Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0014
P. Kinney
Global climate change represents one of the sentinel changes the world is facing and that will threaten population health in this century. In the context of urban health, climate change threatens to increase urban heat island effects, to change exposure to pollution, and to increase urban residents’ risk of exposure to natural disasters, among other phenomena. And yet urban innovation is central to the longer term solution to climate change from the development of innovative approaches that reduce cities’ carbon footprint to initiatives that increase urban resilience in the face of climate change threats. This chapter discusses the threat that climate change poses for urban populations and potential approaches that can mitigate this challenge toward improving urban health.
{"title":"Climate Change and the Health of Urban Populations","authors":"P. Kinney","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Global climate change represents one of the sentinel changes the world is facing and that will threaten population health in this century. In the context of urban health, climate change threatens to increase urban heat island effects, to change exposure to pollution, and to increase urban residents’ risk of exposure to natural disasters, among other phenomena. And yet urban innovation is central to the longer term solution to climate change from the development of innovative approaches that reduce cities’ carbon footprint to initiatives that increase urban resilience in the face of climate change threats. This chapter discusses the threat that climate change poses for urban populations and potential approaches that can mitigate this challenge toward improving urban health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48199677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0030
A. Tsouros
The World Health Association Healthy Cities movement aims to engage municipal governments in a range of activities to generate health in cities, through political commitment, institutional change, capacity building, and innovative action for health, equity and sustainable development. At core, the movement aims to put health at the heart of social, economic, and cultural agendas of city government and has been at the forefront of a global move toward recognizing cities’ potential to transform themselves to improve their residents’ health. More than 100 cities are part of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network. This chapter discusses the vision behind, goals of, challenges faced by, and successes of the healthy cities movement, with an eye to lessons learned that can be applied more broadly to urban health.
{"title":"The Healthy Cities Movement","authors":"A. Tsouros","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Association Healthy Cities movement aims to engage municipal governments in a range of activities to generate health in cities, through political commitment, institutional change, capacity building, and innovative action for health, equity and sustainable development. At core, the movement aims to put health at the heart of social, economic, and cultural agendas of city government and has been at the forefront of a global move toward recognizing cities’ potential to transform themselves to improve their residents’ health. More than 100 cities are part of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network. This chapter discusses the vision behind, goals of, challenges faced by, and successes of the healthy cities movement, with an eye to lessons learned that can be applied more broadly to urban health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48707083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0032
B. Castrucci, Elizabeth Corcoran, Shelley L. Hearne, Katie Keith, Elizabeth Voyles, C. Patterson
The De Beaumont Foundation CityHealth project aims to provide city leaders in the United States with both an assessment of their communities and with a package of policy solutions that they can use to improve the health of populations in their cities. In so doing, CityHealth serves as a model for efforts to harness science for action toward improving health in cities. With three out of every five Americans living in cities, policy change in the nation’s most populous urban areas has the most tangible opportunity to impact people’s daily lives and health outcomes. This chapter discusses the goals of the CityHealth project and its successes and challenges, and identifies models that can improve urban health worldwide.
{"title":"CityHealth","authors":"B. Castrucci, Elizabeth Corcoran, Shelley L. Hearne, Katie Keith, Elizabeth Voyles, C. Patterson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0032","url":null,"abstract":"The De Beaumont Foundation CityHealth project aims to provide city leaders in the United States with both an assessment of their communities and with a package of policy solutions that they can use to improve the health of populations in their cities. In so doing, CityHealth serves as a model for efforts to harness science for action toward improving health in cities. With three out of every five Americans living in cities, policy change in the nation’s most populous urban areas has the most tangible opportunity to impact people’s daily lives and health outcomes. This chapter discusses the goals of the CityHealth project and its successes and challenges, and identifies models that can improve urban health worldwide.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46805490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0016
Monica L. Wang, Marisa Otis
The concentration of people in urban areas represents an enormous opportunity to create an environment that can promote healthy behavior and attendant population health. One of those opportunities is the provision of food to urban populations. While it is possible and in many respects feasible to optimize food in urban environments, in many urban areas this is far from the case. For example, urban food deserts are characterized by a paucity of healthy foods, encouraging unhealthy eating and attendant poor health. Commercial forces are often—but not necessarily—at odds with the goals of providing healthy foods in cities, further complicating the picture. This chapter discusses the opportunities inherent in providing healthy food to urban populations and the challenges inherent in such efforts.
