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Population Dynamics of a Lion-Tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) Population in a Rainforest Fragment in the Southern Western Ghats of India 印度西南高止山脉热带雨林中狮尾猕猴(Macaca silenus)种群动态
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70075
Ashni Kumar Dhawale, Anindya Sinha

Demographic analysis is often used for the effective management of wildlife, especially for species facing human-caused disturbances to their habitat, such as habitat fragmentation. The objective of this long-term study was, therefore, to gain insights into the status of a lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) population, inhabiting the Puthuthottam estate near Valparai in the Western Ghats of southwestern India, by documenting demographic factors, such as group numbers, group size and age/sex composition, as well as estimating growth, birth, and mortality rates. We documented the demography of five resident groups of this species, comprising 5% of the remaining wild lion-tailed macaque populations. In this paper, we present a demographic history of the Puthuthottam population through comparisons with studies conducted by various research groups, beginning in the 1970s, and report a five-fold increase in population size over a period of four decades. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we analyze and discuss the effects of population demographic parameters on birth rates, including a moderately reduced growth- and birth rate, as compared to previous records for the population. The most frequent contributor to mortality, especially of the vulnerable juvenile age class, was found to be roadkill deaths, followed by other anthropogenic causes, including electrocution on exposed electric lines. We also report a shift in the social system, pervasive across this population, from unimale–multifemale to multimale–multifemale social groups. We strongly believe that the observed drastic alterations to the socioecological profile of the study population, as a result of habitat fragmentation and increased utilization of human habitats, have major implications for the long-term survivability of this macaque population. We hope the information presented in this paper will aid in the effective management of the remaining lion-tailed macaque populations across their distribution range, particularly as they become increasingly exposed to human-altered habitats.

人口统计分析经常用于野生动物的有效管理,特别是对于面临人类对其栖息地造成干扰的物种,例如栖息地破碎化。因此,这项长期研究的目的是通过记录人口统计学因素,如群体数量、群体规模和年龄/性别组成,以及估计生长、出生和死亡率,来深入了解印度西南部西高止山脉瓦尔帕莱附近Puthuthottam地区的狮尾猕猴(Macaca silenus)种群的状况。我们记录了该物种的5个常住群体的人口统计,占野生狮尾猕猴种群的5%。在本文中,我们通过与不同研究小组进行的研究比较,介绍了Puthuthottam人口的人口历史,从20世纪70年代开始,并报告了人口规模在40年内增长了5倍。使用广义线性混合模型,我们分析和讨论了人口统计参数对出生率的影响,包括与以前的人口记录相比适度降低的增长率和出生率。造成死亡的最常见原因,特别是易受伤害的少年年龄阶层的死亡,被发现是被道路撞死,其次是其他人为原因,包括在暴露的电线上触电。我们还报告了社会系统的转变,普遍存在于这一人群中,从单一女性-多女性到多女性-多女性的社会群体。我们强烈认为,由于栖息地破碎化和人类栖息地利用的增加,研究种群的社会生态特征发生了巨大变化,这对该猕猴种群的长期生存能力具有重大影响。我们希望本文提供的信息将有助于有效地管理分布范围内剩余的狮尾猕猴种群,特别是当它们越来越多地暴露于人类改变的栖息地时。
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引用次数: 0
Is Extended Lactation Nutritionally Important for the Weaning of Wild Toque Macaques, Macaca sinica? Evidence From Milk Composition 延长哺乳时间对野生猕猴断奶有营养意义吗?牛奶成分的证据。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70078
Wolfgang P. J. Dittus, Sara E. Childs-Sanford, Lalith H. Jayawickrama, Olav T. Oftedal

