繁地使用工具--部分原因是不同地点的饮水率存在差异--当雄性黑猩猩和雌性黑猩猩在树洞饮水时,它们在树洞使用工具的频率都比在其他地点高。最后,按年龄进行的比较表明,这种选择性随着年龄的增长而加强,年龄较大的黑猩猩在树洞中使用工具的频率更高,这表明年龄较小的黑猩猩可能表现出探索性的工具使用行为。这些结果准确地指出了饮酒时使用工具的特定功能,并进一步表明,即使是简单的工具也可能需要学习才能在适当的环境中使用。
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引用次数: 0
Pigtail Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) Performance Differs Across Multiple Cognitive Domains in Comparison to Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) 与恒河猴相比,长尾猕猴在多个认知领域的表现不同
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70033
Isabella M. Baumann, Bess Carlson, Jasmine Hadeed, Suzanne E. Queen, Kenneth W. Witwer, Joseph Mankowski, Rebecca Veenhuis, Lydia M. Hopper

Rhesus and pigtail macaques are closely related and have similar social structures, yet differences in their behavior, socio-ecology, and personality have been observed, although not systematically documented. Given these differences, it is important to assess pigtail macaque cognition independently, rather than relying on rhesus macaque findings as a proxy. To gain a better understanding of pigtail macaque cognition, we used a battery of three cognitive tasks. Rhesus macaques were tested on the same tasks to validate our methods and to allow for comparison. Across just three tasks, we found significant differences between the two closely related species. In the three cups task, which tests short-term memory, both pigtail and rhesus macaques performed significantly better when they had to recall the location of a hidden food reward after a 0 s delay compared to a 15 s delay. However, in the 15 s delay condition, only rhesus macaques performed above chance levels, whereas pigtail macaques did not. In the reversal learning task, which tested rule learning and cognitive flexibility, we found species differences in learning performance. For the quantity discrimination task, which tests numerosity, we found that both rhesus and pigtail macaques were more accurate at discriminating "easy" ratios of foods (e.g., 1 vs. 5 or 2 vs. 6) than the "hard" ratios (e.g., 2 vs. 3 or 4 vs. 5). However, pigtail macaques were more accurate than rhesus macaques in the hard ratio trials. These contribute to a novel understanding of cognition in pigtail macaques while also increasing research rigor in translational research.

恒河猴和尾尾猕猴是近亲,有着相似的社会结构,但它们在行为、社会生态学和个性上的差异已经被观察到,尽管没有系统的记录。考虑到这些差异,独立评估长尾猕猴的认知能力是很重要的,而不是依赖恒河猕猴的研究结果作为代理。为了更好地理解尾尾猕猴的认知,我们使用了三个认知任务。在同样的任务中对恒河猴进行了测试,以验证我们的方法并进行比较。仅仅在三个任务中,我们就发现了两个密切相关的物种之间的显著差异。在测试短期记忆的“三杯”任务中,短尾猴和恒河猴在0秒后回忆隐藏食物奖励的位置时的表现明显优于15秒后。然而,在15秒的延迟条件下,只有恒河猴的表现高于机会水平,而长尾猴则没有。在测试规则学习和认知灵活性的逆向学习任务中,我们发现了物种在学习表现上的差异。在数量辨别任务中,我们发现恒河猴和长尾猴在辨别食物的“简单”比例(如1 vs. 5或2 vs. 6)方面比“困难”比例(如2 vs. 3或4 vs. 5)更准确。然而,长尾猴在“困难”比例试验中比恒河猴更准确。这些有助于对尾尾猕猴认知的新理解,同时也增加了转化研究的研究严谨性。
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引用次数: 0
Into the Fire: Problem-Solving and Pyrocognitive Behavior of Temple Dwelling Bonnet Macaques, Macaca radiata, in India 进入火:问题解决和火认知行为的寺庙居住猕猴,Macaca辐射,在印度
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70035
Mildred Berlena Blessy Herald Victor, Vinothini Govindharaj, Paul A. Garber, Parthasarathy Thiruchenthil Nathan

