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The State of Our Knowledge About Social Knowledge in Platyrrhine Primates: Integrating Decades of Behavioral Observation and Captive Experimentation 我们对Platyrrhine灵长类动物社会知识的了解状态:整合数十年的行为观察和圈养实验。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70128
Federico Sánchez Vargas, Thore J. Bergman, Marcela E. Benítez

Documenting the extent of social knowledge across primates is critical to understanding the evolution of complex social cognition. While decades of field and experimental research have explored the depth and breadth of social knowledge in catarrhine primates, comparable insights into platyrrhines remain limited. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge about social cognition in platyrrhine monkeys—a socially, behaviorally, and ecologically highly diverse taxa—integrating observational and experimental work in both field and captive studies to evaluate evidence across four key domains: individual and intergroup recognition, kinship, dominance, and transient social relationships. We assess the presence of egocentric, allocentric, and triadic awareness within each domain, using these frameworks to interpret behavioral data from across the platyrrhine radiation. Although direct tests of social knowledge are rare, emerging evidence from all platyrrhine subfamilies suggests that complex social cognition—such as recognition of third-party relationships and strategic coalition formation—is not exclusive to catarrhines. Playback experiments, relationship-based decision-making, and long-term observational studies indicate that some platyrrhines possess sophisticated social knowledge, though its expression varies with social structure and ecological context. We highlight methodological challenges specific to arboreal taxa and propose future research directions, including the use of emerging technologies and experimental designs tailored to the behavioral ecology of platyrrhines. Our review reveals a field still in its early stages, but one with significant potential to reshape comparative frameworks in primate cognition. By advancing research in underrepresented taxa, we can refine theories of cognitive evolution and better understand the convergent and divergent trajectories of primate social intelligence.

记录灵长类动物社会知识的范围对于理解复杂社会认知的进化至关重要。虽然几十年的实地和实验研究已经探索了长鼻灵长类动物社会知识的深度和广度,但对长颈犀牛的可比见解仍然有限。本文综合了鸭嘴猴(一种在社会、行为和生态上高度多样化的分类群)社会认知的现状,整合了野外和圈养研究的观察和实验工作,以评估四个关键领域的证据:个体和群体间识别、亲属关系、优势地位和短暂的社会关系。我们评估了每个领域中自我中心、非中心和三位一体意识的存在,并使用这些框架来解释来自platyrrhine辐射的行为数据。虽然对社会知识的直接测试很少,但来自所有platyrrhine亚家族的新证据表明,复杂的社会认知——比如对第三方关系的识别和战略联盟的形成——并不是卡塔瑞恩所独有的。回放实验、基于关系的决策和长期观察研究表明,尽管其表达随社会结构和生态环境的变化而变化,但一些platyrrhines具有复杂的社会知识。我们强调了树栖类群特有的方法挑战,并提出了未来的研究方向,包括使用新兴技术和针对platyrrhines行为生态学的实验设计。我们的回顾揭示了一个仍处于早期阶段的领域,但具有重塑灵长类动物认知比较框架的重大潜力。通过对代表性不足的类群的研究,我们可以完善认知进化理论,更好地理解灵长类社会智能的趋同和发散轨迹。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors on Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) Occupancy and Habitat Use in Monte Alén National Park, Equatorial Guinea 环境和人为因素对赤道几内亚Monte alsamen国家公园山魈(Mandrillus sphinx)占用和生境利用的影响
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70125
Tania Guzmán-Santillán, Salvador Mandujano, Edward Wright, David Fernández, Juan-Cruz Ondo Nze Avomo, Fidel Esono Mba Eyono, Timothy Bray

