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When the Lights Go Out: Studying Sex Differences in Sleep Latency, Sleep Quality, and Social Behavior in Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Over a 24-h Period 当灯熄灭:研究24小时内圈养恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)睡眠潜伏期、睡眠质量和社会行为的性别差异。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70098
Alexis Roach, Shaina Furman, Jasmine Hadeed, Rachel Choo, Emily Knight, Melissa C. Painter, Lydia M. Hopper

Assessments of nonhuman primate (NHP) affiliation are typically restricted to daytime behavior. There is, however, a growing interest in understanding NHP behavior and welfare over the 24-h period. To assess the sleep quality and sociality of rhesus macaques, we measured the time it took pair-housed macaques to fall asleep (sleep latency), the proportion of time macaques spent asleep at night, and whether these behaviors were mediated by sex and daytime affiliation. We studied the behavior of six female–female and six male–male rhesus macaque pairs (24 animals). Five daytime observations were done cage-side per subject, and nighttime recordings captured 5 nights/pair. The pairs of macaques fell asleep in a coordinated fashion—the sleep latency of cagemates was significantly correlated—but males fell asleep almost three times faster than females. Despite the sex difference in time to fall asleep, there was no difference in the proportion of the night that males and females were observed asleep, and all pairs were observed to be asleep the majority of the time at night. At night, both male and female macaques were significantly more likely to be asleep than awake when in contact with their partner and they spent a greater proportion of time in proximity to their cagemate at night than during the day. This study emphasizes the value of co-housing NHP for their wellbeing and given our finding that daytime sociality did not predict nighttime social behavior, highlights the need to consider the behavior of NHP over 24-h.

非人灵长类动物(NHP)归属的评估通常仅限于白天的行为。然而,人们对了解NHP在24小时内的行为和福利越来越感兴趣。为了评估恒河猴的睡眠质量和社会性,我们测量了成对居住的恒河猴入睡所需的时间(睡眠潜伏期)、夜间睡眠的时间比例,以及这些行为是否受性别和白天关系的影响。我们研究了6对雌性猕猴和6对雄性猕猴(24只)的行为。每位受试者在笼侧进行5次日间观察,夜间记录每对受试者5晚。成对的猕猴以一种协调的方式入睡——同笼猕猴的睡眠潜伏期明显相关——但雄性猕猴入睡的速度几乎是雌性的三倍。尽管入睡时间存在性别差异,但观察到男性和女性入睡的夜晚比例没有差异,而且观察到所有对伴侣在晚上的大部分时间都处于睡眠状态。在晚上,当雄性和雌性猕猴与伴侣接触时,它们明显更有可能睡着而不是醒着,而且它们在晚上比白天花更多的时间接近笼子里的伴侣。这项研究强调了与非裔美国人共同居住对他们的健康的价值,并且鉴于我们的发现,白天的社交活动并不能预测夜间的社交行为,强调了考虑非裔美国人24小时内的行为的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Looking to the Future of Primatology: Introduction to the Special Issue on Student-Led Research 展望灵长类学的未来:学生主导研究特刊导论。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-23 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70095
Kylen N. Gartland, Jennifer Vonk

Today's students are tomorrow's leading scholars. With effective mentoring, they will continue to address key issues in the critical work that will conserve and protect our closest living relatives—our fellow primates. The articles presented as part of this special issue on student-led work in primatology reflect the tremendous breadth of the field, covering such broad topics as diet, reproduction, conservation, husbandry, physiology, social behavior, welfare, and cognition. These studies were conducted in both field and captive settings, reflecting the diversity of contexts in which primates are being actively studied today. Whereas some of the work focuses on basic research questions, all of the papers have the potential to impact the lives of primates today and into the uncertain future. We hope that cultivating this collection of student-led work will highlight the fertility and importance of work in this field and inspire established researchers to continue to invest in mentoring the next generation of scientists.