Pyrocognition has been part of the hominin behavioral repertoire for at least one million years. Here, we report evidence of naturally occurring pyrocognitive behavior in wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) inhabiting a temple site in India. We recorded 2704 instances of macaques attempting to extinguish the fire in offering lamps that contained a food reward (sesame seeds, rice flour, or coconut). Overall, we found significant variation associated with age, with adults experiencing higher foraging success (males 81.1% and females 75.3%) than subadults (males 30.1% and females 18.8%). In addition, there was a positive correlation between the number of lamp manipulations and foraging success among adults, but not among subadults. It appears that despite extensive exposure to burning lamps, subadult bonnet macaques failed to fully understand how their actions in attempting to extinguish the fire resulted in obtaining the food reward. In contrast, over time several adult bonnet macaques appeared to understand how their actions in extinguishing the fire resulted in successfully obtaining a food reward (i.e., causal knowledge). Our results indicate that pyrocognitive behavior develops slowly in bonnet macaques, differs between adults and subadults, is not sex-based, and provides an instructive model for pyrocognition in early hominins.

至少一百万年以来,火性认知一直是人类行为的一部分。在这里,我们报告了居住在印度寺庙遗址的野生帽猴(Macaca radiata)自然发生的热认知行为的证据。我们记录了2704个猕猴试图熄灭装有食物奖励(芝麻、米粉或椰子)的灯中的火的例子。总体而言,我们发现与年龄相关的显著差异,成虫的觅食成功率(雄性为81.1%,雌性为75.3%)高于亚成虫(雄性为30.1%,雌性为18.8%)。此外,在成虫中,灯操作次数与觅食成功率呈正相关,而在亚成虫中则不呈正相关。看起来,尽管长时间暴露在燃烧的灯下,亚成年帽猴并不能完全理解它们试图扑灭火焰的行为是如何导致获得食物奖励的。相比之下,随着时间的推移,几只成年帽猴似乎明白了它们在灭火中的行为是如何成功获得食物奖励的(即因果知识)。本研究结果表明,帽猴的火认知行为发育缓慢,成虫与亚成虫之间存在差异,且不存在性别差异,为早期人类的火认知提供了一个有指导意义的模型。
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引用次数: 0
Personality Assessment of Synanthropic Rhesus Macaques: Implications and Challenges 共生性恒河猴的人格评估:启示与挑战
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70034
Taniya Gill, Anshul Gautam, Jorg J. M. Massen, Debottam Bhattacharjee

Answers to the question of what characteristics allow animals to thrive in human-dominated environments remain elusive. Consistent interindividual differences or personalities can potentially explain the functional significance of habitat-specific traits that enable animals to coexist with humans. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are the most successful nonhuman primates in the Anthropocene, living in diverse climatic and environmental conditions. Studying the personalities of synanthropic rhesus macaques, that is, those that thrive in anthropogenic habitats, can provide insights into the biological traits facilitating their success. We planned a multi-method “bottom-up” approach of behavioral observations and novelty experiments, standardized for assessing captive nonhuman primates, to evaluate the personalities of adult rhesus macaques (N = 52). Novelty experiments encountered significant challenges, limiting their effectiveness. So, we continued with behavioral observations in the form of focal sampling, that revealed two repeatable traits, subjectively labeled as social tension and meekness. We found an association of sex with social tension, where males exhibited higher social tension than females. In an additional analysis, we found that individuals that obtained food through contact provisioning had higher scores for the meekness trait than individuals that obtained food through noncontact provisioning. We discuss how the observed personality traits may offer adaptive advantages in human-dominated environments, where despotic rhesus macaques face both benefits and costs (including social) of living in an anthropogenic setting. We also emphasize that protocols designed for captive conditions may not be directly applicable to free-living animals. The study underscores the need to reconsider behavioral experiments to obtain comparable measures between captive and non-captive populations. This would enhance the ecological validity of personality assessments. Nevertheless, empirically identifying traits using observations in synanthropic species can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that enable certain animals to thrive amidst a rapid expansion of anthropogenic activities.

