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Seeing the Canopies for the Forest: Habitat Utilization Mapping Using Habitat Structure and Composition 看到森林的冠层:利用生境结构和组成进行生境利用制图。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70113
Joseph J. Erinjery, Mewa Singh, Olatunji Johnson, Rafi Kent

Mapping habitat utilization at fine spatio-temporal scales is essential for understanding various aspects of animal ecology, and for the conservation and management of animal species. A unified approach incorporating habitat structure, composition, and animal activities is necessary for such fine-scale assessments. Here, we introduce a unified activity-based habitat utilization model based on simulations of habitat structure and composition, and map the fine-scale spatio-temporal habitat utilization of an endangered canopy dwelling primate inhabiting the Western Ghats, the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus). From our simulations, we found that habitat utilization predictions will be enhanced when tree distribution and abundance are combined with height utilization data, compared to when they were assessed independently. This simulation study indicates that for all activities, primary forests provide more suitable habitats for lion-tailed macaques than plantations. Seasonal variation was observed in habitat suitability due to seasonality in the fruiting of trees, as plantations provided more suitable habitats during monsoon, while primary forests provided more suitable habitats in post monsoon and summer. We observed no locomotion routes with contiguous canopy connectivity in plantations, whereas such routes were common in forests. Our simulation-based model has implications for understanding many aspects of arboreal ecology, as it incorporates habitat structure and composition. Overall, our simulations reveal that incorporating habitat structure and composition is important for understanding fine-scale spatio-temporal habitat utilization of arboreal species, and it can be utilized for the conservation of primates inhabiting tropical habitats, where the collection of field data on trees for large areas can be demanding.

在精细的时空尺度上绘制栖息地利用地图,对于了解动物生态学的各个方面,以及对动物物种的保护和管理至关重要。要进行这种精细尺度的评估,需要一种结合栖息地结构、组成和动物活动的统一方法。本文在对栖息地结构和组成进行模拟的基础上,建立了基于活动的栖息地利用统一模型,绘制了西高止山脉濒危冠层灵长类动物狮尾猕猴(Macaca silenus)的精细尺度时空栖息地利用图谱。从我们的模拟中,我们发现当树木分布和丰度与高度利用数据相结合时,与单独评估相比,栖息地利用预测将得到增强。该模拟研究表明,在所有活动中,原始森林比人工林更适合狮子尾猕猴的栖息地。由于树木结果的季节性,生境适宜性存在季节变化,人工林在季风期间提供了更适宜的生境,而原生林在季风后和夏季提供了更适宜的生境。我们在人工林中没有观察到具有连续冠层连通性的运动路线,而这种路线在森林中很常见。我们基于模拟的模型对理解树木生态学的许多方面都有意义,因为它包含了栖息地的结构和组成。总体而言,我们的模拟结果表明,结合栖息地结构和组成对于了解树木物种的精细时空栖息地利用具有重要意义,并且可以用于热带生境灵长类动物的保护,在热带生境中,大面积树木的野外数据收集可能是需要的。
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引用次数: 0
Vocalizations Reveal Species Differences in Endangered Lion Tamarins (Primates, Callitrichidae) 濒危狮子绢毛猴(灵长类动物,绢毛猴科)的发声特征揭示了物种差异
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70115
Maria Carolina Rodella Manzano, Ricardo J. Sawaya, Gabriela Cabral Rezende, Maria Luisa da Silva

Acoustic communication is important for social cohesion and territory defense in forest primates, including the endangered lion tamarins (genus Leontopithecus). Although vocalizations of individual species have been studied, there is still no comparative analysis examining whether acoustic parameters can reliably distinguish among all four species. We hypothesized that species-specific differences in acoustic features allow discrimination among lion tamarin species, and we predicted that both spectral and temporal parameters would reveal interspecific variation. To test this, we analyzed seven shared vocalizations (long calls, whines, trills, rasps, clucks, tsicks, and peeps) from the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara), golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), and black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus). Acoustic data were obtained from online sound libraries and analyzed using Raven Pro software. Spectral and temporal parameters, including frequency at 5% and 95%, peak frequency, center frequency, and bandwidth 90% were measured, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and nonparametric statistical tests to identify species-specific differences. Our results revealed significant interspecific differences across multiple vocalizations, with spectral parameters being the most relevant for distinguishing species, whereas temporal parameters contributed less. L. caissara emerged as the most acoustically distinct species, while L. rosalia and L. chrysopygus exhibited the greatest vocal similarity. In conclusion, this study provides the first comparative analysis of seven vocalization types across all four lion tamarin species, establishing an acoustic baseline, confirming the importance of spectral parameters for species differentiation, and demonstrating the potential of vocalizations for conservation applications.