今天的学生是明天的顶尖学者。在有效的指导下,他们将继续解决关键工作中的关键问题,以保护和保护我们最亲近的亲戚——我们的灵长类同胞。作为本期特刊的一部分,学生主导的灵长类动物学研究的文章反映了这个领域的巨大广度,涵盖了饮食、繁殖、保护、饲养、生理、社会行为、福利和认知等广泛的主题。这些研究是在野外和圈养环境中进行的,反映了灵长类动物目前正在积极研究的环境的多样性。虽然有些工作集中在基础研究问题上,但所有的论文都有可能影响灵长类动物今天和不确定的未来的生活。我们希望,培养这些由学生主导的研究成果,将突显这一领域工作的丰富性和重要性,并激励知名研究人员继续投资指导下一代科学家。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating Abundance of Crop-Foraging Primates in Anthropogenic Landscapes Using Camera Traps 利用相机陷阱估算人工景观中作物觅食灵长类动物的丰度。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70087
Jamie E. T. McKaughan, Philip A. Stephens, Russell A. Hill

As human populations grow, competition with wildlife increases, driving more frequent and intense negative interactions between humans and wildlife, of which crop foraging by primates like baboons (Papio spp.) is a notable example. Farmers struggle to coexist with baboons, and are particularly concerned by their abundance, with more baboons resulting in more damage. Despite extensive primate research, there are few population estimates, particularly for chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Estimating baboon densities could inform conservation policies, including strategies to mitigate crop losses and negative human-baboon interactions. Conventional techniques for estimating density are impractical for baboons in commercial farmland or have been unsuccessful in the past, but camera trapping could provide an alternative. Through field tests of the distance sampling with camera traps (CTDS) and the random encounter model (REM) methods, we compare estimates of chacma baboon densities, assessing the potential of these methods for monitoring species that move in large and stable social groups. Chacma baboon density was 1–3 individuals/km2, comparable to abundance estimates elsewhere, suggesting that these methods can provide plausible estimates for monitoring baboon populations. Baboon presence and distribution appeared to be more influenced by the availability of sleeping sites than the location of crops, with both seemingly linked to the availability of water. Between-camera heterogeneity in detections was a large source of imprecision for both methods but further investigation is required to understand how assumptions made in implementing both methods affect accuracy and precision. Future implementations must be refined to successfully identify small changes in long-term monitoring data.

随着人口的增长,与野生动物的竞争加剧,人类与野生动物之间的负面互动更加频繁和激烈,其中灵长类动物,如狒狒(Papio spp.),就是一个显著的例子。农民们努力与狒狒共存,并特别关注它们的丰富,更多的狒狒导致更多的破坏。尽管有广泛的灵长类动物研究,但很少有种群估计,特别是对chacma狒狒(Papio ursinus)。估计狒狒的密度可以为保护政策提供信息,包括减轻作物损失和人类与狒狒负面互动的策略。传统的估计狒狒密度的技术对商业农田里的狒狒来说是不切实际的,或者在过去是不成功的,但是相机陷阱可以提供一种替代方法。通过相机陷阱(CTDS)和随机相遇模型(REM)方法的距离采样现场测试,我们比较了对chacma狒狒密度的估计,评估了这些方法在监测大而稳定的社会群体物种方面的潜力。Chacma狒狒密度为1-3只/km2,与其他地方的丰度估计值相当,表明这些方法可以为监测狒狒种群提供合理的估计值。狒狒的存在和分布似乎更受睡眠地点的可用性的影响,而不是农作物的位置,两者似乎都与水的可用性有关。相机间检测的异质性是两种方法不精确的主要原因,但需要进一步研究以了解在实施两种方法时所做的假设如何影响准确性和精度。未来的实现必须加以改进,以成功识别长期监测数据中的微小变化。
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引用次数: 0
Food Distribution, But Not Market Forces, Predict Behavioral Social Tolerance in Rhesus Macaques 食物分配,而不是市场力量,预测了恒河猴的行为社会容忍。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70089
Rosemary A. Blersch, Alexander J. Pritchard, Jessica J. Vandeleest, Amy C. Nathman, Brianne B. Beisner, Emily M. Dura, Brenda McCowan

