首页 > 最新文献

American Journal of Botany最新文献

英文 中文
Plastomic studies inform the mechanisms of edaphic adaptation in North American species in the tribe Thelypodieae (Brassicaceae) 塑性研究告知在部落的北美物种的土壤适应机制,thelypodiae(芸苔科)。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70071
Kasuni C. Daundasekara, Elyssa R. Garza, Alan E. Pepper

Premise

Adaptation to edaphic environments is vital for plant survival. The tribe Thelypodieae (Brassicaceae) thrives in diverse edaphic conditions, including harsh serpentine soils. A robust phylogeny is essential to understanding the edaphic evolution in this tribe but is challenging to obtain due to incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, and gene duplication. This study uses organellar and nuclear genome analyses to provide new phylogenetic insights into Thelypodieae, supporting future research on edaphic adaptation.

Methods

We conducted phylogenomic analyses of 28 representative species within the tribe Thelypodieae from western North America and reconstructed phylogenies using plastid, mitochondrial, and selected nuclear loci. Additionally, using the maximum likelihood method CodeML, we identified potential targets of positive selection within the plastid genome.

Results

We obtained a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of the representative species using the complete organellar genomes. Incongruence between organellar and nuclear phylogenies uncovered a history of hybridization within this group. The time-calibrated evolutionary model indicates that Thelypodieae evolved through hybridization and adaptive radiation, driven by climatic and topographic changes since the Miocene. Through comparisons of plastid genomes, we identified specific plastid genes (atpB, ndhC, ndhF, cemA, rps3, rbcL, ycf2, clp1, and matK) that displayed evidence of adaptive evolution, potentially in response to edaphic and climatic challenges.

Conclusions

Through a multigenomic approach, we obtained novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics and adaptive mechanisms in the tribe Thelypodieae that contribute to a clearer understanding of the mechanisms of evolution in a clade of plants that shows adaptation to a range of environments.

前提:适应土壤环境对植物的生存至关重要。苔科(Brassicaceae)部落在不同的土壤条件下茁壮成长,包括恶劣的蛇形土壤。一个健全的系统发育对了解这个部落的土壤进化是必不可少的,但由于不完整的谱系分类、杂交和基因复制,很难获得。本研究通过细胞器基因组和核基因组分析,为线虫科提供了新的系统发育视角,为未来的土壤适应研究提供了支持。方法:对来自北美西部的28个代表性物种进行系统发育分析,并利用质体、线粒体和选定的核位点重建系统发育。此外,利用最大似然方法CodeML,我们确定了质体基因组中正选择的潜在目标。结果:我们利用完整的细胞器基因组获得了一个很好的解决了代表性物种的系统发育树。细胞器和核系统发育之间的不一致揭示了这一群体的杂交历史。时间校准的进化模型表明,在中新世以来气候和地形变化的驱动下,龙足科通过杂交和适应性辐射进化。通过质体基因组的比较,我们确定了特定的质体基因(atpB、ndhC、ndhF、cemA、rps3、rbcL、ycf2、clp1和matK),这些基因显示出适应性进化的证据,可能是为了应对地理和气候挑战。结论:通过多基因组方法,我们获得了Thelypodieae部落进化动力学和适应机制的新见解,有助于更清楚地了解植物进化机制,显示对一系列环境的适应。
{"title":"Plastomic studies inform the mechanisms of edaphic adaptation in North American species in the tribe Thelypodieae (Brassicaceae)","authors":"Kasuni C. Daundasekara,&nbsp;Elyssa R. Garza,&nbsp;Alan E. Pepper","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adaptation to edaphic environments is vital for plant survival. The tribe Thelypodieae (Brassicaceae) thrives in diverse edaphic conditions, including harsh serpentine soils. A robust phylogeny is essential to understanding the edaphic evolution in this tribe but is challenging to obtain due to incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, and gene duplication. This study uses organellar and nuclear genome analyses to provide new phylogenetic insights into Thelypodieae, supporting future research on edaphic adaptation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted phylogenomic analyses of 28 representative species within the tribe Thelypodieae from western North America and reconstructed phylogenies using plastid, mitochondrial, and selected nuclear loci. Additionally, using the maximum likelihood method CodeML, we identified potential targets of positive selection within the plastid genome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We obtained a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of the representative species using the complete organellar genomes. Incongruence between organellar and nuclear phylogenies uncovered a history of hybridization within this group. The time-calibrated evolutionary model indicates that Thelypodieae evolved through hybridization and adaptive radiation, driven by climatic and topographic changes since the Miocene. Through comparisons of plastid genomes, we identified specific plastid genes (<i>atpB</i>, <i>ndhC</i>, <i>ndhF</i>, <i>cemA</i>, <i>rps3</i>, <i>rbcL</i>, <i>ycf2</i>, <i>clp1</i>, and <i>matK</i>) that displayed evidence of adaptive evolution, potentially in response to edaphic and climatic challenges.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Through a multigenomic approach, we obtained novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics and adaptive mechanisms in the tribe Thelypodieae that contribute to a clearer understanding of the mechanisms of evolution in a clade of plants that shows adaptation to a range of environments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Toward a macroevolutionary understanding of live-leaf flammability in plant species of fire-prone forests 对易火森林植物物种活叶可燃性的宏观进化理解。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70073
Brad R. Murray, Lyndle K. Hardstaff, Megan L. Murray, Zoe A. Xirocostas

Premise

The flammability of live leaves in canopies varies considerably among plant species. Identifying macroevolutionary processes that shape variation in leaf flammability contributes to an understanding of the phylogenetic underpinnings of wildfire dynamics.

Methods

We used a phylogenetic comparative approach to examine the macroevolution of live-leaf flammability in 75 plant species of fire-prone dry sclerophyll forests in eastern Australia. We estimated phylogenetic signal in leaf flammability, fitted a series of evolutionary models to test macroevolutionary hypotheses about leaf flammability, and assessed evolutionary correlations between leaf flammability and leaf water content (LWC), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf area (LA), plant growth form, and fire response strategy.

Results

We detected weak phylogenetic signal, indicating that leaf flammability exhibited greater variation among closely related species than would be expected under phylogenetic conservatism. The evolution of leaf flammability was equally well described by an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model and a Pagel's δ model, implying weak stabilizing selection and an acceleration in leaf flammability evolution over time. We found significant evolutionary correlations such that high leaf flammability was related to low LWC, low LMA, and large LA.