Successful lactation is important to offspring survival in wild primates, both during infancy and the transition of weaning. We examined changes in the composition of milk of wild toque macaques to assess its nutritional role both during primary lactation (< 7 mo) and subsequent infant care. We collected 72 milk samples from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, up to an infant age (iAge) of 2.2 y and assayed them by standard methods as developed at the Smithsonian's National Zoo. During the first 7 mo M. sinica milk contained on average 86.1% water, 13.9% dry matter, 4.25% fat, 1.62% protein, 7.84% sugar, 0.792 kcal/g energy, 0.083% calcium, 0.026% phosphorus, 0.012% magnesium, 3.32 ppm zinc, 18.1 mM/kg H2O sodium, 4.01 mM/kg H2O potassium and 16.2 mM/kg H2O chloride. Dry matter, fat, and energy increased significantly during this period, but much greater changes were observed in these and other constituents (including protein, phosphorus, and zinc) during the subsequent supplemental lactation period. The average water (74.0%), and sugar (6.31%) decreased, whereas dry matter (26.0%), fat (15.9%), protein (3.8%), energy (1.91 kcal/g), phosphorus (0.050%) and zinc (11.9 ppm) concentrations of M. sinica milk during the supplemental period are higher than any prior reported values for primate milks. As infants aged and transitioned to independent feeding the nutrient composition of milk changed by reducing water and sugar that older nursing offspring obtained progressively more from water and fruit in the environment, rather than from milk. We hypothesize that this switch in sourcing water and sugar conserves maternal energy, nutrient balance, and fitness. Notwithstanding, supplemental lactation continued to provide other nutrients (including fat, protein, energy, P, and Zn) that may serve an important nutritional/developmental function over and above maintenance of maternal-infant bonds, at least in wild primates.

在野生灵长类动物中,无论是在婴儿期还是断奶过渡期,成功哺乳对后代的生存都很重要。我们研究了野生猕猴乳汁成分的变化,以评估其在初乳期间的营养作用(20钠,4.01 mM/kg H2O钾和16.2 mM/kg H2O氯化物)。在此期间,干物质、脂肪和能量显著增加,但在随后的补充哺乳期,这些成分和其他成分(包括蛋白质、磷和锌)的变化要大得多。饲粮添加期间,毛猴奶的平均水分(74.0%)和糖(6.31%)含量下降,而干物质(26.0%)、脂肪(15.9%)、蛋白质(3.8%)、能量(1.91 kcal/g)、磷(0.050%)和锌(11.9 ppm)含量高于以往报道的灵长类动物奶。随着婴儿年龄的增长和过渡到独立喂养,牛奶的营养成分发生了变化,减少了水和糖,年龄较大的哺乳后代越来越多地从环境中的水和水果中获得,而不是从牛奶中获得。我们假设这种水和糖来源的转换可以保护母亲的能量、营养平衡和健康。尽管如此,至少在野生灵长类动物中,补充母乳继续提供其他营养素(包括脂肪、蛋白质、能量、磷和锌),这些营养素可能具有重要的营养/发育功能,而不仅仅是维持母子关系。
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引用次数: 0
Multimodal Learning Has an Impact on Conservation Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions Towards Spider Monkeys in Mayan Children From Punta Laguna, Yucatán 多模式学习对蓬塔拉古纳玛雅儿童对蜘蛛猴的保护知识、态度和行为意图的影响,Yucatán
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70076
Miquel Llorente, Paula Villariezo, Federica Amici

Conservation education activities employing multimodal knowledge transmission, including art-based workshops, are a multidisciplinary tool that can be used to raise awareness of the natural environment in which we live. In this study, we implemented a conservation education workshop that combined different forms of knowledge transmission, to promote pro-environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions towards spider monkeys and their ecosystem, among 5- to 16-year-old students in a rural school in a Mayan community in Mexico (N = 27). The aim of the study was to (i) develop and implement a workshop tailored to the cultural context of Maya children in México, incorporating artistic activities and multimodal learning approaches, and (ii) evaluate its effectiveness by monitoring changes in participants' knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions towards spider monkeys and their ecosystem. Our findings indicate overall increases in conservation-oriented knowledge and behavioral intentions following the workshop, with more pronounced gains in knowledge among girls and in behavioral intentions among older children. Attitudes toward spider monkeys were already high before the intervention and showed a small but statistically significant increase afterward. Children's drawings reflected increased references to morphological and ecological traits, although aspects related to social behavior and human-monkey interactions were less represented. These outcomes suggest that short-term, culturally embedded and multimodal educational interventions may promote conservation learning in rural communities, though some effects may be constrained by ceiling effects and topic complexity. Future research should explore the durability of these changes over time, the specific drivers of pre-existing pro-environmental attitudes, and the impact of prior familiarity and cultural context on learning outcomes.