Understanding the ecological and anthropogenic factors shaping primate distribution is critical for effective conservation, particularly for species threatened by habitat loss and hunting. This study investigates factors influencing mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) occupancy in Monte Alén National Park (MANP), Equatorial Guinea, a protected area with diverse habitats. Using 35 camera traps over 10,858 trap-days, we recorded 79 mandrill detections (48 in the wet season, 31 in the dry season) and estimated naïve occupancy at 24%. We applied single-species, single-season occupancy models to evaluate the effects of environmental and anthropogenic factors, including proximity to water bodies, hunting camps, villages, park boundaries, and terrain slope. Occupancy probability decreased with distance from water, indicating dependence on riparian habitats, while slope had no major effect. Proximity to hunting camps also influenced mandrill distribution, with higher occupancy observed farther from these areas. Seasonal analysis suggested that mandrills concentrated in resource-rich areas during the wet season, highlighting flexible, site-specific habitat use. These results emphasize the combined influence of environmental resources and human pressures on mandrill space use. Effective conservation should focus on protecting critical habitats near water sources and regulating human activity around hunting areas. More broadly, our findings improve understanding of how ecological, anthropogenic, and socioeconomic factors shape primate distribution, offering insights relevant for the conservation of other vulnerable species across Central Africa.

了解影响灵长类动物分布的生态和人为因素对有效保护至关重要,特别是对那些受到栖息地丧失和狩猎威胁的物种。本研究调查了赤道几内亚Monte al国家公园(MANP)中山魈(Mandrillus sphinx)占用的影响因素,这是一个具有多种栖息地的保护区。在10,858个陷阱日中,我们使用了35个相机陷阱,记录了79次山魈检测(48次在雨季,31次在旱季),估计naïve占用率为24%。我们采用单物种、单季节占用模型来评估环境和人为因素的影响,包括靠近水体、狩猎营地、村庄、公园边界和地形坡度。入住率随离水距离的增加而降低,表明对河岸生境的依赖,而坡度对其影响不大。靠近狩猎营地也影响了山魈的分布,离这些地区越远,山魈的占比越高。季节分析表明,山魈在丰水季节集中在资源丰富的地区,突出了生境的灵活性和因地施化。这些结果强调了环境资源和人类压力对山魈空间利用的综合影响。有效的保护应侧重于保护水源附近的关键栖息地和规范狩猎区周围的人类活动。更广泛地说,我们的研究结果提高了对生态、人为和社会经济因素如何影响灵长类动物分布的理解,为中非其他脆弱物种的保护提供了相关见解。
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引用次数: 0
Radiographic Measurements of the Skull in Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray, 1849) 披风吼猴颅骨的x射线测量(Alouatta palliata Gray, 1849)。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70124
Enrique Yarto-Jaramillo, Anneke Moresco, Irindi Çitaku, Francisco Sánchez-Murillo, Kimberly Ange-van Heugten, Jeana P. Silva, Guilherme R. Cassanego, Alessandra Melchert, Sheila C. Rahal

This study evaluated the development of skull components in sanctuary-housed mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) across age groups, using measurements taken from plain radiographs (lateral view). Thirteen females and 14 males were evaluated (5 infants [ ≤ 14 months], 15 juveniles [15–28 months], 7 subadults/adults [ ≥ 29 months]). Radiographic measurements of length (L) and height (H) were taken of the masticatory (M) component, respiratory (R) component, craniofacial (CF) complex, facial (F) region, and neurocranium (N). Measurements for infants were significantly smaller than for juveniles, which, in turn, were smaller than for subadults/adults. No significant differences were observed between male and female juvenile mantled howler monkeys, except for facial length (p = 0.0253), which was greater in males. A positive correlation was found between age groups and ML, MH, RL, RH, CFL, NH, NL, FL, and FH measurements, but not between age and NH. Moderate (r = from 0.68 to 0.77) or strong (r ≥ 0.80) correlation was documented between NL and masticatory components, respiratory components, and the facial region. Weak correlation (r = from 0.32 to 0.34) was found between NH and ML, RL, and FL, and no correlation between NH and MH, RH, and FH. In conclusion, the present study provides data that contribute to the characterization of the cranial development in mantled howler monkeys. It also aids clinical monitoring of normal growth, detection of potential nutritional deficiencies, and contributes data for forensic analysis to distinguish ages and sex based on skull measurements.