Conclusions

Our results show that live-leaf flammability is an evolutionarily labile trait in plant species of fire-prone forests. We suggest that the evolution of the three leaf traits in response to prevailing environmental conditions (such as LWC to water availability, LA to light capture, and LMA to herbivore defence) provide antagonistic selective forces that produce a macroevolutionary pattern of weak stabilising selection on leaf flammability.

前提:树冠活叶的可燃性在不同的植物物种之间差别很大。确定塑造叶片可燃性变化的宏观进化过程有助于理解野火动力学的系统发育基础。方法:采用系统发育比较的方法,研究了澳大利亚东部75种易发生火灾的干硬叶林植物的活叶可燃性的宏观进化。我们估计了叶片可燃性的系统发育信号,拟合了一系列进化模型来验证关于叶片可燃性的宏观进化假设,并评估了叶片可燃性与叶片含水量(LWC)、叶面积质量(LMA)、叶面积(LA)、植物生长形态和火灾响应策略之间的进化相关性。结果:我们检测到微弱的系统发育信号,表明叶片可燃性在密切相关的物种之间表现出比系统发育保守性预期的更大的差异。Ornstein-Uhlenbeck模型和Pagel的δ模型同样很好地描述了叶片可燃性的进化,这意味着随着时间的推移,叶片可燃性的进化是弱稳定选择和加速的。我们发现了显著的进化相关性,如高叶片可燃性与低LWC、低LMA和大LA相关。结论:我们的研究结果表明,活叶可燃性是易火森林植物物种的一种进化不稳定性状。我们认为,三种叶片性状的进化响应于当时的环境条件(如LWC对水分供应的响应,LA对光捕获的响应,LMA对食草动物防御的响应)提供了拮抗选择力,产生了叶片可燃性弱稳定选择的宏观进化模式。
{"title":"Toward a macroevolutionary understanding of live-leaf flammability in plant species of fire-prone forests","authors":"Brad R. Murray,&nbsp;Lyndle K. Hardstaff,&nbsp;Megan L. Murray,&nbsp;Zoe A. Xirocostas","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70073","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The flammability of live leaves in canopies varies considerably among plant species. Identifying macroevolutionary processes that shape variation in leaf flammability contributes to an understanding of the phylogenetic underpinnings of wildfire dynamics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used a phylogenetic comparative approach to examine the macroevolution of live-leaf flammability in 75 plant species of fire-prone dry sclerophyll forests in eastern Australia. We estimated phylogenetic signal in leaf flammability, fitted a series of evolutionary models to test macroevolutionary hypotheses about leaf flammability, and assessed evolutionary correlations between leaf flammability and leaf water content (LWC), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf area (LA), plant growth form, and fire response strategy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We detected weak phylogenetic signal, indicating that leaf flammability exhibited greater variation among closely related species than would be expected under phylogenetic conservatism. The evolution of leaf flammability was equally well described by an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model and a Pagel's δ model, implying weak stabilizing selection and an acceleration in leaf flammability evolution over time. We found significant evolutionary correlations such that high leaf flammability was related to low LWC, low LMA, and large LA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results show that live-leaf flammability is an evolutionarily labile trait in plant species of fire-prone forests. We suggest that the evolution of the three leaf traits in response to prevailing environmental conditions (such as LWC to water availability, LA to light capture, and LMA to herbivore defence) provide antagonistic selective forces that produce a macroevolutionary pattern of weak stabilising selection on leaf flammability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When numbers matter: Rethinking the role of gene duplication on short evolutionary timescales 当数量起作用时:重新思考基因复制在短进化时间尺度上的作用。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70072
Freja Lindstedt, Qiujie Zhou, Pascal Milesi

The potential roles of genomic structural variations (SVs) in the control of phenotypic traits and in evolution were suggested as early as the 20th century. However, they were then overshadowed by the emphasis put on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Recently, SVs have received renewed attention in evolutionary research due to advancements in sequencing technologies and analytical methods.

At the macroevolutionary scale, plant genomes tend to evolve faster than those of other eukaryotes, due to the prevalence of whole genome duplication events (Wendel et al., 2016). Unlike other types of structural variants, such as inversions, copy number variations (CNVs) result from unbalanced mutations that affect the dosage, or amount, of a DNA sequence. When genes are involved, the number of copies of a gene varies from one individual to another. In plants, gene copy number variations (gCNVs) are likely to be abundant due to events such as mating system shifts (the efficacy of purifying selection is reduced in selfing species), hybridization and subsequent genome rearrangements, and whole genome duplications followed by biased retention (Panchy et al., 2016; Wendel et al., 2016; Van de Peer et al., 2017). For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) 10 to 18% of all genes display CNVs (Zmienko et al., 2020; Jaegle et al., 2023). In the genus Picea Mill. (Pinaceae), at least 10% of the protein-coding genes display CNVs (P. abies (L.) H. Karst and P. obovata Ledeb., Q. Zhou et al., 2025; and P. glauca (Moench) Voss and P. mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg, Prunier et al., 2017).

Gene duplications have primarily been studied for their roles in long-term evolution. However, a change in gene dosage usually results in a change in the amount of gene products, such as RNA or proteins (e.g., Shao et al., 2019). Therefore, gCNVs have a unique, multiallelic, and quantitative nature. Fully apprehending their role in short-term evolutionary processes requires studying them as quantitative genotypes rather than in a presence/absence (or biallelic) manner, as is most often done (Figure 1, top panel). Unlike SNPs, the accuracy and resolution of gCNV genotyping are usually dependent on the platform used. From short-read sequencing data, one can use biased allelic ratios (Figure 2A) and changes in the depth of coverage (DoC) caused by the mis-mapping of reads from duplicated regions to the same locus in the reference genome to identify CNVs (Figure 2). However, short reads often fail to capture the underlying genetic structure of gCNVs, and changes in DoC can only be interpreted as relative copy numbers across homologous chromosomes (Figure 1, middle panel). Long-read sequencing is a promising alternative that allows for the phasing of the various alleles to obtain