采用多模式知识传播的保育教育活动,包括以艺术为基础的工作坊,是一种多学科的工具,可用于提高对我们所生活的自然环境的认识。在这项研究中,我们在墨西哥玛雅社区的一所农村学校(N = 27)实施了一个保护教育研讨会,结合不同形式的知识传播,以促进对蜘蛛猴及其生态系统的亲环境知识、态度和行为意图。该研究的目的是:(1)开发和实施一个适合msamicxico玛雅儿童文化背景的讲习班,将艺术活动和多模式学习方法结合起来;(2)通过监测参与者对蜘蛛猴及其生态系统的知识、态度和行为意图的变化来评估其有效性。我们的研究结果表明,在研讨会之后,以保护为导向的知识和行为意图总体上有所增加,女孩的知识和年龄较大的儿童的行为意图的收获更为明显。在干预之前,人们对蜘蛛猴的态度就已经很高了,干预之后,人们对蜘蛛猴的态度有了小幅但有统计学意义的提高。儿童的绘画反映了形态和生态特征的增加,尽管与社会行为和人猴互动相关的方面较少被代表。这些结果表明,短期的、文化嵌入的和多模式的教育干预可能促进农村社区的保护学习,尽管一些效果可能受到天花板效应和主题复杂性的限制。未来的研究应该探索这些变化随时间的持久性,预先存在的亲环境态度的具体驱动因素,以及先前熟悉度和文化背景对学习结果的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Qualitative Aspects of Seed Dispersal Effectiveness by Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana): The Case of Three Species of the Moraceae Family 毛吼猴(Alouatta palliata mexicana)种子传播效果的定性研究:以桑科三种猴为例。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70077
Daniela Alicia Torres-Anaya, Roger Guevara, Wesley Dáttilo, Laura Teresa Hernandez, Juan Carlos Serio-Silva

Howler monkeys are considered high-quality seed dispersers; however, the changes that seeds undergo after passing through their digestive tract, which influence their germination capacity, are still unknown. In this study, we assessed whether the consumption of seeds from three species of the Moraceae family by mantled howler monkeys results in seed coat scarification, and whether this treatment enhances their permeability to water and germination rate. Using seeds from fruits, we induced chemical scarification of their outer coat, and with these, intact seeds and seeds found in droppings, we conducted micromorphological analyses, water permeability tests and germination assays. We observed that the passage of seeds through the digestive tract of mantled howler monkeys did not scarify their outer coat, nor did it enhance their water absorption capacity. There was both a positive and negative effect on the germination of Ficus americana and Ficus insipida seeds, respectively. Chemical scarification of the seeds, although it reduced their coat thickness, did not increase water permeability, significantly decreased their viability, and prevented germination. These results suggest that, in the case of small seeds, scarification is not a relevant treatment for germination and may, in fact, be unfavorable. Therefore, the importance of seed consumption by mantled howler monkeys, and other frugivores, may lie in the removal of pulp in terms of the facilitation of germination. Thus, by moving, releasing and cleaning the seeds, these animals may increase the probability that they will encounter adequate environmental conditions for germination and establishment.

