Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0013
Jonathan M. Samet
Urban environments represent densely populated spaces characterized by people, built environments, and modes of transportation all in close proximity. Pollution as a by-product of these forces represents a substantial threat to the health of urban populations worldwide. Current World Health Organization estimates are that up to 7 million people die due to air pollution annually, with the vast majority of them in urban areas. Indoor and outdoor pollution to varying degrees in low- and high-income countries both represent threats to health in urban environments. This chapter discusses pollution as a challenge to urban health and the potential opportunities to improve population health represented by innovative approaches to minimize pollution in cities.
{"title":"Pollution","authors":"Jonathan M. Samet","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Urban environments represent densely populated spaces characterized by people, built environments, and modes of transportation all in close proximity. Pollution as a by-product of these forces represents a substantial threat to the health of urban populations worldwide. Current World Health Organization estimates are that up to 7 million people die due to air pollution annually, with the vast majority of them in urban areas. Indoor and outdoor pollution to varying degrees in low- and high-income countries both represent threats to health in urban environments. This chapter discusses pollution as a challenge to urban health and the potential opportunities to improve population health represented by innovative approaches to minimize pollution in cities.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42313892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0026
A. Rudolph
One of the distinguishing features of urban environments is the close proximity of their residents. There is ample evidence that our social networks influence how we think, feel, and behave and, through doing so, shape our health. Therefore, the challenge and opportunity for urban areas is how to foster social relationships and interactions that promote healthier behaviors, reduce the risk of disease transmission, and remove or serve as buffers against existing barriers to health service utilization. This chapter provides a theoretical framework for thinking about the role of social networks in public health and provides two examples how social network analysis has been used to better understand two major public health concerns in urban settings.
{"title":"Social Networks","authors":"A. Rudolph","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"One of the distinguishing features of urban environments is the close proximity of their residents. There is ample evidence that our social networks influence how we think, feel, and behave and, through doing so, shape our health. Therefore, the challenge and opportunity for urban areas is how to foster social relationships and interactions that promote healthier behaviors, reduce the risk of disease transmission, and remove or serve as buffers against existing barriers to health service utilization. This chapter provides a theoretical framework for thinking about the role of social networks in public health and provides two examples how social network analysis has been used to better understand two major public health concerns in urban settings.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42620573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0040
Jie Yin, J. Spengler
Green building design has emerged as a global force, with one green building standard reporting more than 3.5 billion square feet certified worldwide. Green buildings focus on reducing environmental impact through improved water storage, reducing environmental perturbation, and reducing energy usage. Although the environmental benefits of green building design are now well established, it is only more recently that the field has come to appreciate the health benefits of green building design. This chapter discusses the green building movement and the challenges and opportunities it represents, with lessons that can be learned and are generalizable to urban health scholarship and action worldwide.
{"title":"Going Biophilic","authors":"Jie Yin, J. Spengler","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Green building design has emerged as a global force, with one green building standard reporting more than 3.5 billion square feet certified worldwide. Green buildings focus on reducing environmental impact through improved water storage, reducing environmental perturbation, and reducing energy usage. Although the environmental benefits of green building design are now well established, it is only more recently that the field has come to appreciate the health benefits of green building design. This chapter discusses the green building movement and the challenges and opportunities it represents, with lessons that can be learned and are generalizable to urban health scholarship and action worldwide.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41911069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0036
A. Ezeh, B. Mberu
A project of the Africa Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System was set up to provide a platform to explore the linkages between urban poverty and health and to monitor and evaluate novel implementation programs that were developed with the study communities. In this chapter, the authors draw on nearly two decades of work by APHRC among slum populations in Nairobi, Kenya, to highlight the unique health challenges of slum populations and how these are changing. The chapter summarizes various efforts to improve health in Nairobi’s informal settlements since 2000 and discusses efforts in Nairobi to improve health in a large city in sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing lessons that have been learned in improving urban health worldwide.
