Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0035
Jason Corburn, Joseph Griffin
Richmond, California, has been a pioneer in developing neighborhood-based, built environment interventions that aim to improve multiple determinants of health and reduce health inequalities for its diverse urban population. Projects such as the renovation of Pogo Park and the development of the RYSE commons have involved community participation, with the ultimate aim of developing healthy urban spaces. In many ways, Richmond has led the way on healthy urban planning and policy that is responsive to community needs. This chapter discusses the work being conducted in Richmond, highlighting challenges and opportunities for lessons that can inform urban health efforts worldwide.
{"title":"Richmond, California","authors":"Jason Corburn, Joseph Griffin","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Richmond, California, has been a pioneer in developing neighborhood-based, built environment interventions that aim to improve multiple determinants of health and reduce health inequalities for its diverse urban population. Projects such as the renovation of Pogo Park and the development of the RYSE commons have involved community participation, with the ultimate aim of developing healthy urban spaces. In many ways, Richmond has led the way on healthy urban planning and policy that is responsive to community needs. This chapter discusses the work being conducted in Richmond, highlighting challenges and opportunities for lessons that can inform urban health efforts worldwide.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44445211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0021
H. Pineo, N. Zimmermann, Mike Davies
Cities ultimately are human-made environments. It is this very feature of cities that makes them an appealing target for population health inquiry. That they have been created means that they can also be modified and improved to the end of improving the health of their resident populations. Urban planning is concerned with the development and use of land in urban environments and, in this context, can play a central role in how we may think about optimizing urban environments to improve health. This chapter introduces an urban planning perspective on urban health, discussing how a formal urban planning framework can improve our understanding of the health of urban populations.
{"title":"Urban Planning","authors":"H. Pineo, N. Zimmermann, Mike Davies","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Cities ultimately are human-made environments. It is this very feature of cities that makes them an appealing target for population health inquiry. That they have been created means that they can also be modified and improved to the end of improving the health of their resident populations. Urban planning is concerned with the development and use of land in urban environments and, in this context, can play a central role in how we may think about optimizing urban environments to improve health. This chapter introduces an urban planning perspective on urban health, discussing how a formal urban planning framework can improve our understanding of the health of urban populations.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45377082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0001
S. Galea, Catherine K. Ettman, D. Vlahov
Most people in the world live in cities and the trend toward urban living is only going to accelerate in coming decades. Features of cities represent in many ways the only truly ubiquitous population exposure, a set of “causes of causes” that are shared by most people in the world. At the same time, cities are often misunderstood, and there is confusion about what exactly is a “city” worldwide. Cities include both the urban core and the suburban areas where most people live. This chapter introduces the reader to what cities are, presenting the demographic data that can ground the subsequent discussion of how features of cities affect health.
{"title":"The Present and Future of Cities","authors":"S. Galea, Catherine K. Ettman, D. Vlahov","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Most people in the world live in cities and the trend toward urban living is only going to accelerate in coming decades. Features of cities represent in many ways the only truly ubiquitous population exposure, a set of “causes of causes” that are shared by most people in the world. At the same time, cities are often misunderstood, and there is confusion about what exactly is a “city” worldwide. Cities include both the urban core and the suburban areas where most people live. This chapter introduces the reader to what cities are, presenting the demographic data that can ground the subsequent discussion of how features of cities affect health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45941659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0038
B. Hall, T. I. Leong, Wen Chen
Urbanization in China in the past 20 years has been happening at an unprecedented scale, with little comparison anywhere else worldwide. Cities like Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, have grown more than 300-fold in the past 30 years. This growth has come with remarkable gains in health, but also is accompanied by particular challenges, both those typical of large cities anywhere and those challenges specifically presented by rapid growth in East Asia. This chapter discusses urbanization in China, drawing lessons that illuminate the particularities of what has transpired in China and that also have generalizable implications for urban health worldwide.