早在20世纪就提出了基因组结构变异(SVs)在表型性状控制和进化中的潜在作用。然而,它们后来被对单核苷酸多态性(snp)的重视所掩盖。近年来,由于测序技术和分析方法的进步,sv在进化研究中得到了新的关注。在宏观进化尺度上,由于全基因组复制事件的普遍存在,植物基因组往往比其他真核生物进化得更快(Wendel et al., 2016)。与其他类型的结构变异(如倒位)不同,拷贝数变异(CNVs)是由影响DNA序列剂量或数量的不平衡突变引起的。当涉及到基因时,一个基因的拷贝数会因个体而异。在植物中,基因拷贝数变异(gCNVs)可能由于交配系统转移(自交物种的净化选择效率降低)、杂交和随后的基因组重排以及全基因组复制后的偏保留等事件而丰富(Panchy等人,2016;Wendel et al., 2016;Van de Peer et al., 2017)。例如,拟南芥(L.)Heynh。(十字花科)10 - 18%的基因显示CNVs (Zmienko et al., 2020;Jaegle et al., 2023)。属于云杉属。(松科),至少10%的蛋白质编码基因显示CNVs (P. abies (L.))。H. Karst和P. obovata Ledeb。,周琦等,2025;P. glauca (Moench) Voss和P. mariana (Mill)。布里顿,斯特恩斯&;Poggenburg, Prunier et al., 2017)。基因复制主要是研究它们在长期进化中的作用。然而,基因剂量的变化通常会导致基因产物(如RNA或蛋白质)数量的变化(例如Shao et al., 2019)。因此,gCNVs具有独特的、多等位基因的和定量的性质。要充分理解它们在短期进化过程中的作用,就需要将它们作为定量基因型进行研究,而不是像大多数情况那样以存在/不存在(或双等位基因)的方式进行研究(图1,顶部)。与snp不同,gCNV基因分型的准确性和分辨率通常取决于所使用的平台。从短读测序数据中,可以使用偏置等位基因比率(图2A)和由重复区域的reads错误定位到参考基因组中相同位点引起的覆盖深度(DoC)变化来鉴定CNVs(图2)。然而,短读取通常无法捕获gcnv的潜在遗传结构,并且DoC的变化只能解释为同源染色体之间的相对拷贝数(图1,中间面板)。长读测序是一种很有前途的替代方法,它允许对各种等位基因进行分相以获得绝对拷贝数(见图1,底部面板)。然而,长读数据在组装重复区域时仍然可能存在偏差(Carvalho et al., 2025[预印本]),它们对计算的要求更高,并且对于广泛的种群水平基因组学研究来说可能过于昂贵。尽管如此,测序技术和CNV分析方法的不断进步为更广泛地关注gcnv的研究打开了大门,即使在非模式物种中也是如此(Karunarathne et al., 2023)。在接下来的章节中,我们认识到gCNVs是一个很大程度上尚未开发的遗传变异来源,并探索它们在研究植物短期进化方面的潜力。我们还讨论了将这种类型的多态性纳入群体和定量基因组框架的主要挑战,以及植物作为一个研究系统如何提供解决这些问题的机会。尽管所有证据都表明gCNVs是多态性的一个不可忽视的来源,但仍不清楚它们在多大程度上可以用于解决进化生物学中的广泛问题,例如更好地推断过去的人口统计事件或改进种群对保护策略的全球变化反应的预测。这在一定程度上是由于难以估计关键的进化参数,这在很大程度上阻碍了它们在群体和定量遗传模型中的使用(m<s:1> et al., 2020)。基因拷贝数变异更可能通过低拷贝重复机制发生(例如,非等位基因同源重组)。因此,gcnv起源处的重复可能跨越多个基因(如图2所示),从而影响表观基因重复率,据估计,表观基因重复率高于替代率(Katju和Bergthorsson, 2013)。gCNVs的存在在突触过程中诱导错配,可能源于不同的分子机制(Hastings et al., 2009)。因此,就拷贝数变化而言,不同位点和机制的突变率是可变的。此外,可能存在拷贝数增益和丢失的不对称率,以及状态依赖的突变率,其中拷贝数的变化率随实际拷贝数而变化。 基因拷贝数的变化可以影响重组和分离的模式。因此,用于研究微卫星或基因家族进化的模型,如逐步突变模型(SMM)和出生-死亡模型,并不能准确预测gCNV的进化。然而,当应用于足够数量的gcnv时,这些模型可以产生相关的多样性汇总统计,以避免基因特异性偏差。例如,等位基因大小方差(Valdes et al., 1993)和基于相对拷贝数的Goldstein’s δμ²(Goldstein et al., 1995)以及基于绝对拷贝数的CNV熵(类似于Shannon’s多样性指数)和RST (Slatkin, 1995)分别可用于测量gcnv的种群内多样性和种群间差异。将这些估计值与中性snp(例如核苷酸多样性和FST)的估计值进行比较,也将告诉我们gcnv适应度效应的全球分布。对于结构变异,通常认为它们的表型和适合度效应与它们的大小有关。对于gCNVs来说,这意味着两者都可能随着拷贝数的增加而增加,因此表观拷贝数可能是高突变率和大适应度效应之间权衡的结果。植物基因组进化的高度动态性使它们成为解决与gCNVs相关的知识空白的优秀模型,有1400个可用的参考基因组(Bernal-Gallardo和de Folter, 2024)。例如,在所有植物谱系中,十字花科植物家族现在包含的基因组和转录组序列数量最多,这允许进行广泛的比较研究,以解决上述一些挑战,并将gCNVs的一般特性与物种特异性效应分开。有几个属与不同交配系统(自交和异交)密切相关的物种,这可以用来研究影响gcnv进化的主要进化力量,同时控制系统发育关系,就像之前对RNA表达所做的那样(例如,Zhang等人,2022)。倍性的变化也可以用来研究突变和重组率,通过比较自多倍体亚基因组之间的gcnv模式,因为亚基因组之间的任何差异都是在多倍体事件后获得的。此外,可以通过实验产生种间杂交和重新合成的多倍体,许多植物是功能基因组学的模式物种(Bernal-Gallardo and de Folter, 2024)。利用自然和合成资源,加上最先进的测序和基因编辑技术,将允许直接测量,例如,gcnv的表型和适应度效应。尽管存在上述局限性,但gcnv的多等位基因和数量特性使其成为数量遗传学的优秀标记,因为在许多情况下,性状的表型值和因果gcnv的拷贝数显示出数量关系,从而可以直接进行基因型到表型的定位。gCNVs在植物基因组中的普遍存在,使其成为控制数量性状和适应环境梯度的天然候选者。森林树木是研究这些问题的特别相关的模型,因为它们通常具有广泛的分布范围,种群通过远距离基因流联系在一起,并表现出强烈的本地适应模式(Savolainen et al., 2013)。在最近的一项研究中,我们发现gCNVs广泛存在于云杉(Picea abies)(挪威云杉)和云杉(Picea obovata)(西伯利亚云杉)这两个欧亚北方森林的关键物种中,并参与了当地适应(Zhou et al., 2025)。重要的是,我们
{"title":"When numbers matter: Rethinking the role of gene duplication on short evolutionary timescales","authors":"Freja Lindstedt,&nbsp;Qiujie Zhou,&nbsp;Pascal Milesi","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The potential roles of genomic structural variations (SVs) in the control of phenotypic traits and in evolution were suggested as early as the 20th century. However, they were then overshadowed by the emphasis put on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Recently, SVs have received renewed attention in evolutionary research due to advancements in sequencing technologies and analytical methods.</p><p>At the macroevolutionary scale, plant genomes tend to evolve faster than those of other eukaryotes, due to the prevalence of whole genome duplication events (Wendel et al., <span>2016</span>). Unlike other types of structural variants, such as inversions, copy number variations (CNVs) result from unbalanced mutations that affect the dosage, or amount, of a DNA sequence. When genes are involved, the number of copies of a gene varies from one individual to another. In plants, gene copy number variations (gCNVs) are likely to be abundant due to events such as mating system shifts (the efficacy of purifying selection is reduced in selfing species), hybridization and subsequent genome rearrangements, and whole genome duplications followed by biased retention (Panchy et al., <span>2016</span>; Wendel et al., <span>2016</span>; Van de Peer et al., <span>2017</span>). For example, in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) 10 to 18% of all genes display CNVs (Zmienko et al., <span>2020</span>; Jaegle et al., <span>2023</span>). In the genus <i>Picea</i> Mill. (Pinaceae), at least 10% of the protein-coding genes display CNVs (<i>P. abies</i> (L.) H. Karst and <i>P. obovata</i> Ledeb., Q. Zhou et al., <span>2025</span>; and <i>P. glauca</i> (Moench) Voss and <i>P. mariana</i> (Mill.) Britton, Sterns &amp; Poggenburg, Prunier et al., <span>2017</span>).</p><p>Gene duplications have primarily been studied for their roles in long-term evolution. However, a change in gene dosage usually results in a change in the amount of gene products, such as RNA or proteins (e.g., Shao et al., <span>2019</span>). Therefore, gCNVs have a unique, multiallelic, and quantitative nature. Fully apprehending their role in short-term evolutionary processes requires studying them as quantitative genotypes rather than in a presence/absence (or biallelic) manner, as is most often done (Figure 1, top panel). Unlike SNPs, the accuracy and resolution of gCNV genotyping are usually dependent on the platform used. From short-read sequencing data, one can use biased allelic ratios (Figure 2A) and changes in the depth of coverage (DoC) caused by the mis-mapping of reads from duplicated regions to the same locus in the reference genome to identify CNVs (Figure 2). However, short reads often fail to capture the underlying genetic structure of gCNVs, and changes in DoC can only be interpreted as relative copy numbers across homologous chromosomes (Figure 1, middle panel). Long-read sequencing is a promising alternative that allows for the phasing of the various alleles to obtain","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Genomic resources for crop wild relatives are critical for perennial fruit breeding and conservation 作物野生近缘的基因组资源对多年生果实的育种和保护至关重要。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70068
Zoë Migicovsky