吼猴被认为是高质量的种子传播者;然而,种子在通过消化道后所经历的变化,影响其发芽能力,仍然是未知的。在这项研究中,我们评估了冠吼猴食用三种桑科植物的种子是否会导致种皮割伤,以及这种处理是否会提高它们的透水性和发芽率。我们利用水果的种子,诱导化学划伤它们的外皮,并利用这些完整的种子和在粪便中发现的种子,我们进行了微形态分析、透水性测试和萌发试验。我们观察到,种子通过披毛吼猴的消化道不会破坏它们的外毛,也不会增强它们的吸水能力。对美洲榕和苦叶榕种子萌发分别有正、负作用。化学划伤虽然减少了种子的外皮厚度,但没有增加种子的透水性,显著降低了种子的活力,阻碍了种子的萌发。这些结果表明,在小种子的情况下,割伤不是发芽的相关处理,实际上可能是不利的。因此,披风吼猴和其他食果动物食用种子的重要性,可能在于从促进发芽的角度来看,去除果肉。因此,通过移动、释放和清洗种子,这些动物可能会增加它们遇到发芽和建立的适当环境条件的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Vocal Repertoire of Free-Ranging Infant and Yearling Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70073
Hong-Wei Tian, Xue Chen, Shen-Qi Liu, Shi-Wang Chen, Peng-Lai Fan, Dong-Po Xia

Vocal signals are the primary means of communication for most nonhuman primates. Quantitatively describing the vocal repertoire of specific species at specific age stages is a crucial step in studying their vocal communication, and it also provides a foundation for understanding the development and use of primate vocal signals. This study is the first attempt to establish a vocal repertoire for wild infant Tibetan macaques based on quantitative methods. We conducted continuous 5-month tracking observations on 18 wild Tibetan macaques aged 0–24 months living in the Yulinkeng A1 group (YA1 group) of the Wild Monkey Valley in Huangshan, collecting a total of 6667 vocal samples and defining common vocalization contexts in 8 categories. Through the quantitative analysis of 41 main acoustic parameters in 557 high-quality samples, we ultimately identified 10 call types (coo, loud coo, modulated tonal scream, whistle, bark, three-syllable chuck, rattle, squeal, noisy scream, and undulated scream). Four call types (three-syllable chuck, squeal, noisy scream, and undulated scream) were no longer used as the monkeys reached 14 months of age. Compared with adult individuals, there are three specific call types in the infant stage (three-syllable chuck, rattle, and undulated scream). Additionally, the vocalizations we collected from infant and yearling monkeys were mainly related to their communication with their mothers. Our study fills a gap in knowledge of the vocal behaviors of Tibetan macaques, particularly those of infants, and provides foundational data for the study of vocal development in Tibetan macaques. It also offers new perspectives on the evolution of primate vocal communication.

声音信号是大多数非人灵长类动物的主要交流方式。定量描述特定物种在特定年龄阶段的发声曲目是研究其发声交流的关键一步,也为理解灵长类动物发声信号的发展和使用提供了基础。通过对557个高质量样本的41个主要声学参数的定量分析,我们最终确定了10种叫声类型(coo, loud coo,调制音调尖叫,哨子,吠叫,三音节卡盘,拨浪鼓,尖叫,嘈杂尖叫和波动尖叫)。当猴子长到14个月大时,四种叫声(三音节的咔嗒声、尖叫、嘈杂的尖叫和波动的尖叫)就不再使用了。与成年个体相比,婴儿阶段有三种特定的叫声类型(三音节咔嗒声、嘎嘎声和波动式尖叫)。此外,我们从婴儿和一岁的猴子收集的发声主要与他们与母亲的交流有关。它也为灵长类动物声音交流的进化提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Absence of Blood Chimerism in Twin Goeldi's Monkeys (Callimico goeldii): Implications for Interpreting Callitrichid Phylogeny 双胞胎哥德猴(Callimico goeldii)血液嵌合的缺失:解释哥德猴系统发育的意义
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70071
Gustl Anzenberger, Mark Warneke, Esther N. Signer

Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii, the lone species in this genus) shows an array of characteristics that are typical for both New World primate families, the Cebidae and the Callitrichidae, and as such their taxonomic classification has remained in question. Based on DNA, the genus Callimico is regarded as a member of the monophyletic group of clawed New World monkeys (Callitrichidae). Callitrichids, as a rule, give birth to twins, which are blood chimeras due to placental blood vessel anastomoses. In contrast, wild and captive Callimico almost exclusively have singleton births, as in all cebids. To address whether Callimico shares chimeric twinning with other callitrichids, we did DNA profiling of the only presently available twin pair of captive Callimico. DNA banding patterns revealed distinct differences between the twins, indicating an absence of blood chimerism. We infer that predominantly single birth in Callimico most likely represents a derived state that evolved independently in this genus, rather than the ancestral callitrichid condition.