在森林灵长类动物中,包括濒临灭绝的狮毛猴(Leontopithecus属),声音交流对社会凝聚力和领土防御至关重要。虽然已经研究了单个物种的发声,但仍然没有比较分析来检验声学参数是否可以可靠地区分这四种物种。我们假设,物种间声学特征的差异允许狮毛猴物种之间的区分,我们预测光谱和时间参数将揭示种间差异。为了验证这一点,我们分析了黑面狮狨(Leontopithecus caissara)、金头狮狨(Leontopithecus rosalia)、金头狮狨(Leontopithecus chrysomelas)和黑狮狨(Leontopithecus chrysopygus)的七种共同发声方式(长叫声、哀鸣、颤音、刺耳声、咯咯声、轻击声和偷窥声)。声学数据从在线声音库中获取,并使用Raven Pro软件进行分析。测量频谱和时间参数,包括频率在5%和95%,峰值频率,中心频率和带宽90%,然后通过主成分分析(PCA)和非参数统计检验来确定物种特异性差异。我们的研究结果揭示了多种发声的显着种间差异,光谱参数与区分物种最相关,而时间参数的贡献较小。L. caissara是声学上最独特的物种,而L. rosalia和L. chrysopygus表现出最大的声学相似性。总之,本研究首次对四种狮毛猴的七种发声类型进行了比较分析,建立了声学基线,确认了光谱参数对物种区分的重要性,并展示了发声在保护应用中的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
To be or Not to be Hybrids? A Case-Study in an Allochthonous Population Involving Illegal Introductions of the Endangered Golden-Headed and Golden Lion Tamarins 做还是不做混血儿?非法引进濒危金头和金狮绢毛猴外来种群的个案研究。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70112
Gabriela Aliaga-Samanez, Carla Gestich, Paola Andrea Ayala-Burbano, Nathalia Bulhões Javarotti, Katherine McVay, Maria Cecilia Martins Kierulff, Ana Paula Cazerta Farro, Sílvia Bahadian Moreira, Alcides Pissinatti, Amy Goldberg, Pedro M. Galetti Jr., Patrícia Domingues de Freitas

Allochthonous species can negatively impact biodiversity by introducing new pathogens, intensifying competition for resources, promoting habitat changes, and causing ecosystem disruption. Introduced species can also spread into areas designated for the conservation of native species. This colonization and, eventually, contact between historically isolated lineages can cause hybridization, resulting in decreased offspring fitness or, conversely, promoting hybrid vigor, threatening the integrity of native populations and increasing their risk of extinction. Here, we analyzed an allochthonous population from a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where both endangered Golden-headed lion tamarins and Golden lion tamarins were illegally introduced into the natural range of the Golden lion tamarin in the 1990s. We performed Genotyping by Sequencing and complementary mitochondrial analysis to investigate hybridization and to assess the genetic diversity and structure of the invasive population. Our results were able to rule out the existence of hybrids among the samples analyzed, providing relevant information about the genetic diversity of the alien population and effectively contributing to conservation programs and management actions for both species. Conservation actions and effective surveillance policies to prevent new illegal introductions should be mandatory to ensure the protection of these threatened charismatic species which are targets of illegal trade and trafficking.