Social inequality in primates is marked by dominance-based resource monopolization. Yet, high-ranking individuals sometimes yield to lower-ranking individuals to promote group stability, indicative of behavioral social tolerance. Social tolerance is dynamic and is shaped by resource availability, group structure, hierarchy steepness and kinship. Increasing social tolerance around resource access may promote group stability and improve individual wellbeing. The multifaceted nature of behavioral social tolerance means we still lack a full understanding of its temporal, individual, and social drivers and whether modifications in resource distribution promote or hinder tolerant behavior in unequal societies. We tested whether decentralizing food resources improved behavioral social tolerance via two measures: reduced aggression and increased co-feeding through the study of a large group of outdoor-housed rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), a macaque species typified by low social tolerance. We assessed whether reduced resource competition and time of day influenced co-feeding behavior, and whether investment in grooming afforded future social tolerance. We found that, relative to a baseline and follow-up period with centralized food resources, distributed resources promoted social tolerance, but this was modulated by dominance rank. High-ranking individuals may exhibit greater behavioral flexibility while low-ranking individuals are afforded increased access to resources through reduced competition. We found temporal variation in co-feeding behavior with more co-feeding occurring in the afternoon. Lastly, we found limited evidence to suggest individuals groomed to afford future co-feeding tolerance. Combined, these results suggest that increased resource distribution in captive populations could provide a social benefit and contribute positively to health and well-being.

灵长类动物的社会不平等表现为基于优势的资源垄断。然而,地位高的个体有时会屈服于地位低的个体,以促进群体的稳定,这表明了行为上的社会宽容。社会宽容是动态的,受资源可得性、群体结构、等级陡峭度和亲缘关系的影响。增加对资源获取的社会容忍度可以促进群体稳定并改善个人福祉。行为社会宽容的多面性意味着我们仍然缺乏对其时间、个人和社会驱动因素的充分理解,以及资源分配的改变是否促进或阻碍了不平等社会中的宽容行为。本研究以低社会容忍度的恒河猴为研究对象,通过减少攻击和增加共同摄食两种方法来验证食物资源分散是否能提高行为社会容忍度。我们评估了资源竞争和时间的减少是否会影响共同摄食行为,以及在梳理毛发方面的投资是否会带来未来的社会容忍度。我们发现,相对于食物资源集中的基线和随访时期,分配的资源促进了社会宽容,但这受到优势等级的调节。地位高的个体可能表现出更大的行为灵活性,而地位低的个体通过减少竞争获得更多的资源。我们发现共食行为在时间上存在差异,更多的共食发生在下午。最后,我们发现有限的证据表明个体能够承受未来的共食耐受性。综上所述,这些结果表明,增加圈养种群的资源分配可以提供社会效益,并对健康和福祉作出积极贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Object Manipulation and Tool Use to Access Water by Urban Robust Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus sp.) in Southern Brazil 巴西南部城市健壮卷尾猴(Sapajus sp.)获取水的物体操纵和工具使用。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70090
Denise Bender, Lucas M. Aguiar

Capuchin monkeys are known for their object manipulation skills, but little is known about that in physically impaired individuals. Several wild populations use tools primarily for foraging, but such behavior is rarely reported for drinking water. In urban fragments, objects discarded are available for manipulation, and water can be scarce. Therefore, the study of object manipulation in such contexts illuminates how human-made artifacts and tools can be used to deal with anthropogenic opportunities and resource constraints. We investigated object manipulation and tool use in urban robust capuchin monkeys in Foz do Iguaçu, southern Brazil. We aimed to understand how much these animals invest their activities in object manipulation, the origin of the materials they use, the types of manipulations and tools employed, and whether the frequency of these behaviors differs among sex and age classes, as well as between dry and wet months. We described a new technique of tool use in capuchin monkeys, involving the use of containers to drink water, and a stronger tendency to use tools by an injured male juvenile with a hand deficiency. Over the course of 865 h of observation, we noted that tools were simple, infrequently used, and most were exhibited by juveniles, primarily by the injured individual, to access water during the driest periods. Containers to collect water emerged as the most frequent technique. Capuchins took advantage of human-made receptacles from nearby construction sites. Our findings contribute to understanding the flexibility of capuchins' tool use in response to urban novelties and pressures.