Goeldi的猴子(Callimico goeldii,这一属中唯一的物种)表现出了一系列在新世界灵长类动物科(Cebidae)和calitrichidae)中都很典型的特征,因此它们的分类仍然存在疑问。根据DNA,该属被认为是有爪新大陆猴(有爪猴科)单系群的成员。一般来说,卵黄卵黄会生出双胞胎,这是由于胎盘血管吻合而形成的血液嵌合体。相比之下,野生和圈养的卡利米科几乎都是单胎,就像所有的同类一样。为了确定卡利米科是否与其他卡利米科动物共享嵌合双胞胎,我们对目前唯一可用的圈养卡利米科双胞胎进行了DNA分析。DNA条带模式显示出双胞胎之间的明显差异,表明没有血液嵌合。我们推断,Callimico的主要单胎很可能代表了该属独立进化的衍生状态,而不是祖先的callitrichid状态。
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引用次数: 0
Slowly but Surely: Larger Brains Improve Immature Survival in Primates 缓慢但肯定:更大的大脑提高灵长类动物的未成熟存活率
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70072
Zitan Song, Carel P. van Schaik

The high energy costs of brains suggest that a species' current brain size is adaptive. However, although the comparative data for mammals suggest a positive effect on fitness in larger-brained species because of higher adult survival and thus longer lifespan, it also reveals two negative effects, namely later age at first reproduction owing to slower development and a tendency towards reduced reproductive allocation owing to larger newborns. Here we suggest that what is missing is the positive impact of brain size on immature survival, causally linked to greater parental investment in larger-brained species. Using long-term demographic data on natural populations of 18 primate species, we find a strong positive brain size effect on immature survival, which is already apparent during the first year. We suggest this effect is caused by parental protection and provisioning, allowing young to survive better and mature slowly but surely. This survival effect may well be the strongest adaptive benefit of increased brain size. It remains unknown to what extent this effect generalizes to non-primates.

大脑的高能量消耗表明,一个物种目前的大脑大小是适应性的。然而,尽管对哺乳动物的比较数据表明,脑容量较大的物种由于成年后存活率更高,因而寿命更长,因此对适应性有积极影响,但它也揭示了两个负面影响,即由于发育较慢而导致首次生殖年龄较晚,以及由于新生儿较大而导致生殖分配减少的趋势。在这里,我们认为缺失的是大脑大小对未成熟生存的积极影响,这与大脑较大的物种的亲代投资更多有因果关系。利用18种灵长类动物自然种群的长期人口统计数据,我们发现大脑大小对未成熟的存活率有很强的积极影响,这在第一年就已经很明显了。我们认为这种影响是由父母的保护和供给造成的,这使得幼崽能够更好地生存并缓慢而稳定地成熟。这种生存效应很可能是大脑体积增大带来的最大适应性好处。目前尚不清楚这种效应在多大程度上适用于非灵长类动物。
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引用次数: 0
The Ontogeny of “Twitter” Calls in White-Faced Capuchins (Cebus imitator): Usage, Context, and Acoustic Structure 白面卷尾猴(Cebus模仿者)“推特”叫声的个体发生:用法、语境和声学结构
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70069
Nicole Guisneuf, Juan Carlos Ordoñez, Marcela E. Benítez, Thore J. Bergman