外来物种可以通过引入新的病原体、加剧资源竞争、促进栖息地变化和造成生态系统破坏等方式对生物多样性产生负面影响。引进的物种也可以扩散到指定的本地物种保护区。这种殖民化和最终在历史上孤立的谱系之间的接触可能导致杂交,导致后代适应性降低,或者相反,促进杂交活力,威胁到本地种群的完整性并增加其灭绝的风险。在这里,我们分析了来自巴西大西洋森林片段的外来种群,濒临灭绝的金头狮狨和金头狮狨在20世纪90年代被非法引入金头狮狨的自然范围。我们通过测序和互补线粒体分析进行基因分型,以研究杂交情况,并评估入侵种群的遗传多样性和结构。我们的研究结果能够在分析的样本中排除杂交的存在,提供了有关外来种群遗传多样性的相关信息,并有效地为这两个物种的保护计划和管理行动做出了贡献。必须采取保护行动和有效的监测政策,防止新的非法引进,以确保这些受到威胁的魅力物种受到保护,这些物种是非法贸易和贩运的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Ontogeny of Diet and Behavior of a Wild, Critically Endangered Lemur (Indri indri) 极度濒危野生狐猴(Indri Indri)饮食和行为的个体发育。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70107
Giada Brunod, Federica Dellepiane, Daria Valente, Valeria Ferrario, Filippo Carugati, Valeria Torti, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Cristina Giacoma, Marco Gamba, Chiara De Gregorio

The early developmental period plays a key role in primate behavioral outcomes. Understanding the behavioral ecology of infant indris (Indri indri) helps to identify resources needed during early developmental stages, the weaning process, and the role of mothers in developing infants' survival abilities. In this study, we investigated the behavioral and dietary development of wild Indri indri in Madagascar. We found that infants undergo significant behavioral transitions during their early growth, which reflect their maturation and adaptation to the environment. Play is critical in developing locomotion skills and acquiring knowledge about dietary preferences. Social interactions, initially centered on grooming with the mother, began to extend to other group members as early as 4 months of age, reflecting a shift from maternal care to broader social bonding. Additionally, territorial behaviors such as scent marking became more prominent in later month age classes when new behaviors, such as singing, emerged. We observed a co-feeding relationship between young indris and their mothers that ceased around 1 year of age. Lauraceae was the most-eaten plant family in the first 2 years of life, and we observed shifts in plant taxa and plant parts consumption with age. Milk consumption was not observed after 7 months of age. We also highlighted the presence of coprophagy and geophagy in indri infants, which were observed on several occasions consuming maternal feces and soil. These behaviors could play a role in maternal microbiota inoculation and toxin regulation, though further evidence is needed, even at a young age. Our work highlighted the dietary requirements and behavioral development of indri infants. These Critically Endangered lemurs have never been bred in captivity; our findings provide foundational data to inform future studies and potential conservation strategies.

早期发育阶段在灵长类动物的行为结果中起着关键作用。了解小狐猴(Indri Indri)的行为生态学有助于确定早期发育阶段所需的资源、断奶过程以及母亲在发展婴儿生存能力中的作用。在这项研究中,我们调查了马达加斯加野生大狐猴的行为和饮食发育。我们发现婴儿在他们的早期成长过程中经历了显著的行为转变,这反映了他们的成熟和对环境的适应。玩耍对于发展运动技能和获取饮食偏好的知识至关重要。社会互动最初集中在与母亲梳理毛发,早在4个月大的时候就开始扩展到其他群体成员,反映了从母亲照顾到更广泛的社会联系的转变。此外,领地行为,如气味标记,在月龄后期变得更加突出,这时出现了新的行为,如唱歌。我们观察到小印度猴和它们的母亲之间的共同喂养关系在一岁左右停止。樟科植物在生命的前2年是最常被食用的植物科,随着年龄的增长,我们观察到植物分类和植物部位的消耗发生了变化。7个月后不观察牛奶的摄入量。我们还强调了大狐猴婴儿中食粪和食土的存在,在一些情况下观察到大狐猴食用母亲的粪便和土壤。这些行为可能在母体微生物群接种和毒素调节中发挥作用,尽管需要进一步的证据,即使在年轻时也是如此。我们的工作重点是印度婴儿的饮食需求和行为发展。这些极度濒危的狐猴从未被人工饲养;我们的发现为未来的研究和潜在的保护策略提供了基础数据。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Insights Into the Evolutionary Genomics of the Critically Endangered Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) 极度濒危的Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascar)进化基因组学的新发现。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70105
Vivak Soni, Susanne P. Pfeifer, Jeffrey D. Jensen

