The present study examines the affect of contextual frames of reference on the level of self-esteem expressed by adolescents and on the relationship between certain parental behaviors and adolescent self-esteem. Five contexts were considered as frames of reference: classroom, family, friends, in heterosexual relations, and with adults. It was found that adolescents' self-esteem was highest in the friends context and lowest in the classroom. This variation was especially pronounced on the power dimension of self-esteem, and less on the self-worth dimension. Friends also ranked as the context in which adolescents felt "the most real", while in the classroom they felt least "real". Parental support (and to some extent control) was found to be significantly related to adolescent self-esteem only when adult frames of reference were used, i.e., family, classroom, and with adults. These were not antecedents of self-esteem when the contextual referent for the adolescent was his peers. This research suggests that social context is an important independent variable on self-esteem and cannot be assumed to be constant when dealing with self-variables.
{"title":"Parental behavior and contextual variations in adolescent self-esteem.","authors":"V. Gecas","doi":"10.2307/2786627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786627","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines the affect of contextual frames of reference on the level of self-esteem expressed by adolescents and on the relationship between certain parental behaviors and adolescent self-esteem. Five contexts were considered as frames of reference: classroom, family, friends, in heterosexual relations, and with adults. It was found that adolescents' self-esteem was highest in the friends context and lowest in the classroom. This variation was especially pronounced on the power dimension of self-esteem, and less on the self-worth dimension. Friends also ranked as the context in which adolescents felt \"the most real\", while in the classroom they felt least \"real\". Parental support (and to some extent control) was found to be significantly related to adolescent self-esteem only when adult frames of reference were used, i.e., family, classroom, and with adults. These were not antecedents of self-esteem when the contextual referent for the adolescent was his peers. This research suggests that social context is an important independent variable on self-esteem and cannot be assumed to be constant when dealing with self-variables.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 2 1","pages":"332-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68556732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bibliography of small group research 1959-1969.","authors":"A P Hare","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15653684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-disclosure, reciprocity and liking.","authors":"P C Cozby","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 1","pages":"151-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16102487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While assuming that the reception of self-disclosing information is rewarding, it was suggested that various costs become salient when the information is highly intimate, making the overall outcome negative. 30 female Ss were exposed to a low, medium, and high disclosing other in a role-playing experiment. Ss reciprocated the intimacy level of the low and medium disclosing others. Although an obtained increase in subject intimacy with the medium to high increase in other intimacy was unexpected, reciprocity became less powerful as a determinant of responses at high intimacy levels. As predicted, there was a curvilinear relationship between self-disclosure and liking. Ss perceived the high disclosing other as significantly less well-adjusted than either the low or medium disclosers.
{"title":"Self-disclosure, reciprocity and liking.","authors":"P. Cozby","doi":"10.2307/2786555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786555","url":null,"abstract":"While assuming that the reception of self-disclosing information is rewarding, it was suggested that various costs become salient when the information is highly intimate, making the overall outcome negative. 30 female Ss were exposed to a low, medium, and high disclosing other in a role-playing experiment. Ss reciprocated the intimacy level of the low and medium disclosing others. Although an obtained increase in subject intimacy with the medium to high increase in other intimacy was unexpected, reciprocity became less powerful as a determinant of responses at high intimacy levels. As predicted, there was a curvilinear relationship between self-disclosure and liking. Ss perceived the high disclosing other as significantly less well-adjusted than either the low or medium disclosers.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 1 1","pages":"151-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68555349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of expecting to be evaluated on change toward favorable and unfavorable information about oneself.","authors":"A H Eagly, B A Acksen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"34 4","pages":"411-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16213406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parental behavior and dimensions of adolescent self-evaluation.","authors":"V Gecas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"34 4","pages":"466-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16213408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Berkowitz and Le Page hyothesis that weapons elicit aggressive behaviour was tested under the following conditions. 104 subjects were given an opportunity to shock a student or policeman confederate after receiving no shocks, 2 shocks or 8 shocks. Some subjects delivered their shocks in the presence of weapons, others in the absence of weapons and still others in the presence of weapons obviously belonging to the policeman confederate. In this study weapons were found not to function as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Instead, for nonangered students given an opportunity to shock a student confederate, weapons inhibited aggressive behaviour. Weapons also tended to inhibit aggressive behaviour among angered students given an opportunity to shock the policeman confederate. Berkowitz' explanation of the weapon's effect is rejected in favor of an operant conditioning (discrimination learning) paradigm. Language: en