{"title":"Rapid Urbanization in China","authors":"B. Hall, T. I. Leong, Wen Chen","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0038","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization in China in the past 20 years has been happening at an unprecedented scale, with little comparison anywhere else worldwide. Cities like Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, have grown more than 300-fold in the past 30 years. This growth has come with remarkable gains in health, but also is accompanied by particular challenges, both those typical of large cities anywhere and those challenges specifically presented by rapid growth in East Asia. This chapter discusses urbanization in China, drawing lessons that illuminate the particularities of what has transpired in China and that also have generalizable implications for urban health worldwide.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42711825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0017
J. Shultz
The number of people affected by disasters worldwide has been increasing over the past 20 years. This increase is driven by two forces: urbanization and global environmental climate change. As more people are living in cities, and many of those cities are close to water, environmental changes are exposing cities to ever more risk. This necessitates innovative urban responses to anticipate potential disaster risk, engaging elements of cities’ physical and social environment to promote resilience. This chapter considers the features of cities that pose risks to disaster stressors and the efforts to build urban resilience that can mitigate some of these risks.
{"title":"Disasters","authors":"J. Shultz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The number of people affected by disasters worldwide has been increasing over the past 20 years. This increase is driven by two forces: urbanization and global environmental climate change. As more people are living in cities, and many of those cities are close to water, environmental changes are exposing cities to ever more risk. This necessitates innovative urban responses to anticipate potential disaster risk, engaging elements of cities’ physical and social environment to promote resilience. This chapter considers the features of cities that pose risks to disaster stressors and the efforts to build urban resilience that can mitigate some of these risks.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42118598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0042
A. Tsouros
City leaders have the power and the means to make a significant difference in the health and well-being of their people. This chapter explores and discusses the context, the potential, and the critical preconditions for city leadership for health in the twenty-first century. Leadership encompasses a variety of qualities, skills, and styles and can be addressed from many perspectives. The focus here in this chapter is mainly on four aspects of city leadership: political leadership, leadership for change and innovation, value-based leadership, and capacity for effective leadership and governance for health.
{"title":"City Leadership for Health, Equity, and Sustainable Development","authors":"A. Tsouros","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"City leaders have the power and the means to make a significant difference in the health and well-being of their people. This chapter explores and discusses the context, the potential, and the critical preconditions for city leadership for health in the twenty-first century. Leadership encompasses a variety of qualities, skills, and styles and can be addressed from many perspectives. The focus here in this chapter is mainly on four aspects of city leadership: political leadership, leadership for change and innovation, value-based leadership, and capacity for effective leadership and governance for health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42190735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0007
K. Cagney
Perhaps the two most important demographic shifts in the world today are urbanization and population aging. More than half the world’s population is now living in cities, and there are more people over the age of 65 than under the age of 5 worldwide. This is an enormous demographic shift and will lead to a world greatly changed from that of a mere 50 years ago. Aging populations in cities represent a tremendous opportunity to harness human capital on a previously unimaginable scale, but, conversely, may lead to challenges to ensure that services are available to meet the needs and wants of these populations. The health of aging populations is rapidly emerging as one of the central urban health issues of the coming decades. This chapter discusses changing age demographics in cities worldwide and accompanying challenges and opportunities for urban health.
{"title":"Aging Populations","authors":"K. Cagney","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Perhaps the two most important demographic shifts in the world today are urbanization and population aging. More than half the world’s population is now living in cities, and there are more people over the age of 65 than under the age of 5 worldwide. This is an enormous demographic shift and will lead to a world greatly changed from that of a mere 50 years ago. Aging populations in cities represent a tremendous opportunity to harness human capital on a previously unimaginable scale, but, conversely, may lead to challenges to ensure that services are available to meet the needs and wants of these populations. The health of aging populations is rapidly emerging as one of the central urban health issues of the coming decades. This chapter discusses changing age demographics in cities worldwide and accompanying challenges and opportunities for urban health.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49173710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0039
D. Siscovick, Mandu Sen, C. Jones
As one of the world’s largest and most diverse metropolitan areas, New York City has also been a leader in thinking about how to promote health by improving physical structures, social conditions, and the natural environment. It is also the home of an independent, nonprofit, civic institution, the Regional Plan Association (RPA), that has worked to improve the prosperity, sustainability, and quality of life in the NYC metropolitan region for the past 90 years. In this case study, the authors tells the story of how the RPA reconnected health and equity with planning in the Fourth Regional Plan for Metropolitan New York. The chapter also discusses the strengths and limitations, the lessons learned, and the challenges related to implementation of the Plan.