Endemic to the island of Madagascar, the enigmatic aye-aye is amongst the most endangered primates on the planet. Due to their nocturnal and arboreal lifestyle and large geographic ranges, much remains unknown about these lemurs. The publication of a recent high-quality reference assembly with gene-level annotations, together with whole-genome population-level sequencing data, has facilitated a number of studies modeling the fundamental evolutionary processes shaping the patterns and levels of genetic variation in aye-ayes. In this review, we survey these recent findings, highlighting new insights into the selective and demographic history of the species, as well as into genome-wide patterns of mutation and recombination as assessed from both pedigree-based and divergence-/polymorphism-based analyses.

神秘的猴是马达加斯加岛的特有物种,是地球上最濒危的灵长类动物之一。由于它们的夜间和树栖生活方式以及广阔的地理分布范围,对这些狐猴还有很多未知的地方。最近发表的具有基因水平注释的高质量参考汇编,以及全基因组群体水平测序数据,促进了许多研究建模,这些研究塑造了eye - eyes遗传变异的模式和水平。在这篇综述中,我们回顾了这些最近的发现,强调了对物种的选择和人口统计学历史的新见解,以及对全基因组突变和重组模式的新见解,这些模式是通过基于谱系和基于差异/多态性的分析来评估的。
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引用次数: 0
Distribution and Primate Hosts of the Bot Fly Cuterebra baeri Across the Americas 美洲大蝇的分布和灵长类宿主
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70106
Ricardo J. Ortíz-Zárate

Species distributions are influenced by evolutionary history and interactions with biotic and abiotic factors, thereby providing crucial insights into ecological interactions. However, despite their ecological significance, parasite distribution maps remain scarce. This study investigated the distribution of Cuterebra baeri, a primate-specific ectoparasite, through comprehensive systematic literature review and analysis of data from iNaturalist. Cuterebra baeri was documented in primates ranging from southern Mexico to southern Brazil, including the initial documentation from Guatemala. Four previously undocumented howler monkey host species were identified (Alouatta discolor, A. guariba, A. nigerrima, and A. sara), expanding the Alouatta host species count to nine. Alouatta palliata exhibited the highest proportion of photographic observations from iNaturalist depicting at least one individual with nodules. Spatial analysis revealed 10 clusters in the distribution of C. baeri, primarily concentrated north of the Equator around 10° N. These findings carry significant implications for primate conservation and behavioral ecology, as sites with parasitized monkeys facilitate the identification of populations experiencing health risks and likely support populations employing behavioral strategies to mitigate parasitic metabolic costs. This study demonstrates how citizen science data can effectively complement traditional scientific studies to generate comprehensive distributions of primate parasites.

物种分布受进化史以及与生物和非生物因素的相互作用的影响,从而为生态相互作用提供了重要的见解。然而,尽管它们具有重要的生态意义,寄生虫分布图仍然很少。本研究通过对《iNaturalist》杂志资料的综合系统查阅和分析,对灵长类特有的体外寄生虫Cuterebra baeri的分布进行了调查。在从墨西哥南部到巴西南部的灵长类动物中都有记录,包括危地马拉的初步记录。发现了4种先前未记载的吼叫猴寄主物种(Alouatta discolor, A. guariba, A. nigerrima和A. sara),将Alouatta寄主物种数量扩大到9种。Alouatta palliata在《自然主义者》(innaturalist)的摄影观察中所占比例最高,其中至少有一个个体患有结节。空间分析显示,巴氏弓形虫分布有10个聚类,主要集中在北纬10°左右的赤道以北。这些发现对灵长类动物保护和行为生态学具有重要意义,因为寄生猴子的地点有助于识别面临健康风险的种群,并可能支持种群采用行为策略来减轻寄生代谢成本。该研究表明,公民科学数据可以有效地补充传统的科学研究,以生成灵长类寄生虫的综合分布。
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引用次数: 0
Diet and Foraging in the Waibira Chimpanzee Community, Budongo Central Forest Reserve, Uganda 乌干达布东戈中央森林保护区怀比拉黑猩猩群落的饮食和觅食
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70104
Jakob Villioth, Jon Lim, Catherine Hobaiter, Klaus Zuberbühler, Nicholas E. Newton-Fisher