{"title":"Does the trigger pull the finger? An experimental test of weapons as aggression--eliciting stimuli.","authors":"D. Ellis, P. Weinir, L. Miller","doi":"10.2307/2786192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786192","url":null,"abstract":"The Berkowitz and Le Page hyothesis that weapons elicit aggressive behaviour was tested under the following conditions. 104 subjects were given an opportunity to shock a student or policeman confederate after receiving no shocks, 2 shocks or 8 shocks. Some subjects delivered their shocks in the presence of weapons, others in the absence of weapons and still others in the presence of weapons obviously belonging to the policeman confederate. In this study weapons were found not to function as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Instead, for nonangered students given an opportunity to shock a student confederate, weapons inhibited aggressive behaviour. Weapons also tended to inhibit aggressive behaviour among angered students given an opportunity to shock the policeman confederate. Berkowitz' explanation of the weapon's effect is rejected in favor of an operant conditioning (discrimination learning) paradigm. Language: en","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"34 4 1","pages":"453-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68546923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does the trigger pull the finger? An experimental test of weapons as aggression--eliciting stimuli.","authors":"D P Ellis, P Weinir, L Miller","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"34 4","pages":"453-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16213407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predictions concerning self concept change followed from the point of view that amount of change is a function of an individual's expectancies concerning the consequences of change. In experimental conditions that varied according to induced expectancy about future events, subjects received messages disagreeing favorably or unfavorably with their self-assessments. Consistent with the assumptions that were made concerning the expected consequences of change, the following findings emerged: among subjects who received a favorable message, those who expected to undergo further evaluation showed significantly less change toward the message than did those who did not expect further evaluation, but, among subjects who received an unfavorable message, there were no significant differences between expectancy conditions. This paper takes the point of view that a person's willingness to accept information about himself that is discrepant from his beliefs about himself depends on his expectancies concerning the consequences of changing these beliefs. According to this framework, the consequences of change are a function of the direction (favorable or unfavorable) in which the information departs from the individual's self concept and on his assessment of the likelihood of being evaluated in the future. As a product of this expectancy analysis, the study delineates conditions under which receptivity to favorable information is likely to be greater than to unfavorable information as well as conditions under which a reversal of this effect is likely to occur. The analysis begins with the common-sense assumption that it is pleasant to view oneself favorably and unpleasant to view oneself unfavorably. In other words, it is assumed that most individuals have repeatedly experienced the increased self-esteem that follows from changing the self concept in a favorable direction and the decreased self-esteem that follows from changing
{"title":"The effect of expecting to be evaluated on change toward favorable and unfavorable information about oneself.","authors":"A. Eagly, B. A. Acksen","doi":"10.2307/2786190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786190","url":null,"abstract":"Predictions concerning self concept change followed from the point of view that amount of change is a function of an individual's expectancies concerning the consequences of change. In experimental conditions that varied according to induced expectancy about future events, subjects received messages disagreeing favorably or unfavorably with their self-assessments. Consistent with the assumptions that were made concerning the expected consequences of change, the following findings emerged: among subjects who received a favorable message, those who expected to undergo further evaluation showed significantly less change toward the message than did those who did not expect further evaluation, but, among subjects who received an unfavorable message, there were no significant differences between expectancy conditions. This paper takes the point of view that a person's willingness to accept information about himself that is discrepant from his beliefs about himself depends on his expectancies concerning the consequences of changing these beliefs. According to this framework, the consequences of change are a function of the direction (favorable or unfavorable) in which the information departs from the individual's self concept and on his assessment of the likelihood of being evaluated in the future. As a product of this expectancy analysis, the study delineates conditions under which receptivity to favorable information is likely to be greater than to unfavorable information as well as conditions under which a reversal of this effect is likely to occur. The analysis begins with the common-sense assumption that it is pleasant to view oneself favorably and unpleasant to view oneself unfavorably. In other words, it is assumed that most individuals have repeatedly experienced the increased self-esteem that follows from changing the self concept in a favorable direction and the decreased self-esteem that follows from changing","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"34 4 1","pages":"411-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68546607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The focus of the study is on the relationship between two dimensions of parental behavior: support and control, and the adolescent's self-evaluation. Drawing on sociological theory which stresses the importance of the evaluative behavior of significant others in the development of the individual's selfevaluation, it was hypothesized that both parental support and parental control would be positively related to adolescent self-evaluation. The findings strongly supported the first hypothesis but not the second. Two foci of selfevaluation were identified through factor analysis: Power and Worth, and were found to be relted to support but not control. Both the level of selfevaluation on power and worth and the relationships between the parental and the self variables varied somewhat by social class and by sex of parent and respondent. The findings were interpreted as giving added support to the interactionist proposition, that the self-concept arises through interaction with significant others, by pointing to the behavioral dimension especially salient in this respect, parental support. The study also suggests the importance of focusing on specific contents of self-evaluation, such as power and worth.
{"title":"Parental behavior and dimensions of adolescent self-evaluation.","authors":"V. Gecas","doi":"10.2307/2786193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786193","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of the study is on the relationship between two dimensions of parental behavior: support and control, and the adolescent's self-evaluation. Drawing on sociological theory which stresses the importance of the evaluative behavior of significant others in the development of the individual's selfevaluation, it was hypothesized that both parental support and parental control would be positively related to adolescent self-evaluation. The findings strongly supported the first hypothesis but not the second. Two foci of selfevaluation were identified through factor analysis: Power and Worth, and were found to be relted to support but not control. Both the level of selfevaluation on power and worth and the relationships between the parental and the self variables varied somewhat by social class and by sex of parent and respondent. The findings were interpreted as giving added support to the interactionist proposition, that the self-concept arises through interaction with significant others, by pointing to the behavioral dimension especially salient in this respect, parental support. The study also suggests the importance of focusing on specific contents of self-evaluation, such as power and worth.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"34 4 1","pages":"466-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68546995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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