卷尾猴以其物体操纵技能而闻名,但对身体受损的个体却知之甚少。一些野生种群使用工具主要是为了觅食,但这种行为很少被报道为饮用水。在城市碎片中,被丢弃的物品可以被操纵,而水可能是稀缺的。因此,在这种情况下对对象操作的研究阐明了如何使用人造工件和工具来处理人为的机会和资源约束。我们调查了巴西南部Foz do igua城市健壮卷尾猴的物体操作和工具使用情况。我们的目的是了解这些动物在操纵物体上投入了多少活动,它们使用的材料的来源,操作和使用的工具的类型,以及这些行为的频率是否在性别和年龄阶层之间以及在干燥和潮湿的月份之间有所不同。我们描述了卷尾猴使用工具的一种新技术,包括使用容器喝水,以及一只手部缺陷的受伤雄性幼猴使用工具的更强倾向。在865小时的观察过程中,我们注意到工具很简单,不经常使用,大多数工具是由幼鱼展示的,主要是受伤的个体,在最干旱的时期取水。收集水的容器成为最常用的技术。卷尾猴利用了附近建筑工地的人造容器。我们的发现有助于理解卷尾猴在应对城市新奇事物和压力时使用工具的灵活性。
{"title":"Object Manipulation and Tool Use to Access Water by Urban Robust Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus sp.) in Southern Brazil","authors":"Denise Bender,&nbsp;Lucas M. Aguiar","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Capuchin monkeys are known for their object manipulation skills, but little is known about that in physically impaired individuals. Several wild populations use tools primarily for foraging, but such behavior is rarely reported for drinking water. In urban fragments, objects discarded are available for manipulation, and water can be scarce. Therefore, the study of object manipulation in such contexts illuminates how human-made artifacts and tools can be used to deal with anthropogenic opportunities and resource constraints. We investigated object manipulation and tool use in urban robust capuchin monkeys in Foz do Iguaçu, southern Brazil. We aimed to understand how much these animals invest their activities in object manipulation, the origin of the materials they use, the types of manipulations and tools employed, and whether the frequency of these behaviors differs among sex and age classes, as well as between dry and wet months. We described a new technique of tool use in capuchin monkeys, involving the use of containers to drink water, and a stronger tendency to use tools by an injured male juvenile with a hand deficiency. Over the course of 865 h of observation, we noted that tools were simple, infrequently used, and most were exhibited by juveniles, primarily by the injured individual, to access water during the driest periods. Containers to collect water emerged as the most frequent technique. Capuchins took advantage of human-made receptacles from nearby construction sites. Our findings contribute to understanding the flexibility of capuchins' tool use in response to urban novelties and pressures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145533987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Thanatological Events and Scavenging on the Carcass of a Black Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri) 黑塌鼻猴(Rhinopithecus strykeri)尸体上的死亡事件和食腐。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70093
Yi-Xin Chen, Zhi-Shu Xiao, Xin-Wen Wang, Gui-Pin He, Alicia Krzton, Ming Li, Zuo-Fu Xiang

The responses of nonhuman primates towards conspecific deaths in the wild, and the activities of carnivores scavenging the corpses, are different but interconnected thanatological and ecological aspects of wildlife mortality. We report the first thanatological events observed in a wild, multilevel group of Myanmar or black snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus strykeri [R. strykeri]) and mesocarnivores scavenging on a monkey carcass in the Pianma region, near the China-Myanmar border. We detected two freshly deceased carcasses during field surveys. The group members visited the location of their recently deceased conspecific twice and variously looked down at the carcass, emitted alarm calls and unusual contact calls, hugged social partners and prevented approaches by individuals from other social units. These behaviors suggest strong bonds and emotional reactions to the death of a companion in R. strykeri. Infrared camera trapping revealed the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) as the principal scavenger on the carcass, followed by the yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula). Siberian weasels showed greater activity levels and time spent feeding on the R. strykeri carcass when it was fresh, while remaining vigilant for potential competitors and predators. After the carcass was largely consumed and decayed, both frequency and duration of feeding and vigilance behaviors decreased.