Foraging is a fundamental aspect of the behavioural ecology of any species. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are generalist omnivores that inhabit a continuous range of forest environments. Accordingly, substantial differences in feeding ecology exist across chimpanzee sub-species and populations. Despite a persistent importance for the role of ripe fruit, chimpanzee diets typically include a large variety of food types. While considerable data exist on the foraging behaviour and diets of chimpanzees, these are typically limited to studies of single communities in distinct populations. Previous studies in the Budongo forest, Uganda, have focused on the Sonso community; less is known of the foraging behaviour of the neighbouring Waibira community. Here, we present detailed descriptive data on diet, activity, and food availability from this community. These were collected between October 2016 and June 2017 from focal observations of ten adult males and nine adult females, phenological monitoring of 168 chimpanzee food trees, and 4 ha of botanical plots. These chimpanzees generally conformed to the view of this species as a ripe fruit specialist, but were notably less frugivorous than other study communities and showed a considerable reliance on young leaves, in particular the leaves of Celtis mildbraedii, and on the seeds of Cynometra alexandrii during the dry season. Dietary diversity was similar to that of the neighbouring Sonso community, and our results support the idea that significant folivory is a general foraging strategy for Budongo Forest chimpanzees.

觅食是任何物种行为生态学的一个基本方面。黑猩猩(类人猿)是一种多面手杂食动物,生活在连续的森林环境中。因此,在黑猩猩亚种和种群之间存在着实质性的摄食生态差异。尽管成熟的水果一直很重要,但黑猩猩的饮食通常包括各种各样的食物类型。虽然存在大量关于黑猩猩觅食行为和饮食的数据,但这些数据通常仅限于对不同种群中单个群落的研究。以前在乌干达布东戈森林的研究主要集中在Sonso社区;人们对邻近的怀比拉群落的觅食行为知之甚少。在这里,我们提供了关于该社区饮食、活动和食物供应的详细描述性数据。这些数据是在2016年10月至2017年6月期间通过对10只成年雄性和9只成年雌性的重点观察、对168棵黑猩猩食物树的物候监测和4公顷的植物样地收集的。这些黑猩猩一般都符合这个物种作为成熟水果专家的观点,但与其他研究群体相比,它们明显不那么爱吃水果,而且在干旱季节,它们相当依赖嫩叶,尤其是Celtis mildbraedii的叶子,以及Cynometra alexandrii的种子。饮食多样性与邻近的Sonso社区相似,我们的研究结果支持了这样一种观点,即大量的folivory是Budongo森林黑猩猩的一般觅食策略。
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引用次数: 0
Inquiring Pant-Hoots in Wild Chimpanzees and the Role of Social Bonds and Group Cohesion 探究野生黑猩猩的呼叫声以及社会纽带和群体凝聚力的作用
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70092
Lara Michelle Southern, Tobias Deschner, Simone Pika

The evolution of human language remains a puzzle, with comparative approaches focusing on vocalizations, gestures, bimodal combinations, and, most recently, social interaction and turn-taking. The latter is characterized by cooperative, reciprocal exchanges of alternating short bursts of information among interactants. Some hallmarks of human conversational turn-taking have been found in other primate species, suggesting a possible specialization of great apes in gestural rather than vocal turn-taking. However, relatively little is known about the vocal turn-taking abilities of great apes. Here, we conducted a systematic, quantitative study on vocal exchanges of adult male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) living in a habituated community in the Loango National Park, Gabon. We focused on pant-hoots, the typical long-distance calls of chimpanzees, which have been argued to function in some contexts as question-and-answer-like exchanges, referred to as “inquiring pant-hoots” (IPHs), a term coined by Goodall (1986). We collected a comprehensive data set over a period of 16 months (January–May 2019; November 2019–November 2020) resulting in a total of 1747 pant-hoots of ten adult males. We analyzed the data with a special focus on general pant-hoot patterns, criteria for IPHs, social factors, and temporal organization. Overall, general calling frequency was highest in males with high social ranks, in larger parties, and during periods of increased fission and fusion. Twenty percent of calls qualified as IPHs and were positively correlated with smaller party size, higher fission–fusion rates, and the absence of close social partners. Temporal patterns were influenced by social bond strength, the presence of drumming, and an avoidance of overlap. Our findings add to the growing evidence of complex vocal turn-taking abilities in nonhuman primates, contradicting the notion of a specialization in gestural rather than vocal turn-taking for chimpanzees and possibly other great apes. They also emphasize the role of long-distance vocalizations for species in fission–fusion societies and visually dense environments.