Many perennial fruit crops are clonally propagated, resulting in uniform fruit quality but increasing vulnerability to pests, diseases, and climate change. In contrast, closely related crop wild relatives (CWRs) continue to evolve in response to these pressures and are a valuable source of adaptive traits. Despite their potential, CWRs are underutilized in perennial fruit breeding. Efficient and accurate introgression of traits from CWRs during perennial fruit breeding will require the use of genomics. Genomics-assisted breeding begins with genetic mapping, such as genome-wide association studies, to identify markers predictive of traits of interest. For diverse species such as CWRs, a pangenomic approach that incorporates multiple species as a reference is often necessary. Continued use of CWRs in fruit breeding also depends on their conservation, both in situ (in natural habitats) and ex situ (off-site). Ex situ collections can also be used for genetic mapping, further supporting genomics-assisted plant breeding efforts. Ultimately, breeding and conservation of perennial fruit crops are complementary goals that benefit from the development and application of genomic resources.

许多多年生水果作物是无性繁殖的,导致果实质量统一,但增加了对病虫害和气候变化的脆弱性。相反,近缘的作物野生近缘(CWRs)在这些压力下继续进化,是适应性状的宝贵来源。尽管具有潜力,但CWRs在多年生水果育种中未得到充分利用。在多年生果实育种中高效、准确地导入CWRs性状需要基因组学的应用。基因组学辅助育种始于基因图谱,如全基因组关联研究,以确定预测感兴趣性状的标记。对于像CWRs这样的多样性物种,通常需要采用包含多个物种作为参考的全基因组方法。在水果育种中继续使用CWRs还取决于它们的就地保护(在自然生境中)和非就地保护(在场外)。迁地收集也可用于遗传作图,进一步支持基因组学辅助的植物育种工作。最终,多年生水果作物的育种和保护是互补的目标,受益于基因组资源的开发和应用。
{"title":"Genomic resources for crop wild relatives are critical for perennial fruit breeding and conservation","authors":"Zoë Migicovsky","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70068","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many perennial fruit crops are clonally propagated, resulting in uniform fruit quality but increasing vulnerability to pests, diseases, and climate change. In contrast, closely related crop wild relatives (CWRs) continue to evolve in response to these pressures and are a valuable source of adaptive traits. Despite their potential, CWRs are underutilized in perennial fruit breeding. Efficient and accurate introgression of traits from CWRs during perennial fruit breeding will require the use of genomics. Genomics-assisted breeding begins with genetic mapping, such as genome-wide association studies, to identify markers predictive of traits of interest. For diverse species such as CWRs, a pangenomic approach that incorporates multiple species as a reference is often necessary. Continued use of CWRs in fruit breeding also depends on their conservation, both in situ (in natural habitats) and ex situ (off-site). Ex situ collections can also be used for genetic mapping, further supporting genomics-assisted plant breeding efforts. Ultimately, breeding and conservation of perennial fruit crops are complementary goals that benefit from the development and application of genomic resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Patterns of within- and among-plant variation in nectar production in the beetle-pollinated Amianthium muscaetoxicum 甲虫传粉的棉铃虫花蜜生产的植物内部和植物间变异模式。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70069
Sarah J. McPeek, Connor L. Erwin, Edmund D. Brodie III

Premise

Plant interactions with different pollinator species have shaped the evolution of remarkable diverse nectar production, presentation, and composition traits across the angiosperms. These traits can allow plants to manipulate and reward the behaviors of specific pollinators to enhance pollen donation and receipt with some precision. One group of animal-pollinated flowers notably lack characterizations of nectar trait diversity: plants that are pollinated by nectar-feeding beetles.