非人类灵长类动物对野外同种动物死亡的反应,以及食肉动物对尸体的清理活动,是不同的,但在野生动物死亡的病理学和生态学方面是相互联系的。我们报告了在缅甸或黑金丝猴(Rhinopithecus strykeri)的一个野生、多层次群体中观察到的第一个死亡事件。在中缅边境附近的Pianma地区,一种以猴子尸体为食的中食性动物。我们在实地调查中发现了两具刚死亡的尸体。小组成员两次访问了他们最近死亡的同族动物的位置,并以不同的方式低头看着尸体,发出警报和不寻常的接触叫声,拥抱社会伙伴,并阻止其他社会单位的个体接近。这些行为表明,R. strykeri对同伴死亡的强烈联系和情感反应。红外摄像机捕捉显示西伯利亚鼬鼠(Mustela sibirica)是尸体上的主要食腐动物,其次是黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)。西伯利亚鼬鼠在进食新鲜的strykeri尸体时表现出更大的活动水平和更长的时间,同时对潜在的竞争对手和捕食者保持警惕。在胴体被大量消耗和腐烂后,摄食频率和持续时间以及警惕行为均减少。
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引用次数: 0
An Unexpected Audience Effect and No Indirect Reciprocity of Grooming in Wild Geoffroy's Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) 《野生Geoffroy的蜘蛛猴》中意想不到的观众效应和非间接互惠性。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70094
Fabrizio Dell'Anna, Gabriele Schino, Juliane Damm, Filippo Aureli

Indirect reciprocity consists of performing an act that benefits a recipient while increasing the chances of receiving cooperation from a bystander. While widespread in humans, evidence of indirect reciprocity in nonhuman animals is scarce. Indirect reciprocity may involve an audience effect if cooperation increases in the presence of an audience. We investigated indirect reciprocity and audience effects in wild Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Using survival analysis, we assessed whether individuals who had recently groomed others tended to be groomed more by other group members (indirect reciprocity), and whether individuals tended to groom more when surrounded by bystanders (audience effect). We found no evidence for indirect reciprocity: individuals did not receive more grooming in the 10 min after they had recently groomed others. We also found that the presence of an audience did not increase the likelihood of grooming. Actually, male spider monkeys were less likely to groom one another in the presence of other males. We found no evidence for audience effects associated with the presence of adult males on the likelihood of grooming by subadult males. Our results suggest indirect reciprocity is absent in spider monkeys, at least in the 10-min timeframe we investigated, and contribute to the limited literature on indirect reciprocity in nonhuman animals.

间接互惠包括采取一种使接受者受益的行为,同时增加从旁观者那里获得合作的机会。虽然在人类中广泛存在,但在非人类动物中间接互惠的证据很少。如果在有观众在场的情况下合作增加,间接互惠可能涉及观众效应。研究了野生Geoffroy蜘蛛猴的间接互惠效应和受众效应。利用生存分析,我们评估了最近为他人梳理毛发的个体是否更倾向于被其他群体成员梳理(间接互惠),以及当周围有旁观者时,个体是否更倾向于梳理(观众效应)。我们没有发现间接互惠的证据:个人在最近为他人梳洗后的10分钟内并没有得到更多的梳洗。我们还发现,有观众在场并不会增加打扮的可能性。实际上,雄性蜘蛛猴不太可能在其他雄性面前互相梳理毛发。我们没有发现证据表明观众效应与成年雄性的存在对亚成年雄性梳理毛发的可能性有关。我们的研究结果表明,至少在我们调查的10分钟时间范围内,蜘蛛猴不存在间接互惠性,这为非人类动物中间接互惠性的有限文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Re-Evaluating the Demographic History of, and Inferring the Fine-Scale Recombination Landscape For, Wild Chinese Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) 中国野生恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)的人口历史再评价与精细组合景观推断。
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70088
John W. Terbot II, Adriana Calahorra-Oliart, Cyril J. Versoza, Devangana Shah, Vivak Soni, Susanne P. Pfeifer, Jeffrey D. Jensen