人类语言的进化仍然是一个谜,比较的方法集中在发声、手势、双峰组合,以及最近的社会互动和轮流。后者的特点是在交互者之间交替进行短时间信息的合作、互惠交换。在其他灵长类物种中也发现了一些人类对话轮转的特征,这表明类人猿可能在手势而不是声音轮转方面特殊化。然而,人们对类人猿的声音轮流能力知之甚少。在这里,我们对生活在加蓬Loango国家公园一个习惯社区的成年雄性黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)的声音交流进行了系统的定量研究。我们关注的是黑猩猩的一种典型的远距离呼叫,这种呼叫被认为在某些情况下起着问答式的交流作用,被称为“询问式的pants -hoots”(IPHs),这是Goodall(1986)创造的一个术语。我们收集了16个月(2019年1月至5月;2019年11月至2020年11月)的综合数据集,共收集了10只成年雄性的1747次裤鸣。我们对数据进行了分析,特别关注一般的“裤衩”模式、IPHs标准、社会因素和时间组织。总的来说,在社会地位高、群体大、裂变和融合增加的时期,一般的呼唤频率最高。20%的电话被认为是ip,并且与较小的聚会规模、较高的裂变融合率和缺乏亲密的社会伙伴呈正相关。时间模式受社会纽带强度、击鼓的存在和避免重叠的影响。我们的发现为非人类灵长类动物复杂的声音转换能力提供了越来越多的证据,这与黑猩猩和其他类人猿专门从事手势而不是声音转换的观点相矛盾。他们还强调了物种在裂变融合社会和视觉密集环境中的远距离发声的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Health Correlates of Extended Longevity in Captive Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) 圈养环尾狐猴(狐猴)寿命延长的健康相关因素。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70103
Ruby L. Mustill, Laura N. Ellsaesser, Cathy V. Williams, Megan Petersdorf, Lydia K. Greene

Captive primates maintained at accredited institutions can live extraordinarily long lives and, as a result, are useful models for understanding the physiology of aging. Many institutions monitor primate health using serum chemistry panels and complete blood counts (CBCs), assays that capture organ and immune function and provide rich data for retrospective research. In this study, we compiled results from 169 serum chemistry panels and 168 CBCs collected between 2011 and 2022 at the Duke Lemur Center from 60 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), aged between 9 months and 32.8 years. Our dataset included 20 individuals who were 15 years or older, 10 of whom were 20 years or older. We found patterns consistent with gradual, age-related change in biomarkers associated with pancreas, kidney, and hepatobiliary function. Whereas concentrations of some markers increased with increasing age (e.g., amylase, lipase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, globulin, and total CO2), concentrations of others decreased with increasing age (e.g., total bilirubin, calcium, and anion gap). We found significant age-by-sex interaction effects on blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol values, with females exhibiting sharper age-related increases in these analytes, particularly in late age, that could indicate steeper declines in kidney function than those experienced by males. Ultimately, our results capture a portrait of senescence in captive ring-tailed lemurs with extended longevity, with implications for the management of geriatric lemurs under human care. More broadly, including lemurs with diverse social systems and ecologies in retrospective studies of aging could illuminate physiological trends deeply rooted in the primate family tree and those uniquely shaped by evolution in Madagascar.