Methods

In a series of studies, we characterized variation in nectar traits within flowers, within plants, within populations and investigated the behavior of beetles feeding on nectar in a single population of the beetle-pollinated perennial monocot, Amianthium muscaetoxicum (Melanthiaceae).

Results

At the flower level, nectar accumulated throughout an individual flower's lifetime, peaking at anthesis and ceasing thereafter. Lifetime nectar production of flowers on a plant was highly consistent. At the population level, plants had high among-individual variation in nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration. Feeding experiments with a primary beetle pollinator further revealed that beetles spent significantly more time interacting with flowers with higher nectar volumes, but not flowers with higher sugar concentrations or total sugar content.

Conclusions

Our findings begin to shed light on the mutualistic interaction between Amianthium and its beetle pollinators and on the commonalities and differences between beetles and other species of nectar-feeding pollinators.

前提:植物与不同传粉者物种的相互作用形成了被子植物中显著多样化的花蜜生产、呈现和组成特征的进化。这些特性可以使植物操纵和奖励特定传粉者的行为,以提高花粉的捐赠和接收精度。一组动物传粉的花明显缺乏花蜜性状多样性的特征:由食蜜甲虫授粉的植物。方法:对花蜜性状在花内、植物内、种群内的变化进行了研究,并对甲虫传粉的多年生单子叶植物Amianthium muscaetoxicum (Melanthiaceae)单个种群的取食行为进行了研究。结果:在花的水平上,花蜜在单个花的一生中积累,在花期达到顶峰,此后停止。一株植物花一生的花蜜产量是高度一致的。在种群水平上,植株的花蜜量和糖浓度存在较大的个体差异。用初级甲虫传粉者进行的取食实验进一步表明,甲虫对花蜜量高的花的取食时间明显更长,而糖浓度或总糖含量高的花则没有。结论:本研究初步揭示了菊科植物与甲虫传粉昆虫之间的相互作用,以及甲虫与其他取蜜传粉昆虫之间的共性和差异。
{"title":"Patterns of within- and among-plant variation in nectar production in the beetle-pollinated Amianthium muscaetoxicum","authors":"Sarah J. McPeek,&nbsp;Connor L. Erwin,&nbsp;Edmund D. Brodie III","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plant interactions with different pollinator species have shaped the evolution of remarkable diverse nectar production, presentation, and composition traits across the angiosperms. These traits can allow plants to manipulate and reward the behaviors of specific pollinators to enhance pollen donation and receipt with some precision. One group of animal-pollinated flowers notably lack characterizations of nectar trait diversity: plants that are pollinated by nectar-feeding beetles.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a series of studies, we characterized variation in nectar traits within flowers, within plants, within populations and investigated the behavior of beetles feeding on nectar in a single population of the beetle-pollinated perennial monocot, <i>Amianthium muscaetoxicum</i> (Melanthiaceae).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At the flower level, nectar accumulated throughout an individual flower's lifetime, peaking at anthesis and ceasing thereafter. Lifetime nectar production of flowers on a plant was highly consistent. At the population level, plants had high among-individual variation in nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration. Feeding experiments with a primary beetle pollinator further revealed that beetles spent significantly more time interacting with flowers with higher nectar volumes, but not flowers with higher sugar concentrations or total sugar content.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings begin to shed light on the mutualistic interaction between <i>Amianthium</i> and its beetle pollinators and on the commonalities and differences between beetles and other species of nectar-feeding pollinators.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deciphering fire tolerance of trees at the Amazonia–Cerrado transition by trait-based approach: Implications from species to communities 用基于性状的方法解读亚马逊-塞拉多过渡时期树木的耐火性:从物种到群落的启示。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70066
Wesley Jonatar A. Cruz, Manoela S. Machado, Francisco Navarro-Rosales, Maria Antonia Carniello, Marcelo Leandro F. Andrade, Flávio C. Oliveira, Immaculada Oliveras Menor

Premise

Understanding how fire impacts trees is essential for predicting the effects of novel fire regimes on plant diversity in the transition between the world's two most diverse biomes, the Cerrado and the Amazonia. Here we addressed knowledge gaps regarding physiological damage and mortality in transitional species within fire-prone ecosystems.

Methods

In a manipulative fire experiment, we burned a transitional woodland savanna for six consecutive years after it had been fire-excluded for 33 years. We classified the most abundant tree species according to their fire tolerance and examined the relationship between fire tolerance and key morphological and ecophysiological functional traits. These traits were related to leaf economics spectrum, bark investment, wood density, flammability, and physiological drought tolerance.

Results

Species had three main fire tolerance strategies, reflected in their investment in the outer and inner bark, wood density in branches and the main trunk, changes in leaf water potential, and water and dry matter ratios in leaves. The inner and outer bark and the level of protection of the sprouting buds better explained tree mortality and topkill. Under very frequent fires, fire-sensitive species had the highest mortality rates and fire-thrivers became the most abundant species.

Conclusions

Transitional tree species had different response strategies to fire based on their tolerance, which directly influences their survival and the overall structure of the community. Our findings suggest likely shifts in tree community structure in response to novel fire regimes.