As a major model for biomedical research, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the most important and heavily studied nonhuman primates. Despite this importance, the level of population structure and subspecific division in this species remains relatively unclear; for example, the number of proposed subspecies in the literature ranges from one to six within China, with additional populations found across India. Motivated by an interest in comparing recombination rate landscapes between rhesus macaque subspecies, we re-evaluated the demographic history of this group using a previously published data set from 79 wild-born individuals sampled across 17 regions in China. In so doing, we found that previously published demographic models utilizing five subspecies did not well reproduce empirical levels or patterns of genomic variation. Thus, we re-performed demographic inference, finding instead multiple lines of support for a single, interbreeding population (i.e., an absence of population structuring), as well as a population size-change history linking periods of population growth and contraction to historical patterns of glaciation. Finally, utilizing this well-fitting population history, we inferred a genome-wide, fine-scale recombination rate map for this population, finding mean rates consistent with those estimated in other closely related populations and species. However, we also observed notable difference in the fine-scale landscape between rhesus macaques of Chinese and Indian origin – two populations widely used as models in biomedical research – highlighting the importance of accounting for population-specific demographic history and recombination rate variation in future population genomic studies of this species.

作为生物医学研究的主要模型,恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)是最重要和研究最多的非人类灵长类动物之一。尽管具有这种重要性,但该物种的种群结构和亚种划分水平仍然相对不清楚;例如,文献中提出的亚种数量在中国范围内从1到6个不等,在印度也发现了额外的种群。出于对比较恒河猴亚种间重组率景观的兴趣,我们使用先前发表的来自中国17个地区的79个野生出生个体的数据集重新评估了这一群体的人口统计学历史。在这样做的过程中,我们发现以前发表的人口统计学模型利用五个亚种不能很好地再现经验水平或基因组变异模式。因此,我们重新进行了人口统计推断,找到了支持单一杂交种群(即缺乏种群结构)的多条线,以及将人口增长和收缩时期与冰川历史模式联系起来的人口规模变化历史。最后,利用这一良好拟合的种群历史,我们推断出该种群的全基因组精细重组率图,发现平均重组率与其他密切相关的种群和物种的估计一致。然而,我们也观察到中国恒河猴和印度恒河猴在精细尺度景观上的显著差异,这两个种群被广泛用作生物医学研究的模型,这突出了在未来对该物种的种群基因组研究中,考虑种群特定的人口统计学历史和重组率变化的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Landscape Characteristics Associated With Demographic Attributes of Alouatta caraya Howler Monkeys in the Argentine Humid Chaco 阿根廷潮湿查科地区Alouatta caraya吼猴的景观特征与人口统计学属性相关
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70084
Hernán Darío Argibay, María Marcela Orozco, Lucía Inés Rodríguez-Planes, Ricardo Esteban Gürtler

Deforestation, habitat loss, and fragmentation impact the ecology, genetics, and health of many wildlife species, including primate populations. We evaluated the association between landscape characteristics and demographic features of Alouatta caraya howler monkeys in human-modified rural areas of Pampa del Indio in the Argentine humid Chaco. Landscape metrics were obtained from a supervised classification of a Landsat 8 image based on different kinds of exploited forests. Four times over a 2-year period, we surveyed howler monkey groups using loud calls heard at 113 listening posts in three habitat types: gallery woodland, riparian, and quebrachal hardwood forests. We also determined the age and sex composition of 31 groups through observation. A Bayesian spatial generalized linear mixed model using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation with a Stochastic Partial Differential Equation to account for spatial dependence revealed a negative association between howler monkey group counts and prime habitat availability (i.e., old-growth forest). Howler group size was positively associated with patch density, while both the immature-to-adult female ratio and group size were negatively associated with the division index of prime habitat. Despite the apparent ability of howler monkeys to cope with habitat modification, prime habitat availability is crucial to the long-term conservation of A. caraya. Innovative landscape management strategies are required to ensure the long-term persistence of howler monkeys in human-modified environments under rapid change in the Gran Chaco eco-region.