究竟是什么特征让动物在人类主导的环境中茁壮成长,这个问题的答案仍然难以捉摸。一致的个体间差异或个性可以潜在地解释栖息地特定特征的功能意义,这些特征使动物能够与人类共存。恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)是人类世最成功的非人类灵长类动物,生活在多种气候和环境条件下。研究合群恒河猴(即那些在人类栖息地茁壮成长的恒河猴)的个性,可以深入了解促进它们成功的生物学特征。我们计划了一种多方法“自下而上”的行为观察和新奇实验方法,用于评估圈养的非人灵长类动物,以评估成年恒河猴(N = 52)的个性。新奇的实验遇到了巨大的挑战,限制了它们的有效性。因此,我们继续以焦点抽样的形式进行行为观察,发现了两个可重复的特征,主观上被标记为社会紧张和温顺。我们发现性与社会紧张有关联,男性比女性表现出更高的社会紧张。在另一项分析中,我们发现通过接触获取食物的个体比通过非接触获取食物的个体在温顺特征上得分更高。我们讨论了观察到的人格特征如何在人类主导的环境中提供适应优势,在人类环境中,专制的恒河猴面临着生活在人类环境中的利益和成本(包括社会)。我们还强调,为圈养条件设计的协议可能并不直接适用于自由生活的动物。该研究强调需要重新考虑行为实验,以获得圈养和非圈养种群之间的可比测量。这将提高人格评估的生态效度。尽管如此,通过对共生物种的观察来确定其特征,可以为某些动物在快速扩张的人类活动中茁壮成长的机制提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Genetic Diversity, Genetic Structure, and Demographic History of Black Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri) in the Gaoligong Mountains, Southwestern China 高黎贡山黑金丝猴遗传多样性、遗传结构与人口统计学研究
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70031
Yuan Li, Jia Luo, Minglin Chen, Christian Roos, Zhechang Hu, Yixin Chen, Yingping Tian, Rongxi Guo, Weimin Kuang, Li Yu

The Gaoligong Mountains, located in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and provides a refugium for many endangered endemic animals. In this study, we reported a population genetic study on black snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri), a critically endangered primate endemic to the Gaoligong Mountains, yet their large-scale population genetic study remains underexplored. Here, we performed population genetic analyses from two geographical populations (Pianma and Luoma) based on targeted genomic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data (37.7 K) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (842 bp). Both nuclear SNP data and mtDNA revealed relatively low levels of genetic variation in both populations compared to other reported primates, which is most likely to be explained by loss of historical genetic diversity due to inbreeding and long-term small effective population size, thus potentially aggravating the effects of inbreeding and genetic depression. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses for mtDNA revealed two deep lineages (approximately 0.69 million years ago), but limited genetic differentiation in nuclear data, which might have been caused by the Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and glacial refuge, and subsequent secondary contact as a result of historically high and bidirectional gene flow between populations. Ecological niche modeling and landscape connectivity analyses also showed historical and recent connectivity between two geographical populations. The demographic history inferred from both mtDNA and nuclear data revealed at least two continuous declines in the effective population size occurring around 43 Kya and 8–10 Kya, respectively, probably due to Pleistocene glaciations and subsequent human activities. Our results provide the first detailed and comprehensive genetic insights into the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of a critically endangered species, and provide essential baseline information to guide conservation efforts.