本研究利用x线平片(侧位视图)测量,评估了不同年龄组庇护所内披风吼猴(Alouatta palliata)颅骨成分的发育。母鼠13只,公鼠14只(幼鼠5只[≤14月龄],幼鼠15只[15-28月龄],亚成虫/成虫7只[≥29月龄])。对咀嚼(M)部分、呼吸(R)部分、颅面(CF)复合体、面部(F)区域和神经头盖骨(N)进行长度(L)和高度(H)的x线测量。婴儿的测量值明显小于青少年,而青少年的测量值又小于亚成虫/成虫。雌雄幼猴之间除面部长度差异(p = 0.0253)外,无显著差异(p = 0.0253)。年龄与ML、MH、RL、RH、CFL、NH、NL、FL和FH呈正相关,而年龄与NH无正相关。NL与咀嚼成分、呼吸成分和面部区域存在中度(r = 0.68 ~ 0.77)或强(r≥0.80)相关性。NH与ML、RL、FL呈弱相关(r = 0.32 ~ 0.34),与MH、RH、FH无相关性。总之,本研究提供的数据有助于表征披毛吼猴的颅骨发育。它还有助于临床监测正常生长,检测潜在的营养缺乏症,并为法医分析提供数据,根据头骨测量来区分年龄和性别。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying Dietary Breadth in Howlers: How Much Sampling Is Enough? 量化嚎叫犬的饮食广度:多少采样才足够?
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70126
Ariadna Rangel Negrín, Pedro A. D. Dias

Accurate characterization of dietary breadth is fundamental to understanding animal ecology, yet comparative studies based on inconsistent sampling protocols have often confounded measurements of behavioral variation. We address a critical question: how much observation effort is required to adequately characterize dietary breadth in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata)? Using a comprehensive ten-year dataset, we applied multiple complementary accumulation curve approaches (abundance-based, incidence-based, and time-based) to 56,540 feeding observations totaling 6828 observation hours across two groups. Sample coverage exceeded 0.99 for both groups, confirming near-complete sampling. Species accumulation curves revealed that characterizing dietary breadth to near-completion required approximately 5000–5200 observation hours. The first 1500–3000 h captured 85%–100% of dietary diversity, with accumulation rates declining dramatically (> 95%) beyond this threshold. Overall accumulation rates averaged 0.006–0.007 species per hour. Monthly incidence-based approaches required 7–8 years of continuous sampling to reach asymptotic levels. Despite occupying neighboring habitats, groups differed substantially in observation hours required to reach equivalent species milestones, highlighting how foraging selectivity affects sampling requirements. Coverage-based rarefaction enabled comparison at equivalent sampling completeness (0.999 coverage), revealing that Group 1 exhibited higher estimated richness (51.3 species) than Group 2 (36.2 species), though overlapping 95% confidence intervals precluded definitive conclusions about between-group differences. Our results provide practical sampling benchmarks for this species and demonstrate methodological approaches applicable to primate dietary studies. We recommend that dietary studies routinely report accumulation curves and sample coverage statistics to enable assessment of sampling adequacy.