前提:了解火灾对树木的影响对于预测在塞拉多和亚马逊这两个世界上最多样化的生物群落之间过渡的新型火灾制度对植物多样性的影响至关重要。在这里,我们解决了关于易火生态系统中过渡物种的生理损伤和死亡率的知识空白。方法:采用人工火烧实验,对一个33年未火烧的过渡性森林稀树草原进行连续6年的焚烧。我们根据耐火性对最丰富的树种进行了分类,并研究了耐火性与关键形态和生理生态功能性状之间的关系。这些性状与叶片经济谱、树皮投资、木材密度、可燃性和生理耐旱性有关。结果:不同树种具有三种主要的耐火策略,分别表现在树皮和树皮的投入、树枝和主干的木材密度、叶片水势的变化以及叶片水分和干物质比。内外树皮和发芽芽的保护水平更好地解释了树木的死亡率和顶部死亡。在非常频繁的火灾下,火敏感物种的死亡率最高,火生长者成为最丰富的物种。结论:过渡树种对火的耐受性不同,对火的响应策略也不同,这直接影响到过渡树种的生存和群落整体结构。我们的研究结果表明,树木群落结构可能会发生变化,以应对新的火灾制度。
{"title":"Deciphering fire tolerance of trees at the Amazonia–Cerrado transition by trait-based approach: Implications from species to communities","authors":"Wesley Jonatar A. Cruz,&nbsp;Manoela S. Machado,&nbsp;Francisco Navarro-Rosales,&nbsp;Maria Antonia Carniello,&nbsp;Marcelo Leandro F. Andrade,&nbsp;Flávio C. Oliveira,&nbsp;Immaculada Oliveras Menor","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70066","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding how fire impacts trees is essential for predicting the effects of novel fire regimes on plant diversity in the transition between the world's two most diverse biomes, the Cerrado and the Amazonia. Here we addressed knowledge gaps regarding physiological damage and mortality in transitional species within fire-prone ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a manipulative fire experiment, we burned a transitional woodland savanna for six consecutive years after it had been fire-excluded for 33 years. We classified the most abundant tree species according to their fire tolerance and examined the relationship between fire tolerance and key morphological and ecophysiological functional traits. These traits were related to leaf economics spectrum, bark investment, wood density, flammability, and physiological drought tolerance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Species had three main fire tolerance strategies, reflected in their investment in the outer and inner bark, wood density in branches and the main trunk, changes in leaf water potential, and water and dry matter ratios in leaves. The inner and outer bark and the level of protection of the sprouting buds better explained tree mortality and topkill. Under very frequent fires, fire-sensitive species had the highest mortality rates and fire-thrivers became the most abundant species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transitional tree species had different response strategies to fire based on their tolerance, which directly influences their survival and the overall structure of the community. Our findings suggest likely shifts in tree community structure in response to novel fire regimes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The interplay among space, environment, and gene flow drives genetic differentiation in endemic Baja California Agave sobria subspecies 空间、环境和基因流的相互作用驱动下加利福尼亚龙舌兰亚种的遗传分化。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70062
Anastasia Klimova, Jesús Gutiérrez Rivera, Oscar E. Juárez, Alfredo Ortega Rubio, Luis E. Eguiarte

Premise

Research on neutral and adaptive processes that lead to the divergence of species and populations is a crucial component in evolutionary and conservation genetics. Agave sobria is an endemic group of subspecies scattered on canyons along a latitudinal gradient and distinct environments of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Agave sobria represents a unique opportunity to study the process of genetic differentiation in a highly heterogeneous environment.

Methods

Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we genotyped 8453 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all A. sobria subspecies, including 19 A. sobria and three closely related A. cerulata ssp. subcerulata populations. We assessed neutral genetic structure and diversity at both the interspecific and intraspecific levels, evaluated the amount and direction of gene flow, and identified putatively adaptive SNPs.

Results

We found low support for the currently recognized subspecies. We detected neutral (i.e., isolation by distance) and adaptive divergence linked to eco-geographic characteristics of the habitat. High genetic connectivity indicated that gene flow between central and northern populations may have homogenizing effects preventing population differentiation. For the southernmost A. sobria ssp. frailensis, temperature and geographic isolation appear to be the main drivers of adaptive differentiation, with outlier SNPs located in coding regions involved in response to abiotic stress and immunology.

Conclusions

In A. sobria, environmental isolation and geographic gradients affect the genetic structure, creating opportunities for local adaptation. Our results emphasize the importance of including neutral and adaptive perspectives, the combination of which allows a better understanding of the complexity of the processes that lead to population differentiation.

前提:研究导致物种和种群分化的中性和适应性过程是进化和保护遗传学的重要组成部分。龙舌兰(Agave sobria)是一种地方性亚种,分布在墨西哥下加利福尼亚半岛沿纬度梯度和独特环境的峡谷中。龙舌兰sobria代表了一个独特的机会,在一个高度异质的环境中研究遗传分化的过程。方法:采用基因分型测序方法,对sobria所有亚种的8453个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)进行基因分型。sobria和三个密切相关的A. cerulata。subcerulata人群。我们在种间和种内水平上评估了中性遗传结构和多样性,评估了基因流动的数量和方向,并确定了推定的适应性snp。结果:我们发现目前公认的亚种支持度很低。我们发现中性(即距离隔离)和适应性差异与栖息地的生态地理特征有关。高遗传连通性表明,中部和北部群体之间的基因流动可能具有均质化效应,阻止了群体分化。对于最南端的sobria ssp。脆弱、温度和地理隔离似乎是适应性分化的主要驱动因素,异常snp位于参与响应非生物应激和免疫的编码区域。结论:sobria的环境隔离和地理梯度影响了遗传结构,为局部适应创造了机会。我们的研究结果强调了包括中性和适应性视角的重要性,它们的结合可以更好地理解导致种群分化的过程的复杂性。
{"title":"The interplay among space, environment, and gene flow drives genetic differentiation in endemic Baja California Agave sobria subspecies","authors":"Anastasia Klimova,&nbsp;Jesús Gutiérrez Rivera,&nbsp;Oscar E. Juárez,&nbsp;Alfredo Ortega Rubio,&nbsp;Luis E. Eguiarte","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70062","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research on neutral and adaptive processes that lead to the divergence of species and populations is a crucial component in evolutionary and conservation genetics. <i>Agave sobria</i> is an endemic group of subspecies scattered on canyons along a latitudinal gradient and distinct environments of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. <i>Agave sobria</i> represents a unique opportunity to study the process of genetic differentiation in a highly heterogeneous environment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we genotyped 8453 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all <i>A. sobria</i> subspecies, including 19 <i>A. sobria</i> and three closely related <i>A. cerulata</i> ssp. <i>subcerulata</i> populations. We assessed neutral genetic structure and diversity at both the interspecific and intraspecific levels, evaluated the amount and direction of gene flow, and identified putatively adaptive SNPs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found low support for the currently recognized subspecies. We detected neutral (i.e., isolation by distance) and adaptive divergence linked to eco-geographic characteristics of the habitat. High genetic connectivity indicated that gene flow between central and northern populations may have homogenizing effects preventing population differentiation. For the southernmost <i>A. sobria</i> ssp. <i>frailensis</i>, temperature and geographic isolation appear to be the main drivers of adaptive differentiation, with outlier SNPs located in coding regions involved in response to abiotic stress and immunology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In <i>A. sobria</i>, environmental isolation and geographic gradients affect the genetic structure, creating opportunities for local adaptation. Our results emphasize the importance of including neutral and adaptive perspectives, the combination of which allows a better understanding of the complexity of the processes that lead to population differentiation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Floral scent of artificial hybrids between two Schiedea species that share a moth pollinator 共用一个飞蛾传粉媒介的两种雪兰属植物的人工杂交花的气味。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-06-29 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70065
John M. Powers, Stephen G. Weller, Ann K. Sakai, Diane R. Campbell

Premise

In flowering plants, pollinators' ability to recognize chemical displays of hybrids may erode reproductive barriers. Hybrids may produce novel or altered floral scent blends that are unattractive, or scents similar to either parent that remain attractive and promote backcrossing. We characterized the floral scent of hybrids of sympatric species with a shared pollinator and tested whether scent is sufficient for pollinator attraction.