高黎贡山位于青藏高原东南部,是世界生物多样性热点地区之一,为许多濒危特有动物提供了避难所。本研究报道了高黎贡山特有的极度濒危灵长类动物黑金丝猴(Rhinopithecus strykeri)的种群遗传研究,但其大规模种群遗传研究尚不充分。在此,我们基于靶向基因组单核苷酸多态性(SNP)数据(37.7 K)和线粒体DNA (mtDNA)控制区(842 bp)对两个地理种群(Pianma和Luoma)进行了群体遗传分析。核SNP数据和mtDNA显示,与其他已报道的灵长类动物相比,这两个种群的遗传变异水平相对较低,这很可能是由于近亲繁殖和长期有效种群规模较小导致历史遗传多样性丧失,从而可能加剧近亲繁殖和遗传抑制的影响。mtDNA的系统发育和种群结构分析揭示了两个较深的谱系(约69万年前),但核数据的遗传分化有限,这可能是由于晚新生代青藏高原和冰川避难的隆升,以及种群间历史上高水平的双向基因流动导致的二次接触。生态位模型和景观连通性分析也显示了两个地理种群之间的历史和近期连通性。根据mtDNA和核数据推断的人口历史表明,有效种群规模至少连续两次下降,分别发生在43 Kya和8-10 Kya,可能是由于更新世冰川和随后的人类活动。我们的研究结果首次提供了对一种极度濒危物种的遗传多样性、种群结构和人口统计历史的详细和全面的遗传见解,并为指导保护工作提供了必要的基线信息。
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引用次数: 0
Temperature-Related Differences in Hair Cortisol Among Outdoor-Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) 室外饲养恒河猴毛发皮质醇的温度相关差异
IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70030
Alexander J. Pritchard, Rosemary A. Blersch, Brenda McCowan, Jessica J. Vandeleest

Temperature has a known potential to influence glucocorticoid concentrations obtained from fecal samples in nonhuman primates. Studies reliant on hair cortisol estimates obtained using samples from outdoor subjects, however, may not control for temperature. This omission is despite the general utility of hair as a sample matrix with relatively longer periods of accrual time. We examined these dynamics in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta); importantly, this population of rhesus macaques exhibits covariation between season and breeding behavior. Thus, we also examined temperature relative to contributions of social behavior associated with breeding seasons, which may coincide with climatic shifts. We utilized 1921 hair samples from 580 subjects across six large outdoor-housed mixed-sex groups at the California National Primate Research Center to quantify the capacity for warmer or cooler outdoor temperatures to influence hair cortisol concentrations. We found that colder maximum temperature estimates over the days preceding hair sampling were associated with elevated hair cortisol concentrations, relative to warmer periods. Temperature contributed similarly in a model with a reduced data set (1418 samples) which included breeding-associated social behaviors. Consortship behavior was associated with hair cortisol without temperature, but was not associated with temperature included. Aggression was associated with cortisol, with or without the inclusion of temperature. Outdoor temperature is an important confound or covariate to account for statistically or via careful study design. Inclusion is especially important among research projects reliant on hair cortisol from outdoor-housed primates and spanning multiple seasons.

已知温度有可能影响从非人类灵长类动物粪便样本中获得的糖皮质激素浓度。然而,依赖于使用户外受试者样本获得的毛发皮质醇估计值的研究可能无法控制温度。尽管头发作为一个具有相对较长应计时间的样本矩阵的一般效用,但这种遗漏。我们在恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)中研究了这些动态;重要的是,这个恒河猴种群在季节和繁殖行为之间表现出共同变异。因此,我们也研究了温度对与繁殖季节相关的社会行为的贡献,这可能与气候变化相吻合。我们利用了来自加州国家灵长类动物研究中心六个大型户外混合性别群体的580名受试者的1921个头发样本,以量化室外温度升高或降低对毛发皮质醇浓度的影响。我们发现,相对于温暖的时期,头发采样前几天的最高温度估计与头发皮质醇浓度升高有关。在一个减少数据集(1418个样本)的模型中,温度也起到了类似的作用,其中包括与繁殖相关的社会行为。配偶行为与不含温度的毛发皮质醇有关,但与含温度的毛发皮质醇无关。无论是否包含温度,攻击性都与皮质醇有关。室外温度是一个重要的混杂因素或协变量,需要通过统计或仔细的研究设计来解释。在依赖于户外居住的灵长类动物毛发皮质醇的研究项目中,纳入尤其重要,这些研究项目跨越多个季节。
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引用次数: 0
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American Journal of Primatology
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