森林砍伐、栖息地丧失和破碎化影响了包括灵长类动物种群在内的许多野生动物物种的生态、遗传和健康。在阿根廷潮湿的查科,我们评估了人类改造的印第安Pampa del Indio农村地区Alouatta caraya吼猴的景观特征与人口特征之间的关系。景观指标是基于不同类型森林的Landsat 8图像的监督分类获得的。在两年的时间里,我们对吼叫猴群体进行了四次调查,使用了在三种栖息地类型(走廊林地、河岸林地和魁布拉查尔硬木林)的113个监听站听到的响亮叫声。我们还通过观察确定了31组的年龄和性别构成。基于随机偏微分方程的集成嵌套拉普拉斯近似贝叶斯空间广义线性混合模型分析了吼猴种群数量与原始生境(即原生林)的负相关关系。种群大小与斑块密度呈正相关,未成熟雌比和种群大小与主要生境划分指数呈负相关。尽管吼猴明显有能力应对栖息地的改变,但主要栖息地的可用性对卡拉亚猴的长期保护至关重要。在大查科生态区快速变化的人类改造环境中,需要创新的景观管理策略来确保吼猴的长期持久性。
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引用次数: 0
Dental Fluctuating Asymmetry: Environmental Factors Influencing Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Dental Development 牙齿波动不对称:影响圣地亚哥河猴牙齿发育的环境因素
IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.70085
Luci Kohn, Kurt Schulz, Terry B. Kensler, Elizabeth Maldonado, Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, Martin Q. Zhao, George Francis, Qian Wang

Increased fluctuating asymmetry, or random differences between right and left sides, has been associated with developmental stress or developmental instability. This study examines fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of mesio-distal and bucco-lingual dimensions of deciduous maxillary molars (m1, m2), and permanent maxillary premolars and molars (P3, P4, M1, M2) of 466 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) born between 1950 and 2018 from Cayo Santiago (CS), Puerto Rico. All included individuals were of known age, sex, birth year, and matriline. We assess whether a secular trend occurs in FA over a 68-year period, sex differences in FA, and whether environmental or management factors in the colony history resulted in decreased FA. Regression of FA on birth year tested for a secular trend in FA. A mixed-model two-way analysis of variance was used to test for the influence of food supplementation, tetanus vaccination and hurricane experience during dental development on FA. Differences across matrilines in response to the management or environmental factors were tested by ANOVA. There was no significant secular trend in FA. There was limited reduction of FA with implementation of the high protein diet, and limited support for the decreased FA associated with the implementation of tetanus vaccination. There is also limited difference in dental FA associated with exposure to a hurricane during dental development. Matrilineal differences in FA were observed for several teeth. The free-ranging environment of Cayo Santiago is a complex environment, with many factors influencing the development of young rhesus macaques. While the introduction of a high protein diet or the implementation of a tetanus vaccination program may have improved individual health overall, there are likely other factors that may cause developmental stress and result in dental FA.

增加的波动不对称,或左右两侧的随机差异,与发育压力或发育不稳定有关。本研究研究了1950年至2018年间出生在波多黎各圣地亚哥岛(CS)的466只恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)的乳牙(m1, m2)、恒上颌前磨牙和磨牙(P3, P4, m1, m2)的中远端和颊舌尺寸的波动不对称(FA)。所有被纳入的个体都有已知的年龄、性别、出生年份和母系。我们评估了在68年的时间里,FA是否存在长期趋势,FA的性别差异,以及群体历史中的环境或管理因素是否导致FA减少。FA对出生年份的回归检验了FA的长期趋势。采用混合模型双向方差分析检验食物补充、破伤风疫苗接种和牙齿发育期间飓风经历对FA的影响。不同母系对管理或环境因素的反应差异采用方差分析检验。FA无明显的长期趋势。高蛋白饮食对FA的减少有限,接种破伤风疫苗对FA减少的支持也有限。在牙齿发育过程中,与暴露于飓风有关的牙齿FA也有有限的差异。在几颗牙齿中观察到FA的母系差异。圣地牙哥岛的自由放养环境是一个复杂的环境,影响幼恒河猴发育的因素很多。虽然高蛋白饮食的引入或破伤风疫苗接种计划的实施可能改善了个人的整体健康状况,但可能还有其他因素可能导致发育压力并导致牙科FA。
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American Journal of Primatology
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