In stark contrast to our own highly plastic communicative abilities, nonhuman primate vocalizations were historically considered fixed and innate, with very little ability to learn or modify vocal signals. However, recent studies indicate that primate vocalizations do show evidence of developmental plasticity, most notably in their context and usage. We build on these studies by investigating developmental changes in one of the most common calls of white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator), the twitter. Specifically, we examined the behavioral context around twitter vocalizations in a wild population of white-faced capuchins in the Taboga Forest Reserve, Costa Rica. We analyzed the use of twitters in relation to behavioral state (social, foraging, travel, or resting), immediate context (approaching and leaving others), and specific social behaviors (grooming and aggression). Immatures (infants and juveniles) twitter primarily in a social state, while adults twitter primarily in a foraging state. The twitters produced by immatures were more closely associated with approaching other group members within 1 m, compared to adults. This contextual shift with development from social to foraging prompted us to also look for corresponding acoustic changes. However, the acoustic properties of twitters were not related to context or age, with the one exception that adult twitters were longer than those from immatures. Overall, our results suggest that the twitter is a call with multiple functions, with a shift in usage from social to foraging contexts across development. This adds to the growing evidence of flexibility and learning in primate vocal communication.

与我们高度可塑性的交流能力形成鲜明对比的是,非人类灵长类动物的发声能力历来被认为是固定的和天生的,几乎没有学习或修改声音信号的能力。然而,最近的研究表明,灵长类动物的发声确实显示出发育可塑性的证据,尤其是在它们的背景和使用方面。在这些研究的基础上,我们调查了白面卷尾猴(Cebus模仿者)最常见的叫声之一——推特的发育变化。具体来说,我们研究了哥斯达黎加塔博加森林保护区野生白面卷尾猴鸣叫的行为背景。我们分析了twitter的使用与行为状态(社交、觅食、旅行或休息)、即时环境(接近和离开他人)和特定社会行为(梳理和攻击)的关系。不成熟的(婴儿和青少年)主要在社交状态下鸣叫,而成年人主要在觅食状态下鸣叫。与成年人相比,不成熟的人发出的推特更倾向于在1米内接近其他群体成员。这种从社会性发展到觅食性的环境转变促使我们也寻找相应的声学变化。然而,推特的声学特性与语境或年龄无关,只有一个例外,即成年人的推特比不成熟的推特长。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,twitter是一个具有多种功能的调用,在整个开发过程中从社交环境到觅食环境的使用转变。这进一步证明了灵长类动物声音交流的灵活性和学习能力。
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引用次数: 0
Age-Related Changes in Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Feeding Behavior and Physiology: Insights of Masticatory and Swallowing Functions 狨猴(Callithrix jacchus)摄食行为和生理的年龄相关变化:咀嚼和吞咽功能的见解
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70070
Max Sarmet, Sachiko Takehara, Priscila Sales de Campos, Kensuke Kagiyama, Yasuhiro Kumei, Christopher J. Mayerl, Laura Davison Mangilli, Jorge Luís Lopes Zeredo

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a valuable model for studying aging due to its physiological and social similarities to humans, including shared susceptibilities to age-related diseases. However, the effects of healthy aging on marmoset mastication and swallowing are poorly understood, despite their importance for modeling human aging and understanding marmoset ecology and longevity (efficient food processing impacts foraging success and predation risk). Given their specialized diet, dental adaptations, and relatively long lifespan compared with other biomedical models commonly used, like rodents, understanding how elderly marmosets maintain feeding efficiency is particularly important, yet lifespan research on their feeding physiology is scarce. Using cineradiography (with a microfocal X-ray source and beryllium image intensifier), we examined masticatory and swallowing physiology across the marmoset lifespan (1 month to 19 years) in 26 healthy individuals, analyzing 45 recordings (80 feeding events, 784 swallows). Our study revealed a developmental trajectory in marmoset chewing and swallowing, from infancy to old age, characterized by progressively refined handling of larger food portions and boluses. We identified distinct anatomical, functional, and behavioral differences in feeding physiology among age groups. Elderly marmosets exhibited significantly faster feeding rates than infants and adults, consuming larger portions and forming larger boluses, requiring fewer mastications and swallows, likely reflecting age-related adaptations. Notably, old and very old marmosets showed comparable feeding efficiency, suggesting compensatory mechanisms to maintain function despite age-related challenges (e.g., tooth loss or muscle weakness) and may contribute to longevity. The consistent pattern of esophageal retention across age groups indicates this pattern is likely typical for the species. This study establishes baseline feeding characteristics for marmosets, reinforcing their value as a translational aging model and enhancing their utility for investigating age-related changes in human chewing and swallowing, including dysphagia. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms and functional implications of these changes.