{"title":"Case Studies in Urban Health","authors":"A. Ezeh, B. Mberu","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0036","url":null,"abstract":"A project of the Africa Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System was set up to provide a platform to explore the linkages between urban poverty and health and to monitor and evaluate novel implementation programs that were developed with the study communities. In this chapter, the authors draw on nearly two decades of work by APHRC among slum populations in Nairobi, Kenya, to highlight the unique health challenges of slum populations and how these are changing. The chapter summarizes various efforts to improve health in Nairobi’s informal settlements since 2000 and discusses efforts in Nairobi to improve health in a large city in sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing lessons that have been learned in improving urban health worldwide.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46823283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0037
W. Caiaffa, A. Friche
The Belo Horizonte Observatory for Urban Health is a partnership of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the Belo Horizonte Municipality. The Observatory is engaged in a wide range of studies in urban health, including projects that aim to reduce the emergence and reemergence of disease and to study the behavioral influences on health and the role of the social determinants of health. This chapter discusses the work of the Belo Horizonte Observatory, highlighting its core projects and the lessons learned that can inform urban health scholarship and action worldwide.
{"title":"Observatory for Urban Health in Belo Horizonte City","authors":"W. Caiaffa, A. Friche","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0037","url":null,"abstract":"The Belo Horizonte Observatory for Urban Health is a partnership of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the Belo Horizonte Municipality. The Observatory is engaged in a wide range of studies in urban health, including projects that aim to reduce the emergence and reemergence of disease and to study the behavioral influences on health and the role of the social determinants of health. This chapter discusses the work of the Belo Horizonte Observatory, highlighting its core projects and the lessons learned that can inform urban health scholarship and action worldwide.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44084170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0015
Matt Vogel, S. Messner
Urban areas in popular imagination are characterized by crime and challenges to safety. And yet this is often far from the truth. However, crime remains a real issue in some cities and is often a feature of social disorder in rapidly growing cities worldwide. Complicating how crime shapes the health of urban populations has been the role of criminal justice systems that have, time and again, overreacted to the threat of crime and implemented harsh punishment that disproportionately penalizes minority and marginalized populations. This chapter provides a framework that can help us think about crime and criminal justice in cities, discussing how we may improve criminal justice systems to ensure public safety while minimizing unwarranted harms while moving toward improving the health of urban populations.
{"title":"Crime and Criminal Justice in Cities","authors":"Matt Vogel, S. Messner","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Urban areas in popular imagination are characterized by crime and challenges to safety. And yet this is often far from the truth. However, crime remains a real issue in some cities and is often a feature of social disorder in rapidly growing cities worldwide. Complicating how crime shapes the health of urban populations has been the role of criminal justice systems that have, time and again, overreacted to the threat of crime and implemented harsh punishment that disproportionately penalizes minority and marginalized populations. This chapter provides a framework that can help us think about crime and criminal justice in cities, discussing how we may improve criminal justice systems to ensure public safety while minimizing unwarranted harms while moving toward improving the health of urban populations.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48975538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0010
S. Hermosilla, T. Rebello
The rapid growth of cities is attributable, in part, to substantial migration to cities from non-urban areas. As the economic potential of cities has grown, more and more people are drawn to urban environments, thus contributing to growing city size and to dynamic urban environments. And yet migration to urban areas is associated with its own challenges. Immigrant populations often face exclusion and challenges integrating in urban environments. In cities where a large influx of immigrants has changed the environment in a short period of time, social cohesion has been challenged, with attendant social divides. Migration results in population displacement and gentrification, each bringing its own challenges to health. This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges that migration presents to the health of urban residents.