Methods

Floral volatiles of artificial F1 hybrids between Hawaiian Schiedea kaalae and S. hookeri (Caryophyllaceae) were characterized by dynamic headspace sampling and GC-MS. Behavioral choice tests with the native moth Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis measured the effect of adding S. kaalae scent (with flowers bagged to remove visual cues) to inflorescences of relatively unattractive wind-pollinated relatives (S. kealiae and S. globosa) from the same island.

Results

Most hybrids produced a combination of the distinct sets of floral volatiles from each parent at rates of emission that often differed from the expectation under completely additive inheritance. Floral scent did not depend on cross direction, and no novel compounds were detected in hybrids. Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis preferred inflorescences of S. globosa and S. kealiae that were augmented with the scent of hidden S. kaalae flowers.

Conclusions

Intermediate hybrid floral scent blends could potentially attract moths if they do not rely on precise compound ratios. Moth attraction to the floral scent of S. kaalae flowers indicates that moths can discriminate the floral scent of this species against a background of volatiles and visual cues from wind-pollinated relatives, showing the importance of scent variation in this genus.

前提:在开花植物中,传粉者识别杂交植物化学表现的能力可能会削弱生殖障碍。杂交可能会产生新的或改变的花香混合物,这些气味没有吸引力,或者与亲本中的任何一方相似,但仍然具有吸引力并促进回交。我们对具有共同传粉者的同域物种杂交的花香进行了表征,并测试了气味是否足以吸引传粉者。方法:采用动态顶空采样和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对夏威夷石竹与石竹人工杂交F1花挥发物进行分析。用本地飞蛾进行的行为选择测试,测量了在来自同一岛屿的相对不吸引人的风媒传粉近亲(金莲飞蛾和全球飞蛾)的花序上添加金莲飞蛾气味(将花袋装以消除视觉提示)的效果。结果:大多数杂种产生的不同组的花挥发物从每个亲本的释放率往往不同于预期的完全加性遗传的组合。花香味不依赖于交叉方向,杂种中未检测到新化合物。短叶假剑兰偏爱有隐花香的全球剑兰和龙舌兰花序。结论:如果不依赖精确的混合比例,中间杂交花香混合物可能会吸引飞蛾。飞蛾对S. kaalae花的气味的吸引表明,飞蛾可以在风媒传粉的亲戚的挥发物和视觉线索的背景下区分该物种的花香,表明气味变异在该属中的重要性。
{"title":"Floral scent of artificial hybrids between two Schiedea species that share a moth pollinator","authors":"John M. Powers,&nbsp;Stephen G. Weller,&nbsp;Ann K. Sakai,&nbsp;Diane R. Campbell","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70065","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In flowering plants, pollinators' ability to recognize chemical displays of hybrids may erode reproductive barriers. Hybrids may produce novel or altered floral scent blends that are unattractive, or scents similar to either parent that remain attractive and promote backcrossing. We characterized the floral scent of hybrids of sympatric species with a shared pollinator and tested whether scent is sufficient for pollinator attraction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Floral volatiles of artificial F<sub>1</sub> hybrids between Hawaiian <i>Schiedea kaalae</i> and <i>S. hookeri</i> (Caryophyllaceae) were characterized by dynamic headspace sampling and GC-MS. Behavioral choice tests with the native moth <i>Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis</i> measured the effect of adding <i>S. kaalae</i> scent (with flowers bagged to remove visual cues) to inflorescences of relatively unattractive wind-pollinated relatives (<i>S. kealiae</i> and <i>S. globosa</i>) from the same island.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most hybrids produced a combination of the distinct sets of floral volatiles from each parent at rates of emission that often differed from the expectation under completely additive inheritance. Floral scent did not depend on cross direction, and no novel compounds were detected in hybrids. <i>Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis</i> preferred inflorescences of <i>S. globosa</i> and <i>S. kealiae</i> that were augmented with the scent of hidden <i>S. kaalae</i> flowers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intermediate hybrid floral scent blends could potentially attract moths if they do not rely on precise compound ratios. Moth attraction to the floral scent of <i>S. kaalae</i> flowers indicates that moths can discriminate the floral scent of this species against a background of volatiles and visual cues from wind-pollinated relatives, showing the importance of scent variation in this genus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climatic determinants of plant phenology in vernal pool habitats 春水池生境植物物候的气候决定因素。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70064
Brandon Thomas Hendrickson, Jenna Aubrie Benterou, Robert Martin, Jason P. Sexton

Premise

The floral phenology of vernal pool plants is little understood despite being a crucial developmental stage for producing seeds and determining population growth rates. Vernal pools are ephemerally aquatic habitats harboring species adapted to predictable seasonal fluctuations between desiccated and inundated conditions; thus, vernal pool plant phenology is predicted to be particularly responsive to interannual climate variability.

Methods

For two vernal pool species, Limnanthes douglasii subsp. rosea (meadowfoam), a vernal pool specialist, and Trifolium variegatum (whitetip clover), a generalist vernal pool associate, we characterized flowering onset, termination, and duration in response to interannual variation of winter precipitation and growing degree hours (GDH). We recorded phenology over 7 years from 2016 to 2022 during a period of high climatic variability, which served as a robust data set.

Results

Warmer and drier environmental conditions during early growth periods were strongly associated with advanced floral phenology later in the life cycle for both species. The floral duration of the vernal pool specialist was influenced by position along the inundation gradient, whereas no such pattern was observed for the vernal pool associate.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study quantifying the relationship between vernal pool floral phenology and climate, offering insights into how phenology may shift in response to modern climate change.

