Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0002
Catherine K. Ettman, D. Vlahov, S. Galea
Urban health is concerned with understanding how features of cities influence the health of urban populations, thus pointing the way to interventions that can improve health. An understanding of urban health requires a grounding in the fundamentals of causal thinking. How do cities influence the health of populations? And what is unique or uniquely interesting about urban health? This chapter addresses these questions through providing a conceptual framework to organize and guide thinking. The authors explicate how we may think of urban living as a ubiquitous exposure influencing other factors to which urban residents are exposed and that have a profound influence on the health of these residents.
{"title":"Why Cities and Health?","authors":"Catherine K. Ettman, D. Vlahov, S. Galea","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Urban health is concerned with understanding how features of cities influence the health of urban populations, thus pointing the way to interventions that can improve health. An understanding of urban health requires a grounding in the fundamentals of causal thinking. How do cities influence the health of populations? And what is unique or uniquely interesting about urban health? This chapter addresses these questions through providing a conceptual framework to organize and guide thinking. The authors explicate how we may think of urban living as a ubiquitous exposure influencing other factors to which urban residents are exposed and that have a profound influence on the health of these residents.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48970531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0019
D. Ompad, Y. Tozan
Urban populations are complex systems characterized by discontinuities, emergence, reciprocities, and feedback. In many respects, systems science approaches are directly suited to the study of urban health, affording us an opportunity to think about the evolution of urban populations and the complexity of behavior in cities that ultimately shapes population health. The authors discuss the concept of feedback loops that can be self-reinforcing or self-correcting. Because individual elements and feedback loops within systems are not established and maintained in isolation, they often interact with each other. Interactions among these feedback loops produce an emergent system behavior that cannot be explained by an understanding of the individual elements alone. This dynamic behavior persists over time and adapts to changing conditions. This chapter provides an introduction to systems science with reference to how it may influence our understanding of urban health.
{"title":"A Systems Science Approach to Urban Health","authors":"D. Ompad, Y. Tozan","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Urban populations are complex systems characterized by discontinuities, emergence, reciprocities, and feedback. In many respects, systems science approaches are directly suited to the study of urban health, affording us an opportunity to think about the evolution of urban populations and the complexity of behavior in cities that ultimately shapes population health. The authors discuss the concept of feedback loops that can be self-reinforcing or self-correcting. Because individual elements and feedback loops within systems are not established and maintained in isolation, they often interact with each other. Interactions among these feedback loops produce an emergent system behavior that cannot be explained by an understanding of the individual elements alone. This dynamic behavior persists over time and adapts to changing conditions. This chapter provides an introduction to systems science with reference to how it may influence our understanding of urban health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47423804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0023
C. Dora
Urban development interventions in a variety of sectors, including in transport, housing, land-use planning, waste management, and energy can generate substantial health benefits to affected communities. These opportunities for health can be overlooked and unnecessary health risks and costs caused and potential benefits foregone if health issues are not explicitly considered as part of urban projects, plans, and strategies. Environmental health assessments bring together inputs from science and experience using a range of approaches, including community consultations and assessment of local environmental conditions to determine how local projects, plans and policies can improve population health. Formal environmental health assessments then stand to help guide thinking about how environmental factors can create health in cities, and provide a voice for children and other groups whose perspective is often not included in decision making. This chapter provides an introduction to environmental health assessments with an eye to equipping local actors to proactively contribute to creating health and health equity among urban populations, as a key tool for including Health in All Policies.
