Laboratory studies of status and deviance have concentrated on achieved rather than ascribed status. Ascribed status has been investigated in the laboratory in the context of such things as status congruence (Sampson, 1969), performance expectations (Berger et al., 1972), and prejudice and discrimination (Katz, 1970). These studies indicate that low ascribed status tends to handicap individuals who want to achieve status within a group. The concern in this study is less a question of what it takes for people having low ascribed status to gain "acceptance", but rather what they must do in order to be permitted the same defects, flaws, and privileges allowed those we truly consider equals. This study explores the ascribed status of "female" in an all male group, and the effect of such ascribed status on ability to violate group procedural norms. Previous studies suggest that one earns the right to violate certain norms by contributing such valued behaviors as conformity and competence to the group, and that the amount of behavioral leeway permitted a given member is a function of the value of his actual or
地位和越轨的实验室研究集中在取得的地位而不是归属的地位。在实验室中，研究人员在地位一致性(Sampson, 1969)、绩效期望(Berger et al.， 1972)以及偏见和歧视(Katz, 1970)等方面对归属地位进行了调查。这些研究表明，低归属地位往往会阻碍个人想要在群体中获得地位。这项研究关注的问题不是地位低下的人如何获得“认可”，而是他们必须做些什么，才能被允许拥有那些我们真正认为平等的人所拥有的缺陷、缺陷和特权。本研究探讨了“女性”在全男性群体中的归属地位，以及这种归属地位对违反群体程序规范能力的影响。先前的研究表明，一个人通过为群体贡献诸如顺从和能力等有价值的行为来赢得违反某些规范的权利，并且允许特定成员的行为余地的大小是他实际价值的函数
{"title":"Sex, nonconformity and influence.","authors":"R. Wahrman, M. D. Pugh","doi":"10.2307/2786474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786474","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory studies of status and deviance have concentrated on achieved rather than ascribed status. Ascribed status has been investigated in the laboratory in the context of such things as status congruence (Sampson, 1969), performance expectations (Berger et al., 1972), and prejudice and discrimination (Katz, 1970). These studies indicate that low ascribed status tends to handicap individuals who want to achieve status within a group. The concern in this study is less a question of what it takes for people having low ascribed status to gain \"acceptance\", but rather what they must do in order to be permitted the same defects, flaws, and privileges allowed those we truly consider equals. This study explores the ascribed status of \"female\" in an all male group, and the effect of such ascribed status on ability to violate group procedural norms. Previous studies suggest that one earns the right to violate certain norms by contributing such valued behaviors as conformity and competence to the group, and that the amount of behavioral leeway permitted a given member is a function of the value of his actual or","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"37 1 1","pages":"137-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68552430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
themselves from fearful others, and as a means of expressing liking or disliking of another. Another function seems to be the control of the intensity of stimulation received from others. It was proposed that Ss should regulate this stimulation by positioning themselves relative to particular others according to the intensity of stimulation these individuals provide. To test this hypothesis, male and female stimulus persons entered queues for attractions at an amusement park. It was found that Ss immediately behind them in line stood further away when the stimulus persons wore brightly colored clothes (high stimulus intensity condition) than when they wore more conservative clothing. Subjects similarly stood further away when the stimulus persons used perfume or after-shave lotion than when they used no scent. Sex differences observed in this situation are somewhat contradictory to earlier findings. The inconsistencies are discussed in terms of the normative constraints of the artificial and self-conscious laboratory setting as compared with the naturalistic situation used here.
{"title":"Personal space and stimulus intensity at a Southern California amusement park.","authors":"P. Nesbitt, G. Steven","doi":"10.2307/2786470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786470","url":null,"abstract":"themselves from fearful others, and as a means of expressing liking or disliking of another. Another function seems to be the control of the intensity of stimulation received from others. It was proposed that Ss should regulate this stimulation by positioning themselves relative to particular others according to the intensity of stimulation these individuals provide. To test this hypothesis, male and female stimulus persons entered queues for attractions at an amusement park. It was found that Ss immediately behind them in line stood further away when the stimulus persons wore brightly colored clothes (high stimulus intensity condition) than when they wore more conservative clothing. Subjects similarly stood further away when the stimulus persons used perfume or after-shave lotion than when they used no scent. Sex differences observed in this situation are somewhat contradictory to earlier findings. The inconsistencies are discussed in terms of the normative constraints of the artificial and self-conscious laboratory setting as compared with the naturalistic situation used here.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"37 1 1","pages":"105-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68552423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the reality of traditional sex role definitions in a game setting. Levels of verbal and nonverbal communication were varied as well as the sex of the partner. There was no difference between males and females in cooperative behavior when no verbal communication was allowed. With verbal communication allowed, there was no difference between males and females interacting in same sex pairs. However, the traditional patterns did appear when subjects were allowed verbal communication with a partner of the opposite sex. This appearance of sex difference only in mixed sex interaction seems to imply a cross-sex reinforcement of traditional role patterns.