准确表征饮食宽度是理解动物生态学的基础,然而基于不一致采样方案的比较研究经常混淆行为变化的测量。我们解决了一个关键问题:需要多少观察努力才能充分表征披风吼猴(Alouatta palliata)饮食宽度?利用10年的综合数据集,我们应用了多种互补积累曲线方法(基于丰度、基于发生率和基于时间)对两组56540次摄食观测进行了分析,总计6828个观察小时。两组的样本覆盖率均超过0.99,证实样本接近完全。物种积累曲线显示,接近完成对食材宽度的描述需要大约5000-5200个观察小时。前1500 ~ 3000 h捕获了85% ~ 100%的日粮多样性,超过这个阈值后,积累率急剧下降(约95%)。总积累速率平均为每小时0.006 ~ 0.007种。每月基于发病率的方法需要7-8年的连续采样才能达到渐近水平。尽管占据了邻近的栖息地,但各组在达到相同物种里程碑所需的观察时间上存在很大差异,这突出了觅食选择如何影响采样要求。基于覆盖度的稀疏性在等效采样完整性(0.999覆盖度)下进行了比较,结果显示类群1的估计丰富度(51.3种)高于类群2(36.2种),尽管重叠的95%置信区间排除了类群间差异的明确结论。我们的结果为该物种提供了实际的抽样基准,并展示了适用于灵长类动物饮食研究的方法方法。我们建议饮食研究定期报告累积曲线和样本覆盖统计数据,以便评估样本的充分性。
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引用次数: 0
Program of the Forty-Sixth Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists. 美国灵长类动物学会第四十六届会议议程。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70118
Michele M Mulholland, Elizabeth K Wood, Natalia Gabrielle
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引用次数: 0
Contexts of Anointing Behavior in a Group of Blond Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus flavius) Inhabiting an Atlantic Forest Fragment 居住在大西洋森林碎片中的一群金发卷尾猴(Sapajus flavius)的涂油行为背景。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70119
Ana Paula de Brito-Araújo, Natsumi Hamada-Fearnside, Simone Peruzzo, Italo Ferreira Pereira, Poliana Gabriele Alves de Souza Lins, Kyle Miller, Patrícia Elesbão da Silva Rodrigues, Luiz Felipe Moretti Iniesta, Renata Gonçalves Ferreira

Parasitism is one of the primary causes of biotic stress in several taxa, and behaviors resembling self-medication have been documented in numerous species. Anointing involves the application of chemical substances derived from animals, plants, mud, soils, and minerals, often emitting a pungent odor, onto an animal's body. We examined the circumstances surrounding 34 bouts of anointing with millipedes in a group of blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) inhabiting an Atlantic Forest fragment in northeastern Brazil. Over 412 h of observation, we collected behavioral data through photographs, video recordings, and ad libitum field notes. We collected and identified the millipedes to the species level. We tested three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses on the function(s) of this behavior: self-medication, social bonding, and opportunistic use. We analyzed data in R using nonparametric tests due to low sample size. Anointing occurred at a rate of 8 episodes every 100 h. Millipedes used during anointing are from species that produce benzoquinone. The behavior was more frequently observed in the inferior strata, during midday, while the group is mostly foraging, in periods of higher rainfall, when millipedes emerge from the ground, and during the high fruit productivity season, when the capuchins' activity budget is less constrained. Although anointing occurred at similar rates in solitary and social contexts, adult males were more actively engaged in anointing bouts, indicating sex difference in this behavior, and a possible social function. The observed pattern suggests anointing is a multifunctional behavior, combining elements of self-medication, opportunity, and social interaction.

寄生是一些类群生物应激的主要原因之一,许多物种都有类似于自我药物治疗的行为。油膏是指将从动物、植物、泥土、土壤和矿物质中提取的化学物质涂抹在动物身上,这些化学物质通常会散发出刺鼻的气味。我们研究了生活在巴西东北部大西洋森林的一群金发卷尾猴(Sapajus flavius)身上34次被千足虫涂油的情况。在412小时的观察中,我们通过照片、录像和现场笔记收集了行为数据。我们收集并鉴定了千足虫的物种水平。我们对这种行为的功能测试了三种不相互排斥的假设:自我用药、社会联系和机会性使用。由于样本量小,我们使用非参数检验分析R中的数据。膏敷发生率为每100小时8次。在涂油过程中使用的千足虫来自产生苯醌的物种。这种行为在较低的地层中更常见,在中午,当群体主要是觅食时,在降雨较多的时期,当千足虫从地面出现时,在高果实生产季节,当卷尾猴的活动预算较少受到限制时。尽管在孤独和社会环境中,受膏率相似,但成年男性更积极地参与到受膏活动中,这表明这种行为的性别差异,以及可能的社会功能。观察到的模式表明,涂油是一种多功能行为,结合了自我治疗、机会和社会互动等因素。
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引用次数: 0
Behavioral Contagion in Wild Ecuadorian White-Fronted Capuchins (Cebus aequatorialis) 野生厄瓜多尔白额卷尾猴的行为传染。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70122
Núria Hassina Hannaoui, Federica Amici, Alexandra Hoeneisen, Miquel Llorente