{"title":"Migration","authors":"S. Hermosilla, T. Rebello","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of cities is attributable, in part, to substantial migration to cities from non-urban areas. As the economic potential of cities has grown, more and more people are drawn to urban environments, thus contributing to growing city size and to dynamic urban environments. And yet migration to urban areas is associated with its own challenges. Immigrant populations often face exclusion and challenges integrating in urban environments. In cities where a large influx of immigrants has changed the environment in a short period of time, social cohesion has been challenged, with attendant social divides. Migration results in population displacement and gentrification, each bringing its own challenges to health. This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges that migration presents to the health of urban residents.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48996533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0025
G. Guffanti
The urban environment is characterized by physical and social environments that are the causes of health. At the same time, the production of health ultimately rests on the embedding of health in human populations, on these social and physical environments “getting under the skin.” Cells-to-society approaches consider how features of context manifest, through biologically mediated processes, as health. This chapter explores how, in the face of rising urbanization on a global scale, cells-to-society approaches can help us understand the health of urban populations and open up novel areas of inquiry about how we may create better cities to produce population health.
{"title":"Cells-to-Society Approaches","authors":"G. Guffanti","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"The urban environment is characterized by physical and social environments that are the causes of health. At the same time, the production of health ultimately rests on the embedding of health in human populations, on these social and physical environments “getting under the skin.” Cells-to-society approaches consider how features of context manifest, through biologically mediated processes, as health. This chapter explores how, in the face of rising urbanization on a global scale, cells-to-society approaches can help us understand the health of urban populations and open up novel areas of inquiry about how we may create better cities to produce population health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61546046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0008
S. Suglia
A life course approach posits that early experiences are deeply influential on our later behaviors and characteristics, including our health. This puts a particular premium on thinking about early life as a determinant of the health of populations. The urban environment is a particular environment for children and adolescents, creating tremendous opportunities for exposure to diverse populations and cultural experiences that can be enriching and a complement to an effective formal education. However, urban environments also present challenges to young people, ranging from safety in the face of multiple environmental exposures to limitations many young people may have in accessing salutary resources. This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges that urban environments represent for childhood and adolescence and how optimizing urban environments to promote healthy childhood and adolescence can make critical contributions to the health of urban populations.
{"title":"Children and Adolescents in Cities","authors":"S. Suglia","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"A life course approach posits that early experiences are deeply influential on our later behaviors and characteristics, including our health. This puts a particular premium on thinking about early life as a determinant of the health of populations. The urban environment is a particular environment for children and adolescents, creating tremendous opportunities for exposure to diverse populations and cultural experiences that can be enriching and a complement to an effective formal education. However, urban environments also present challenges to young people, ranging from safety in the face of multiple environmental exposures to limitations many young people may have in accessing salutary resources. This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges that urban environments represent for childhood and adolescence and how optimizing urban environments to promote healthy childhood and adolescence can make critical contributions to the health of urban populations.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46335938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0011
Jennifer Karas Montez, Amy Ellen Schwartz
There is little question that education is a core determinant of the health of populations. In the context of urban environments, where more people are now concentrated than ever before, the provision of effective education represents both an opportunity to create an informed and healthy population and a challenge to provide education for all urban residents without leaving large segments of the population behind. In many high-income countries, the provision of quality education for all in cities has been challenging, with cycles of poor education perpetuating growing class divides. Provision of effective education in rapidly growing low-income country urban areas is very much a challenge of our current moment. This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities inherent in providing education in urban areas and the implications these have for urban health.
{"title":"Education","authors":"Jennifer Karas Montez, Amy Ellen Schwartz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"There is little question that education is a core determinant of the health of populations. In the context of urban environments, where more people are now concentrated than ever before, the provision of effective education represents both an opportunity to create an informed and healthy population and a challenge to provide education for all urban residents without leaving large segments of the population behind. In many high-income countries, the provision of quality education for all in cities has been challenging, with cycles of poor education perpetuating growing class divides. Provision of effective education in rapidly growing low-income country urban areas is very much a challenge of our current moment. This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities inherent in providing education in urban areas and the implications these have for urban health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48434432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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