{"title":"Improving Access to Healthy Food in Cities","authors":"Monica L. Wang, Marisa Otis","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The concentration of people in urban areas represents an enormous opportunity to create an environment that can promote healthy behavior and attendant population health. One of those opportunities is the provision of food to urban populations. While it is possible and in many respects feasible to optimize food in urban environments, in many urban areas this is far from the case. For example, urban food deserts are characterized by a paucity of healthy foods, encouraging unhealthy eating and attendant poor health. Commercial forces are often—but not necessarily—at odds with the goals of providing healthy foods in cities, further complicating the picture. This chapter discusses the opportunities inherent in providing healthy food to urban populations and the challenges inherent in such efforts.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45524143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0004
S. Basu
Poverty reduction approaches may improve health by addressing the most persistent and central correlate to morbidity and mortality: low income. There is substantial evidence that higher income is correlated to better health outcomes and lower income to worse health outcomes, often because material resources essential for health—nutritious food, safe housing, and the education to make healthy decisions—require adequate income. Hence, numerous actors—governments, international organizations, and community groups—have sought to reduce poverty as a strategy to improve health. This chapter reviews key historical lessons from efforts to reduce poverty and improve health worldwide.
{"title":"Reducing Poverty, Improving Health","authors":"S. Basu","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty reduction approaches may improve health by addressing the most persistent and central correlate to morbidity and mortality: low income. There is substantial evidence that higher income is correlated to better health outcomes and lower income to worse health outcomes, often because material resources essential for health—nutritious food, safe housing, and the education to make healthy decisions—require adequate income. Hence, numerous actors—governments, international organizations, and community groups—have sought to reduce poverty as a strategy to improve health. This chapter reviews key historical lessons from efforts to reduce poverty and improve health worldwide.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47395902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0005
R. Mehdipanah, Alexa Eisenberg, A. Schulz
Urban areas concentrate large numbers of people in a relatively small geographic area. This makes the provision of safe, affordable housing a sentinel urban challenge. In countries where the pace of urbanization is fastest, provision of suitable, affordable housing for millions has become one of the sentinel challenges for rapidly emerging economies. In more established urban areas in high-income countries, the provision of affordable housing is often a flash point of political discord. At the same time, innovations in housing are emerging, showing the way to sustainable urban living. This chapter discusses housing as a determinant of health in urban areas, including how housing represents both a challenge and an opportunity for cities.
{"title":"Housing","authors":"R. Mehdipanah, Alexa Eisenberg, A. Schulz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Urban areas concentrate large numbers of people in a relatively small geographic area. This makes the provision of safe, affordable housing a sentinel urban challenge. In countries where the pace of urbanization is fastest, provision of suitable, affordable housing for millions has become one of the sentinel challenges for rapidly emerging economies. In more established urban areas in high-income countries, the provision of affordable housing is often a flash point of political discord. At the same time, innovations in housing are emerging, showing the way to sustainable urban living. This chapter discusses housing as a determinant of health in urban areas, including how housing represents both a challenge and an opportunity for cities.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"79 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41282237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0029
B. Israel, A. Schulz, Chris M. Coombe, E. Parker, A. Reyes, Z. Rowe, R. Lichtenstein
The study of urban populations must be grounded in the realities of local communities. Much as many insights of urban health are generalizable to the health of cities worldwide, local knowledge both can and is necessary to guide action that can improve the health of urban populations. Community-based participatory research is an approach to research that has a particular role in both the study of urban communities and in developing interventions and policies that can improve the health of these populations. This chapter discusses the principles and strategies of community-based participatory research and how their applications can guide the study and practice of urban health towards achieving health equity.