Behavioral contagion is spread across animal species and is thought to promote social cohesion and group synchronization. While yawn contagion has been extensively studied, scratch contagion remains comparatively under-researched, particularly in wild populations. We investigated whether yawn and scratch contagion occurred in a wild group of Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchins (Cebus aequatorialis, N = 16) at La Hesperia Cloud Forest Reserve in Ecuador. We assessed whether scratching or yawning were more likely to occur after observing a conspecific (i.e., the trigger) scratching or yawning (i.e., triggering event) compared to a control condition. We further examined whether this effect was modulated by the (a) individual characteristics of the trigger and the partner (sex, age category, and social centrality), and (c) dyadic-level variables (sex and age similarity, social bond strength). Our results showed that the probability of scratching was significantly higher in individuals that observed the triggering event, as compared to individuals that did not observe it. However, scratch contagion was not modulated by any of the individual or dyadic predictors included in our models. No yawning events were recorded during the study period. Our findings contribute to understanding scratch contagion in wild primates and underscore the need for further exploration of social factors influencing behavioral contagion.

行为传染在动物物种中传播,被认为可以促进社会凝聚力和群体同步。虽然打哈欠传染已被广泛研究,但抓伤传染的研究相对较少,特别是在野生种群中。我们调查了在厄瓜多尔La Hesperia云森林保护区的厄瓜多尔白额卷尾猴(Cebus aequatorialis, N = 16)野生种群中是否发生了打哈欠和抓伤传染。我们评估了与对照条件相比,在观察到同种(即触发事件)抓挠或打哈欠(即触发事件)后,抓挠或打哈欠是否更有可能发生。我们进一步研究了这种影响是否受到(a)触发者和伴侣的个体特征(性别、年龄类别和社会中心性)和(c)二元水平变量(性别和年龄相似性、社会纽带强度)的调节。我们的研究结果表明,与没有观察到触发事件的个体相比,观察到触发事件的个体抓挠的可能性显着更高。然而,我们的模型中包含的任何个体或二元预测因子都不能调节划痕传染。在研究期间没有记录打哈欠事件。我们的发现有助于理解野生灵长类动物的抓痕传染,并强调了进一步探索影响行为传染的社会因素的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotopic Profiling of Chimpanzees and Monkeys in Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda 乌干达Kalinzu森林保护区黑猩猩和猴子的碳氮稳定同位素分析。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70114
Takumi Tsutaya, Natsumi Aruga, Naoto F. Ishikawa, Yoko Sasaki, Haruka Kitayama, Minoru Yoneda, Nana O. Ogawa, Naohiko Ohkouchi, Chie Hashimoto

Stable isotope analysis is a widely used tool in primate ecology for investigating diet and environment, with numerous studies focusing on chimpanzees. However, few studies have used this method to explore the dietary niche of chimpanzees in comparison to other primates or examined intra-individual dietary variability. This limitation hinders the understanding of the comparability of stable isotopic data with the wealth of behavioral observational data in primate ecology. We report the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of hairs from wild eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and four other primate species (Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus ascanius, Allochrocebus lhoesti, and Colobus guereza) in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Bulk analysis revealed that both plant foods and chimpanzees in Kalinzu exhibited lower carbon stable isotope ratios than expected for the region's rainfall. Inter-species comparison of bulk stable isotope ratios and preliminary compound-specific nitrogen stable isotope analysis of amino acids revealed that chimpanzees in Kalinzu have a lower degree of faunivory than the sympatric monkeys. Furthermore, ultra-fine sectioning of a hair sample was conducted to investigate dietary variation over daily to weekly timescales. In one adult male chimpanzee, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios fluctuated by more than 1‰ within approximately 10 days. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing uncontrolled ecological variability and hidden intra-individual dietary changes when interpreting stable isotope data in relation to behavior and environmental traits.