前提:春水池植物的花物候学是产生种子和决定种群增长率的关键发育阶段,但人们对其知之甚少。春水池是短暂的水生栖息地,栖息着适应干旱和淹没条件之间可预测的季节性波动的物种;因此,预计春池植物物候对年际气候变率特别敏感。方法:对两种春池物种道格拉斯Limnanthes douglasii subsp。我们研究了春水池专家玫瑰红(meadowfoam)和春水池通才三叶草(Trifolium variegatum)开花的开始、终止和持续时间对冬季降水和生长度小时(GDH)的年际变化的响应。我们记录了2016年至2022年高气候变异性期间的7年物候,这是一个可靠的数据集。结果:两种植物生长早期的温暖和干燥的环境条件与生命周期后期的高级花卉物候密切相关。春池专种的开花持续时间受淹没梯度位置的影响,而春池伴生植物则没有这种影响。结论:据我们所知,这是第一次量化春池花卉物候与气候之间关系的研究,为物候如何响应现代气候变化提供了见解。
{"title":"Climatic determinants of plant phenology in vernal pool habitats","authors":"Brandon Thomas Hendrickson,&nbsp;Jenna Aubrie Benterou,&nbsp;Robert Martin,&nbsp;Jason P. Sexton","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70064","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The floral phenology of vernal pool plants is little understood despite being a crucial developmental stage for producing seeds and determining population growth rates. Vernal pools are ephemerally aquatic habitats harboring species adapted to predictable seasonal fluctuations between desiccated and inundated conditions; thus, vernal pool plant phenology is predicted to be particularly responsive to interannual climate variability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For two vernal pool species, <i>Limnanthes douglasii</i> subsp. <i>rosea</i> (meadowfoam), a vernal pool specialist, and <i>Trifolium variegatum</i> (whitetip clover), a generalist vernal pool associate, we characterized flowering onset, termination, and duration in response to interannual variation of winter precipitation and growing degree hours (GDH). We recorded phenology over 7 years from 2016 to 2022 during a period of high climatic variability, which served as a robust data set.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Warmer and drier environmental conditions during early growth periods were strongly associated with advanced floral phenology later in the life cycle for both species. The floral duration of the vernal pool specialist was influenced by position along the inundation gradient, whereas no such pattern was observed for the vernal pool associate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study quantifying the relationship between vernal pool floral phenology and climate, offering insights into how phenology may shift in response to modern climate change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Floral syndromes predict the most effective pollinators in five species of Salvia 花综合征预测最有效的传粉者在五种鼠尾草。
IF 2.7 2区 生物学 Q2 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70067
Arturo Tavera, Martín H. de Santiago-Hernández, Víctor Rosas-Guerrero, Clementina González, Eduardo Cuevas

Premise

Pollination syndromes are suites of floral traits associated with the most effective functional group of pollinators. Particular floral traits may not necessarily preclude visitation by different visitor guilds that could also contribute to plant reproduction. The genus Salvia comprises ca. 1000 species with floral traits almost exclusively associated with bee or hummingbird pollination syndromes. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of their floral visitors has rarely been evaluated. Here, the pollination effectiveness of floral visitors in five Salvia species was analyzed to assess the reliability of floral syndromes.

Methods

The contribution to seed production of the most frequent floral visitors of Salvia species with melittophilous, ornithophilous, and mixed phenotypes was evaluated through single-visit experiments. In addition, the relationship between floral morphological traits and pollinator effectiveness was explored using principal component analysis to test the reliability of floral syndromes.

Results

Despite multiple floral visitor guilds to the plants, bees and hummingbirds were the most effective pollinators of plants with melittophilous and ornithophilous pollination syndrome, respectively. These two functional groups effectively pollinated the plant species with mixed floral traits. Salvia species pollinated by the same functional group were closer in the multivariate ordination space.

Conclusions

Even when floral syndromes precisely predict the most effective pollinators in Salvia, secondary pollinators also play a crucial role in plant sexual reproduction, especially for plant species with mixed floral phenotypes. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of floral visitors to assess the reliability of floral syndromes.

前提:传粉综合征是与传粉者最有效的功能群相关的花性状套房。特定的花卉特征不一定会阻止不同的游客协会的访问,这也可能有助于植物的繁殖。鼠尾草属包括约1000种,其花性状几乎完全与蜜蜂或蜂鸟授粉综合征有关。然而,他们的花卉访客的有效性很少被评估。本文对5种鼠尾草的访花者传粉效果进行了分析,以评估花证的可靠性。方法:通过单次访花实验,评价亲鸟型、亲鸟型和混合型三种鼠尾草中最常见的访花植物对种子产量的贡献。此外,利用主成分分析探讨了花形态性状与传粉者有效性之间的关系,以检验花综合征的可靠性。结果:尽管植物有多种访花行为,但蜜蜂和蜂鸟分别是嗜鸟和嗜鸟传粉综合征植物最有效的传粉者。这两个官能团能有效地授粉具有混合花性状的植物。同一功能群传粉的鼠尾草种类在多元排序空间上更接近。结论:即使花型综合征能准确预测鼠尾草中最有效的传粉者,次生传粉者在植物有性生殖中也起着至关重要的作用,特别是对于混合花型的植物物种。本研究强调了评价访花者的有效性对评价花证的可靠性的重要性。
{"title":"Floral syndromes predict the most effective pollinators in five species of Salvia","authors":"Arturo Tavera,&nbsp;Martín H. de Santiago-Hernández,&nbsp;Víctor Rosas-Guerrero,&nbsp;Clementina González,&nbsp;Eduardo Cuevas","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.70067","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pollination syndromes are suites of floral traits associated with the most effective functional group of pollinators. Particular floral traits may not necessarily preclude visitation by different visitor guilds that could also contribute to plant reproduction. The genus <i>Salvia</i> comprises ca. 1000 species with floral traits almost exclusively associated with bee or hummingbird pollination syndromes. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of their floral visitors has rarely been evaluated. Here, the pollination effectiveness of floral visitors in five <i>Salvia</i> species was analyzed to assess the reliability of floral syndromes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The contribution to seed production of the most frequent floral visitors of <i>Salvia</i> species with melittophilous, ornithophilous, and mixed phenotypes was evaluated through single-visit experiments. In addition, the relationship between floral morphological traits and pollinator effectiveness was explored using principal component analysis to test the reliability of floral syndromes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite multiple floral visitor guilds to the plants, bees and hummingbirds were the most effective pollinators of plants with melittophilous and ornithophilous pollination syndrome, respectively. These two functional groups effectively pollinated the plant species with mixed floral traits. <i>Salvia</i> species pollinated by the same functional group were closer in the multivariate ordination space.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Even when floral syndromes precisely predict the most effective pollinators in <i>Salvia</i>, secondary pollinators also play a crucial role in plant sexual reproduction, especially for plant species with mixed floral phenotypes. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of floral visitors to assess the reliability of floral syndromes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":"112 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
American Journal of Botany
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1