{"title":"Regional Planning for Health","authors":"D. Siscovick, Mandu Sen, C. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0039","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the world’s largest and most diverse metropolitan areas, New York City has also been a leader in thinking about how to promote health by improving physical structures, social conditions, and the natural environment. It is also the home of an independent, nonprofit, civic institution, the Regional Plan Association (RPA), that has worked to improve the prosperity, sustainability, and quality of life in the NYC metropolitan region for the past 90 years. In this case study, the authors tells the story of how the RPA reconnected health and equity with planning in the Fourth Regional Plan for Metropolitan New York. The chapter also discusses the strengths and limitations, the lessons learned, and the challenges related to implementation of the Plan.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41606850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0018
R. Rodger
Historical perspectives on urban health focus mainly on the production of public health, on strategies and policies deployed by towns and cities that are authorized to act for the common good. This chapter gives a largely chronological perspective on public health developments, from medieval to early modern, and then to a consideration of the major shifts in public health that occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although in this chapter most attention is devoted to European trends, the colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia ensured networks of knowledge that were, by contemporary standards, quite quickly disseminated, though locally taken up at very variable rates. The historical study of public health is, therefore, an inherently worldwide one, with the important qualification that the pace of change and uptake of ideas was uneven.
{"title":"Urban Public HealthA Historical Perspective","authors":"R. Rodger","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190915858.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Historical perspectives on urban health focus mainly on the production of public health, on strategies and policies deployed by towns and cities that are authorized to act for the common good. This chapter gives a largely chronological perspective on public health developments, from medieval to early modern, and then to a consideration of the major shifts in public health that occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although in this chapter most attention is devoted to European trends, the colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia ensured networks of knowledge that were, by contemporary standards, quite quickly disseminated, though locally taken up at very variable rates. The historical study of public health is, therefore, an inherently worldwide one, with the important qualification that the pace of change and uptake of ideas was uneven.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42323275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0020
Lei Jin, C. Ye, E. Fong
Sociology is perhaps best seen classically as the study of the development, structure, and function of human societies, and sociologists have long been interested in urbanization and the ways in which urban living influences people’s health and well-being. These interests intersect with other core sociological concerns, such as socioeconomic inequality, racial and ethnic relations, migration, social cohesion, and social control to inform unique sociological perspectives on urban health. Urban environments, bringing together heterogeneous populations in dynamic, rapidly evolving settings, are natural laboratories for understanding human societies, thus suggesting a critical role for sociological perspectives in the study of urban health. This chapter introduces a sociological lens to the study of urban health, offering how sociology can advance our understanding of the health of urban populations.
{"title":"Sociology","authors":"Lei Jin, C. Ye, E. Fong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915858.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Sociology is perhaps best seen classically as the study of the development, structure, and function of human societies, and sociologists have long been interested in urbanization and the ways in which urban living influences people’s health and well-being. These interests intersect with other core sociological concerns, such as socioeconomic inequality, racial and ethnic relations, migration, social cohesion, and social control to inform unique sociological perspectives on urban health. Urban environments, bringing together heterogeneous populations in dynamic, rapidly evolving settings, are natural laboratories for understanding human societies, thus suggesting a critical role for sociological perspectives in the study of urban health. This chapter introduces a sociological lens to the study of urban health, offering how sociology can advance our understanding of the health of urban populations.","PeriodicalId":76783,"journal":{"name":"Urban health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48184703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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