稳定同位素分析是灵长类动物生态学中广泛使用的研究饮食和环境的工具,许多研究都集中在黑猩猩身上。然而,很少有研究使用这种方法来探索黑猩猩与其他灵长类动物的饮食生态位,或检查个体内的饮食差异。这一限制阻碍了对稳定同位素数据与灵长类生态学中丰富的行为观测数据的可比性的理解。本文报道了乌干达Kalinzu森林保护区野生东部黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)和其他四种灵长类动物(Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus ascanius, allocheroebus lhoesti和Colobus guereza)毛发的碳氮稳定同位素比值。大量分析显示,在Kalinzu,植物食物和黑猩猩的碳稳定同位素比率都低于该地区降雨的预期。物种间的体积稳定同位素比较和氨基酸的初步化合物特异性氮稳定同位素分析表明,Kalinzu黑猩猩的动物性程度低于同域猕猴。此外,对头发样本进行了超精细切片,以调查每天到每周时间尺度上的饮食变化。在一只成年雄性黑猩猩中,碳和氮稳定同位素比率在大约10天内波动超过1‰。这些发现强调了在解释与行为和环境特征相关的稳定同位素数据时,认识到不受控制的生态变异和隐藏的个体饮食变化的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Age-Trajectory of Mother–Infant Relationships in Wild Assamese Macaques 野生阿萨姆猕猴母子关系的年龄轨迹。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70110
Ana Lucia Arbaiza-Bayona, Roger Mundry, Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Suthirote Meesawat, Oliver Schülke, Julia Ostner

Maternal care is ubiquitous in mammals, yet its degree and duration vary across taxa. In primates, mothers provide extended care for young and follow similar developmental transitions in the mother–infant relationship, yet at different paces of change. Since ecological pressures shape life-history traits including female reproductive rate and timing of infant independence, research is needed on mother–infant relationships in wild populations exposed to energetic constraints and predation risk. Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) of the study population are seasonal breeders living in an unpredictable environment, where fluctuating food availability imposes energetic challenges on mothers and infants. We quantitatively describe how maternal care and offspring independence develop throughout infancy. Using continuous focal observations on 59 infants, we model the nonlinear age-trajectories of mother–infant proximity and transitions from dependent to independent feeding and locomotion, and estimated sex differences in these trajectories. Newborns were fully dependent on their mothers for feeding and transport, with mothers maintaining close proximity. A transitional phase emerged between 1 and 3 months of age, marked by reduced maternal proximity and increasing infant independence. During the second half of infancy, infants achieved near-complete locomotor and feeding independence, while residual proximity and body contact persisted. No sex differences were detected in the mother–infant relationship trajectory. Collectively, the timing of maternal investment aligns with the breeding strategy of this seasonal species, with females balancing investment in current and future reproduction. This study establishes a baseline for examining how ecological variability affects the timing and pace of mother–infant behavioral transitions.

哺乳动物普遍存在母爱,但其程度和持续时间因分类群而异。在灵长类动物中,母亲为幼崽提供长期的照顾,并在母婴关系中遵循类似的发展转变,但变化的速度不同。由于生态压力塑造了包括雌性繁殖率和婴儿独立时间在内的生活史特征,因此需要对暴露于能量限制和捕食风险的野生种群的母子关系进行研究。研究人群中的阿萨姆猕猴(Macaca assamensis)是季节性繁殖者,生活在不可预测的环境中,那里波动的食物供应给母亲和婴儿带来了能量挑战。我们定量地描述了母亲的照顾和后代的独立性是如何在婴儿期发展的。通过对59名婴儿的连续焦点观察,我们建立了母亲-婴儿接近和从依赖到独立喂养和运动转变的非线性年龄轨迹模型,并估计了这些轨迹的性别差异。新生儿完全依赖母亲喂养和运输,母亲保持近距离接触。一个过渡阶段出现在1到3个月大之间,标志着母亲的接近减少,婴儿的独立性增加。在婴儿期的后半段,婴儿实现了几乎完全的运动和喂养独立,而残余的接近和身体接触仍然存在。在母婴关系轨迹中没有发现性别差异。总的来说,母性投资的时机与这个季节性物种的繁殖策略一致,雌性在当前和未来的繁殖中平衡投资。本研究为研究生态变化如何影响母婴行为转变的时间和速度建立了一个基线。
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引用次数: 0
Continuous Audio-Visual Sensor Monitoring Is More Effective Than Human Observers for Detecting Moor Macaques 连续的视听传感器监测比人类观察者更有效地检测猕猴。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70121
Víctor Beltrán Francés, Anja Hutschenreiter, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Federica Amici, Risma Illa Maulany, Putu Oka Ngakan, Bonaventura Majolo, Denise Spaan

