{"title":"Reducing attenuation in the expression of interpersonal affect via the bogus pipeline.","authors":"H. Sigall, R. Page","doi":"10.2307/2786538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786538","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 4 1","pages":"629-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68554492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reducing attenuation in the expression of interpersonal affect via the bogus pipeline.","authors":"H Sigall, R Page","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 4","pages":"629-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15745178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Consensus rankings in small groups: self-rankings included and excluded.","authors":"D. P. Gustafson, J. E. Gaumnitz","doi":"10.2307/2786536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786536","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"37 1","pages":"610-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68553960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Birth order: a critical review.","authors":"B N Adams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 3","pages":"411-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15664263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A neglected but important aspect of human territorial behavior is the appropriation of space by two or more individuals. In a previous study it was found that single individuals are extremely reluctant to intrude upon such group-shared space although the degree to which this was true depended upon the spatial parameters of the situation. In the present report studies investigating a number of variables influencing such intrusions are described. Variables found to influence reliably the frequency of intrusion were sex composition of groups, activity of groups, and spatial parameters. In agreement with the earlier study intrusion was reduced only when distances maintained by groups were not beyond Hall's (1966) specifications for "personal distance." The implication of the reactions to such enforced intrusions as occur frequently in urban environments is discussed.
{"title":"The effect of spatial and interpersonal variables on the invasion of group controlled territories.","authors":"J. Cheyne, M. G. Efran","doi":"10.2307/2786507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786507","url":null,"abstract":"A neglected but important aspect of human territorial behavior is the appropriation of space by two or more individuals. In a previous study it was found that single individuals are extremely reluctant to intrude upon such group-shared space although the degree to which this was true depended upon the spatial parameters of the situation. In the present report studies investigating a number of variables influencing such intrusions are described. Variables found to influence reliably the frequency of intrusion were sex composition of groups, activity of groups, and spatial parameters. In agreement with the earlier study intrusion was reduced only when distances maintained by groups were not beyond Hall's (1966) specifications for \"personal distance.\" The implication of the reactions to such enforced intrusions as occur frequently in urban environments is discussed.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 3 1","pages":"477-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68553716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Prisoners' Dilemma (PD) game is a prototype of two central concerns of sociology, the problem of order and the problem of collective action, which are both types of conflict between individual and collective goals. An index of dilemma, D, is developed to characterize situations with respect to the degree of conflict between individual and collective goals. It is hypothesized that group norms and group solidarity are mechanisms groups devise to increase cooperation in PD-like situations. In an experiment using a five-person PD game, it is shown that an increase in D leads to an increase in group friendliness and in attempts by group members to define the potential noncooperator as immoral and untrustworthy. Thus, an increase in the potential for conflict within groups can lead to strengthened group norms and cohesion if this conflict is of the sort described by the Prisoners' Dilemma. This is contrary to the prevalent conception that norms arise from an identity of interests between group members.
{"title":"Norms and cohesion as adaptive responses to potential conflict: an experimental study.","authors":"P. Bonacich","doi":"10.2307/2786500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786500","url":null,"abstract":"The Prisoners' Dilemma (PD) game is a prototype of two central concerns of sociology, the problem of order and the problem of collective action, which are both types of conflict between individual and collective goals. An index of dilemma, D, is developed to characterize situations with respect to the degree of conflict between individual and collective goals. It is hypothesized that group norms and group solidarity are mechanisms groups devise to increase cooperation in PD-like situations. In an experiment using a five-person PD game, it is shown that an increase in D leads to an increase in group friendliness and in attempts by group members to define the potential noncooperator as immoral and untrustworthy. Thus, an increase in the potential for conflict within groups can lead to strengthened group norms and cohesion if this conflict is of the sort described by the Prisoners' Dilemma. This is contrary to the prevalent conception that norms arise from an identity of interests between group members.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"28 1","pages":"357-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68553680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Norms and cohesion as adaptive responses to potential conflict: an experimental study.","authors":"P Bonacich","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 3","pages":"357-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16176285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of spatial and interpersonal variables on the invasion of group controlled territories.","authors":"J A Cheyne, M G Efran","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 3","pages":"477-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16176287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the number of birth order studies continues to burgeon, it seems appropriate to review the state of this research area. This paper examines theories, findings, problems, and possibilities. Theories which incorporate the guiding assumptions of most birth order studies include intrauterine or physiological, only-child uniqueness, dethronement, anxious or relaxed parent, sibling influence, and economic. Findings are compiled under personality adjustment and problems, education-achievement-intelligence, anxiety-affiliation-dependence-conformity, and miscellaneous. The two most consistent findings in the birth order literature are: (1) greater educational attainment, including college attendance, among first-borns (including only children), and (2) first-borns are more affiliative and dependent than laterborns. Problems involve cohort and demographic difficulties, needed controls and specifications, the restrictiveness of early socialization theories, and researcher-induced bias in experimental studies. These problems themselves may also be viewed as possibilities, as they are solved, but three specific possibilities which should be pursued are studies of whole or completed families, theoretical expansions, and sophisticated statistical controls.
{"title":"Birth order: a critical review.","authors":"B. Adams","doi":"10.2307/2786503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786503","url":null,"abstract":"As the number of birth order studies continues to burgeon, it seems appropriate to review the state of this research area. This paper examines theories, findings, problems, and possibilities. Theories which incorporate the guiding assumptions of most birth order studies include intrauterine or physiological, only-child uniqueness, dethronement, anxious or relaxed parent, sibling influence, and economic. Findings are compiled under personality adjustment and problems, education-achievement-intelligence, anxiety-affiliation-dependence-conformity, and miscellaneous. The two most consistent findings in the birth order literature are: (1) greater educational attainment, including college attendance, among first-borns (including only children), and (2) first-borns are more affiliative and dependent than laterborns. Problems involve cohort and demographic difficulties, needed controls and specifications, the restrictiveness of early socialization theories, and researcher-induced bias in experimental studies. These problems themselves may also be viewed as possibilities, as they are solved, but three specific possibilities which should be pursued are studies of whole or completed families, theoretical expansions, and sophisticated statistical controls.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"35 3 1","pages":"411-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68553754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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