{"title":"Environmental Health Impact Assessment","authors":"C. Dora","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Urban development interventions in a variety of sectors, including in transport, housing, land-use planning, waste management, and energy can generate substantial health benefits to affected communities. These opportunities for health can be overlooked and unnecessary health risks and costs caused and potential benefits foregone if health issues are not explicitly considered as part of urban projects, plans, and strategies. Environmental health assessments bring together inputs from science and experience using a range of approaches, including community consultations and assessment of local environmental conditions to determine how local projects, plans and policies can improve population health. Formal environmental health assessments then stand to help guide thinking about how environmental factors can create health in cities, and provide a voice for children and other groups whose perspective is often not included in decision making. This chapter provides an introduction to environmental health assessments with an eye to equipping local actors to proactively contribute to creating health and health equity among urban populations, as a key tool for including Health in All Policies.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61546489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0041
D. Kass, T. Matte, A. Karpati
In cities, opportunities exist to influence advances in healthcare, food systems, housing, transport, and the social, physical, and built environments to promote equity, well-being, and health. For cities to accommodate population increases and ameliorate existing conditions, they must seek greater local authority to act and regulate, decentralize power and revenue control from state and national governments, build stronger relationships among governmental sectors and civil society, and build technical and political capacity. This chapter addresses a critical mechanism by which public health as a sector must engage with these changes: local public health governance. It identifies challenges and constraints and offer recommendations for going forward.
{"title":"City Health Departments","authors":"D. Kass, T. Matte, A. Karpati","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0041","url":null,"abstract":"In cities, opportunities exist to influence advances in healthcare, food systems, housing, transport, and the social, physical, and built environments to promote equity, well-being, and health. For cities to accommodate population increases and ameliorate existing conditions, they must seek greater local authority to act and regulate, decentralize power and revenue control from state and national governments, build stronger relationships among governmental sectors and civil society, and build technical and political capacity. This chapter addresses a critical mechanism by which public health as a sector must engage with these changes: local public health governance. It identifies challenges and constraints and offer recommendations for going forward.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44745226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0006
M. Nieuwenhuijsen, H. Khreis
Densely populated urban areas afford an enormous opportunity for their residents to have access to a range of salutary resources, thus avoiding some of the challenges that characterize less dense communities. However, transportation often bedevils urban areas, with limited opportunities offered for urban residents to get around cities. Traffic jams and vehicular pollution are associated with poor health of urban residents even as the data are clear that investments in public transportation are both cost beneficial and can improve health. Emerging solutions, including autonomous vehicles, stand to transform urban environments and health in these environments. This chapter discusses transportation as a determinant of health in cities, outlining challenges and opportunities for efficient and effective transportation with an eye toward emerging solutions that can improve urban health.
{"title":"Transport and Health","authors":"M. Nieuwenhuijsen, H. Khreis","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Densely populated urban areas afford an enormous opportunity for their residents to have access to a range of salutary resources, thus avoiding some of the challenges that characterize less dense communities. However, transportation often bedevils urban areas, with limited opportunities offered for urban residents to get around cities. Traffic jams and vehicular pollution are associated with poor health of urban residents even as the data are clear that investments in public transportation are both cost beneficial and can improve health. Emerging solutions, including autonomous vehicles, stand to transform urban environments and health in these environments. This chapter discusses transportation as a determinant of health in cities, outlining challenges and opportunities for efficient and effective transportation with an eye toward emerging solutions that can improve urban health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41507476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concluding installment of a year-long series which examined a broad range of situations in which a patient may claim to have been abandoned by his physician and how these situations have been viewed when the patient-physician relationship moves from the doctor's office to the courtroom. The focus of this installment is on prevention of malpractice actions for abandonment.
{"title":"Patient abandonment.","authors":"H L Hirsh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concluding installment of a year-long series which examined a broad range of situations in which a patient may claim to have been abandoned by his physician and how these situations have been viewed when the patient-physician relationship moves from the doctor's office to the courtroom. The focus of this installment is on prevention of malpractice actions for abandonment.</p>","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"14 10-11","pages":"28-9 concl"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21145813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A model for hypertension control in South Carolina.","authors":"F C Wheeler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"14 9","pages":"28-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21147365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regional implementation of the Connecticut high blood pressure program.","authors":"S L Benn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"14 9","pages":"27-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21147364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Community oriented blood pressure control in Kansas City.","authors":"C S Maddox","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"14 9","pages":"48-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21147367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Implementing high blood pressure control activities in South Carolina.","authors":"D M Shepard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"14 9","pages":"29, 34, 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21147366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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