Jumlah spesies yang terancam punah terus mengalami peningkatan, sehingga semakin menegaskan pentingnya estimasi populasi yang ada dalam penyusunan rencana konservasi yang efektif. Salah satu aspek krusial dalam estimasi populasi adalah kemampuan untuk mengkonfirmasi keberadaan suatu spesies selama survei (kemampuan deteksi). Meskipun sensor audio-visual, seperti kamera jebak dan pemantauan akustik pasif (Passive Acoustic Monitoring-PAM), telah berkembang sebagai alat yang penting dalam pemantauan primata, namun penelitian secara sistematis yang membandingkan efektivitas deteksi kedua metode ini masih sangat terbatas, khususnya pada hutan yang cukup rapat dengan visibilitas rendah dan pada spesies yang sulit ditemukan. Dalam penelitian ini, kami membandingkan pemantauan berkelanjutan selama 40 hari menggunakan sensor audio-visual (kamera jebak, N = 19; PAM, N = 7) dengan metode transek titik berbasis manusia yang dilakukan melalui tiga kali kunjungan survei (N = 20) pada populasi monyet dare (Macaca maura) di dua tipe habitat: hutan (N = 10) dan area terbuka (N = 10). Dengan menggunakan model okupansi untuk membandingkan probabilitas deteksi (p), hasil menunjukkkan bahwa kamera jebak (p = 0,63 ± 0,04) dan PAM (p = 0,79 ± 0,08) memiliki kinerja lebih baik dibandingkan transek titik (p = 0,33 ± 0,07), tanpa dipengaruhi oleh tipe habitat. Setelah waktu survei disetarakan antar metode, ndeteksi lebih tinggi pada transek titik untuk survei yang berlangsung kurang dari satu hari. Namun, kamera jebak dan PAM menunjukkan kinerja setara setelah dua hari survei (p value < 0,05). Menariknya, kombinasi kedua sensor audio-visual menghasilkan tingkat keterdeteksian tertinggi (p = 0,87 ± 0,05). Temuan ini menegaskan efektivitas sensor audio-visual dan mendukung pendekatan multi-metode dalam pemantauan primata di hutan tropis. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini berkontribusi pada desain protokol pemantauan yang lebih efektif bagi spesies primata, yang sangat penting dalam perencanaan strategi konservasi.

面临灭绝威胁的物种数量不断增加,因此需要可靠的种群估计来制定有效的保护计划。在调查期间确认物种存在的能力(即可探测性)是种群估计的核心。虽然像相机陷阱和被动声监测(PAM)这样的视听传感器已经成为监测灵长类动物的宝贵工具,但很少有研究系统地比较它们的可探测性,特别是在能见度有限的茂密森林和难以捉摸的物种中。在这里,我们比较了40天连续监测的视听传感器(相机陷阱,N = 19; PAM, N = 7)与基于人类的点样带的3次调查访问(N = 20),在两种不同的栖息地:森林(N = 10)和开阔地区(N = 10)的野生沼泽猕猴(Macaca maura)。利用占用率模型比较不同生境类型的相机陷阱(p = 0.63±0.04)和PAM (p = 0.79±0.08)优于点样带(p = 0.33±0.07)。在平衡了两种方法之间的调查时间后,我们发现在短于1天的调查中,点样条上的检测更大,但相机陷阱和PAM在2天的调查中达到了相等的性能(p值)
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American Journal of Primatology
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