圈养在认可机构的灵长类动物可以活得非常长,因此,它们是理解衰老生理学的有用模型。许多机构使用血清化学小组和全血细胞计数(CBCs)来监测灵长类动物的健康,这些检测可以捕捉器官和免疫功能,并为回顾性研究提供丰富的数据。在这项研究中,我们收集了2011年至2022年间在杜克狐猴中心收集的60只环尾狐猴(狐猴catta)的169个血清化学小组和168个CBCs的结果,年龄在9个月至32.8岁之间。我们的数据集包括20个15岁或以上的人,其中10个20岁或以上。我们发现与胰腺、肾脏和肝胆功能相关的生物标志物的逐渐、与年龄相关的变化模式一致。一些标记物的浓度随着年龄的增长而增加(如淀粉酶、脂肪酶、γ -谷氨酰转移酶、球蛋白和总CO2),而另一些标记物的浓度随着年龄的增长而下降(如总胆红素、钙和阴离子间隙)。我们发现了显著的年龄-性别相互作用对血液尿素氮和胆固醇值的影响,女性在这些分析中表现出更明显的年龄相关增长,特别是在晚年,这可能表明肾功能比男性下降得更快。最终,我们的研究结果捕捉到了圈养的长寿环尾狐猴衰老的画像,这对人类护理下老年狐猴的管理具有重要意义。更广泛地说,将具有不同社会系统和生态系统的狐猴纳入衰老的回顾性研究,可以阐明深深植根于灵长类动物家谱的生理趋势,以及那些在马达加斯加进化过程中形成的独特趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal Preparation and Executive Functions in the Context of a Variable Foreperiod Stop-Signal Paradigm in Macaque Monkey: Evidence From Bayesian Parametric Approach 猕猴可变前周期停止信号范式下的时间准备和执行功能:来自贝叶斯参数方法的证据。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-12-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70101
Fatemeh Mohtashami Borzadaran, Sadegh Ghasemian, Elahe Rohani, Sanders A. Los, Farshad A. Mansouri, Vahid Sheibani

The interaction between temporal preparation and response inhibition is poorly understood in primates. Across two experiments, we investigated this relationship in four rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using a variable foreperiod (FP) stop-signal task, respectively focusing on effects of FP and its repetition/alteration across trials on response inhibition. We estimated ex-Gaussian distribution of reaction time in go trials (Go-RT) and stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) along with a probability of trigger failure (PTF). In the first experiment, increasing temporal preparation reduced the mean and variability of both the Gaussian and exponential components of Go-RT distribution, indicating generally faster and more consistent responding. In contrast, temporal preparation produced divergent effects on SSRT distribution: it numerically increased the Gaussian mean but decreased the exponential tail and overall variability. At the same time, PTF increased from short to long FP, suggesting that temporal preparation hinders the trigger of inhibition while enhancing its efficacy once triggered. In the second experiment, we found that FP effects on Go-RT distribution were largely independent of FP sequence. By contrast, response inhibition in the Gaussian component and entire distribution was modulated by FP switching: alternation between FPs prolonged inhibition latency. Also, FP switching reduced trigger failure, indicating a sequential adjustment that improved cue detection and reliability of stopping. Together, these findings demonstrate that temporal preparation shapes response execution primarily independent of state of preparation in the preceding trial, whereas its influence on response inhibition reflects short-term influences from the preceding trial.

在灵长类动物中,时间准备和反应抑制之间的相互作用尚不清楚。在两个实验中,我们使用可变前周期(FP)停止信号任务在四只恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)中研究了这种关系,分别关注FP及其重复/改变对反应抑制的影响。我们估计了围棋试验中反应时间(go - rt)和停止信号反应时间(SSRT)的前高斯分布以及触发失败的概率(PTF)。在第一个实验中,增加时间准备降低了Go-RT分布的高斯分量和指数分量的平均值和变异性,表明通常更快,更一致的响应。相比之下,时间准备对SSRT分布产生发散效应:它在数值上增加了高斯均值,但降低了指数尾和总体变异性。与此同时,PTF从短FP增加到长FP,表明时间准备阻碍了抑制的触发,同时增强了其触发后的功效。在第二个实验中,我们发现FP对Go-RT分布的影响在很大程度上与FP序列无关。相比之下,响应抑制在高斯分量和整个分布中被FP切换调制:FPs之间的交替延长了抑制延迟。此外,FP开关减少了触发失败,表明一个顺序调整,提高了线索检测和停止的可靠性。综上所述,这些发现表明,时间准备对反应执行的影响主要独立于前一试验中的准备状态,而其对反应抑制的影响反映了前一试验的短期影响。
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引用次数: 0
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American Journal of Primatology
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