{"title":"Sex roles in games.","authors":"M. Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2786248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786248","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the reality of traditional sex role definitions in a game setting. Levels of verbal and nonverbal communication were varied as well as the sex of the partner. There was no difference between males and females in cooperative behavior when no verbal communication was allowed. With verbal communication allowed, there was no difference between males and females interacting in same sex pairs. However, the traditional patterns did appear when subjects were allowed verbal communication with a partner of the opposite sex. This appearance of sex difference only in mixed sex interaction seems to imply a cross-sex reinforcement of traditional role patterns.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4 1","pages":"526-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68547441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Affect conversion and the gain-loss liking effect.","authors":"D R Mettee, S E Taylor, H Friedman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4","pages":"494-513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15862352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Affect conversion and the gain-loss liking effect.","authors":"D. Mettee, S. Taylor, H. Friedman","doi":"10.2307/2786246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786246","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4 1","pages":"494-513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68547862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leadership in dyadic groups as a function of dominance and incentives.","authors":"R J Smith, P E Cook","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4","pages":"561-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15862354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aggression and sociometric status with preschool children.","authors":"J M McGuire","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4","pages":"542-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15688976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ability evaluation and self-evaluation as types of social comparisons.","authors":"S R Wilson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4","pages":"600-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15862355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A naturalistic time-sampling observational technique and a picture sociometric interview were used in studying the relationship between aggressive behavior and social status among preschool children. It was found that males, overall, were more aggressive than females. Additionally, when only those children who were above the median on amount of aggression for their own sex were identified, the following relationship between sex, social status and amount of aggression was noted: high aggressive male children tended to be unpopular rather than popular, while high aggressive female children tended to be popular rather than unpopular. Suggestions for future research relative to other parameters of aggression were discussed.
{"title":"Aggression and sociometric status with preschool children.","authors":"J. McGuire","doi":"10.2307/2786249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786249","url":null,"abstract":"A naturalistic time-sampling observational technique and a picture sociometric interview were used in studying the relationship between aggressive behavior and social status among preschool children. It was found that males, overall, were more aggressive than females. Additionally, when only those children who were above the median on amount of aggression for their own sex were identified, the following relationship between sex, social status and amount of aggression was noted: high aggressive male children tended to be unpopular rather than popular, while high aggressive female children tended to be popular rather than unpopular. Suggestions for future research relative to other parameters of aggression were discussed.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4 1","pages":"542-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68547504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forty-five female Ss who scored high on CPI Dominance (Do) were matched with 45 Ss who scored at least 17 points lower on the scale. Dyads were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (No Incentive, Equal Incentive, and Unequal Incentive) in order to study the effect of financial incentives on the expression of dominance via leadership and on task performance. As predicted, high-Do Ss assumed the leadership role more often, and the time spent deciding who would be leader was longer in the unequal incentives condition. Incentives did not have a significant effect upon performance, but task performance was significantly affected by whether a highor low-Do S was in the leadership role.
{"title":"Leadership in dyadic groups as a function of dominance and incentives.","authors":"R. Smith, P. Cook","doi":"10.2307/2786251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786251","url":null,"abstract":"Forty-five female Ss who scored high on CPI Dominance (Do) were matched with 45 Ss who scored at least 17 points lower on the scale. Dyads were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (No Incentive, Equal Incentive, and Unequal Incentive) in order to study the effect of financial incentives on the expression of dominance via leadership and on task performance. As predicted, high-Do Ss assumed the leadership role more often, and the time spent deciding who would be leader was longer in the unequal incentives condition. Incentives did not have a significant effect upon performance, but task performance was significantly affected by whether a highor low-Do S was in the leadership role.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"36 4 1","pages":"561-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68548236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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