普通狨猴(Callithrix jacchus)是研究衰老的一个有价值的模型,因为它在生理和社会上与人类相似,包括对年龄相关疾病的共同易感性。然而,健康衰老对绒猴咀嚼和吞咽的影响尚不清楚,尽管它们对于模拟人类衰老和理解绒猴生态和寿命(有效的食物加工影响觅食成功和捕食风险)具有重要意义。考虑到它们特殊的饮食、牙齿适应性以及与啮齿类动物等其他常用生物医学模型相比相对较长的寿命,了解老年狨猴如何保持摄食效率尤为重要,但对其摄食生理学的寿命研究却很少。利用显微x射线摄影(微焦x射线源和铍图像增强器),我们检查了26个健康个体在整个狨猴生命周期(1个月至19年)的咀嚼和吞咽生理,分析了45次记录(80次进食事件,784次吞咽)。我们的研究揭示了狨猴咀嚼和吞咽的发展轨迹,从婴儿期到老年,其特征是逐渐精细地处理大份量和大剂量的食物。我们确定了不同年龄组在喂养生理上的解剖、功能和行为差异。老年狨猴的进食速度明显快于婴儿和成年狨猴,它们的食量更大,食量更大,咀嚼和吞咽的次数更少,这可能反映了与年龄相关的适应能力。值得注意的是,年老和非常年老的狨猴表现出相当的摄食效率,这表明尽管与年龄相关的挑战(如牙齿脱落或肌肉无力),它们仍能维持功能的补偿机制,可能有助于长寿。食道滞留在不同年龄组的一致模式表明这种模式可能是典型的物种。本研究建立了狨猴的基本摄食特征,加强了它们作为转化衰老模型的价值,并增强了它们在研究人类咀嚼和吞咽(包括吞咽困难)的年龄相关变化方面的实用性。未来的研究应探讨这些变化的潜在机制和功能意义。
{"title":"Age-Related Changes in Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Feeding Behavior and Physiology: Insights of Masticatory and Swallowing Functions","authors":"Max Sarmet,&nbsp;Sachiko Takehara,&nbsp;Priscila Sales de Campos,&nbsp;Kensuke Kagiyama,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Kumei,&nbsp;Christopher J. Mayerl,&nbsp;Laura Davison Mangilli,&nbsp;Jorge Luís Lopes Zeredo","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The common marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>) is a valuable model for studying aging due to its physiological and social similarities to humans, including shared susceptibilities to age-related diseases. However, the effects of healthy aging on marmoset mastication and swallowing are poorly understood, despite their importance for modeling human aging and understanding marmoset ecology and longevity (efficient food processing impacts foraging success and predation risk). Given their specialized diet, dental adaptations, and relatively long lifespan compared with other biomedical models commonly used, like rodents, understanding how elderly marmosets maintain feeding efficiency is particularly important, yet lifespan research on their feeding physiology is scarce. Using cineradiography (with a microfocal X-ray source and beryllium image intensifier), we examined masticatory and swallowing physiology across the marmoset lifespan (1 month to 19 years) in 26 healthy individuals, analyzing 45 recordings (80 feeding events, 784 swallows). Our study revealed a developmental trajectory in marmoset chewing and swallowing, from infancy to old age, characterized by progressively refined handling of larger food portions and boluses. We identified distinct anatomical, functional, and behavioral differences in feeding physiology among age groups. Elderly marmosets exhibited significantly faster feeding rates than infants and adults, consuming larger portions and forming larger boluses, requiring fewer mastications and swallows, likely reflecting age-related adaptations. Notably, old and very old marmosets showed comparable feeding efficiency, suggesting compensatory mechanisms to maintain function despite age-related challenges (e.g., tooth loss or muscle weakness) and may contribute to longevity. The consistent pattern of esophageal retention across age groups indicates this pattern is likely typical for the species. This study establishes baseline feeding characteristics for marmosets, reinforcing their value as a translational aging model and enhancing their utility for investigating age-related changes in human chewing and swallowing, including dysphagia. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms and functional implications of these changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing Gestation and Fetal Sex in Wild Assamese Macaques Using Urinary Estrogen Analysis 利用尿液雌激素分析评估野生阿萨姆猕猴的妊娠和胎儿性别
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70065
Verena Behringer, Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Suthirote Meesawat, Ruth Sonnweber, Michael Heistermann, Oliver Schülke, Julia Ostner