{"title":"Community-Based Participatory Research","authors":"B. Israel, A. Schulz, Chris M. Coombe, E. Parker, A. Reyes, Z. Rowe, R. Lichtenstein","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0029","url":null,"abstract":"The study of urban populations must be grounded in the realities of local communities. Much as many insights of urban health are generalizable to the health of cities worldwide, local knowledge both can and is necessary to guide action that can improve the health of urban populations. Community-based participatory research is an approach to research that has a particular role in both the study of urban communities and in developing interventions and policies that can improve the health of these populations. This chapter discusses the principles and strategies of community-based participatory research and how their applications can guide the study and practice of urban health towards achieving health equity.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44214405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0028
R. Simkin, K. Seto
It is well established that local environmental conditions directly impact human health. As the world population and land surface both become increasingly urban, understanding the health consequences of urban land use–driven environmental change is critically important. Understanding these relationships is a necessary condition in planning urban development in ways that may be co-beneficial for both the environment and human health. Environmental influences on health include but are not limited to air pollution and asthma, access to green space and mental and physical health, and water pollution and water-borne diseases. However, it is not only the local environment that affects health; the regional and global environments also contribute to health outcomes. This chapter explores the interdependencies between regional and global environments and human health, using urban land use as an analytical lens.
{"title":"Urban Land Use and Health","authors":"R. Simkin, K. Seto","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0028","url":null,"abstract":"It is well established that local environmental conditions directly impact human health. As the world population and land surface both become increasingly urban, understanding the health consequences of urban land use–driven environmental change is critically important. Understanding these relationships is a necessary condition in planning urban development in ways that may be co-beneficial for both the environment and human health. Environmental influences on health include but are not limited to air pollution and asthma, access to green space and mental and physical health, and water pollution and water-borne diseases. However, it is not only the local environment that affects health; the regional and global environments also contribute to health outcomes. This chapter explores the interdependencies between regional and global environments and human health, using urban land use as an analytical lens.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43570033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0027
O. Gruebner, L. Mccay
The features of the urban built environment influence the daily activities and health behaviors of people living in cities. Thus, it is possible to design cities in ways that can reduce poor health and support the well-being of urban residents. Urban design is the framework that gives form and shape to the components of the urban physical environment, including streets, residences, retail outlets, and industrial facilities. In giving form to the urban physical environment an urban design perspective creates an opportunity to shape cities and, in so doing, to shape how cities influence the health of their populations. This chapter introduces an urban design perspective and offer examples of how an urban design lens can help us understand urban health to the end of improving the health of urban populations.
{"title":"Urban Design","authors":"O. Gruebner, L. Mccay","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"The features of the urban built environment influence the daily activities and health behaviors of people living in cities. Thus, it is possible to design cities in ways that can reduce poor health and support the well-being of urban residents. Urban design is the framework that gives form and shape to the components of the urban physical environment, including streets, residences, retail outlets, and industrial facilities. In giving form to the urban physical environment an urban design perspective creates an opportunity to shape cities and, in so doing, to shape how cities influence the health of their populations. This chapter introduces an urban design perspective and offer examples of how an urban design lens can help us understand urban health to the end of improving the health of urban populations.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43149908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0012
Renée Boynton-Jarrett
The urban environment is characterized by human-made spaces, by environments that are created to allow large numbers of people to coexist. These spaces literally shape where and how we play and work, representing an enormous opportunity for urban spaces to influence all aspects of our daily life—including our health. Although abundant urban areas have emerged over the past decades that disincentivize healthy living, innovation around the world is providing examples of approaches to urban design that generates healthy and safe places to play and work. This chapter provides a framework for thinking about the creation of urban spaces, about how the physical environment influences health, and how, to that end, we can create healthy physical environments to improve the health of urban populations.
{"title":"Healthy Places to Play, Learn, and Develop","authors":"Renée Boynton-Jarrett","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The urban environment is characterized by human-made spaces, by environments that are created to allow large numbers of people to coexist. These spaces literally shape where and how we play and work, representing an enormous opportunity for urban spaces to influence all aspects of our daily life—including our health. Although abundant urban areas have emerged over the past decades that disincentivize healthy living, innovation around the world is providing examples of approaches to urban design that generates healthy and safe places to play and work. This chapter provides a framework for thinking about the creation of urban spaces, about how the physical environment influences health, and how, to that end, we can create healthy physical environments to improve the health of urban populations.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47959435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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