In mammals, estrogens and progestogens are crucial for gestation, fetal development, and maternal preparation for parturition and lactation. Measuring these hormones allows for the diagnosis of pregnancy, estimation of pregnancy failures, and potentially prenatal sex determination. We evaluated urinary estrogen and progestogen metabolites as biomarkers for gestation detection and for their utility for fetal sex determination in wild Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) using 586 samples from 19 females, including 19 successful pregnancies. Four enzyme-immunoassays were tested for suitability in measuring urinary sex steroids using serial dilution: three assays targeting progestogen and one targeting estrogen metabolites (estrone conjugates, E1C). We performed a biological validation by measuring urinary hormone metabolites in one female across pre-, early-, late-, and post-gestation. None of the progestogen measurements reflected gestational status, while E1C levels showed the expected increases during gestation. Next, we measured urinary E1C across gestation in all females and investigated fetal sex effects on maternal E1C levels, expecting differences between females carrying male versus female fetuses. Urinary E1C levels increased as early as 9 days postconception and declined sharply at parturition, mirroring patterns in other primates. During late gestation, females carrying male fetuses had significantly higher E1C levels than those carrying female fetuses, yet overlapping values limit precision for prenatal sex determination. Urinary E1C offers a noninvasive marker for gestation monitoring in Assamese macaques, with application in ecological and conservation research. Additionally, results indicate intra- and inter-species-specific differences in steroid hormone metabolism and excretion, which need to be considered when selecting markers for reproductive monitoring.

在哺乳动物中,雌激素和孕激素对妊娠、胎儿发育和母亲为分娩和哺乳做准备至关重要。测量这些激素可以诊断怀孕,估计怀孕失败,并可能确定产前性别。我们利用19只雌性阿萨姆猕猴(Macaca assamensis)的586份样本,包括19只成功怀孕的雌性阿萨姆猕猴,评估了尿液雌激素和孕激素代谢物作为妊娠检测和胎儿性别测定的生物标志物。四种酶免疫测定法使用系列稀释法检测尿性类固醇的适用性:三种测定法针对孕激素,一种针对雌激素代谢物(雌激素偶联物,E1C)。我们通过测量一位女性在妊娠前、妊娠早期、妊娠晚期和妊娠后期的尿激素代谢物进行了生物学验证。孕激素测量没有反映妊娠状态,而E1C水平显示妊娠期间预期的升高。接下来,我们测量了所有女性妊娠期间的尿E1C,并研究了胎儿性别对母体E1C水平的影响,期望在携带男性胎儿的女性和携带女性胎儿的女性之间存在差异。早在受孕后9天,尿E1C水平就会升高,在分娩时急剧下降,这与其他灵长类动物的情况相似。在妊娠后期,携带男性胎儿的女性的E1C水平明显高于携带女性胎儿的女性,但重叠的值限制了产前性别测定的准确性。尿E1C为阿萨姆猕猴妊娠监测提供了一种无创标志物,在生态保护研究中具有重要应用价值。此外,研究结果还表明,在选择用于生殖监测的标记物时,需要考虑类固醇激素代谢和排泄的种内和种间差异。
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引用次数: 0
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American Journal of Primatology
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