The effects on helping of three variables presumed to influence feelings of responsibility among witnesses to an emergency were studied. Seventy-two male Israeli undergraduates who had completed the Responsibility Denial (RD) scale participated in a bogus study of training for heart rate control. They heard a female experimenter in an adjoining room scream in panic at the escape of a dangerous rat. The experimenter blamed the escape by implication on herself, chance or the subject. Earlier, subjects had received information about their ability to handle rats in a manipulation of relevant ability to relieve need. The following hypotheses were confirmed. (1) People help a victim they may have harmed: most if he implies they are to blame, less if he attributes his plight to chance, and still less if he blames himself. (2) Helping decreases the less the perceived relevant ability to help especially among those high in the individual tendency to deny responsibility (RD). (3) Helping varies directly with RD.
{"title":"Responsibility and helping in an emergency: effects of blame, ability and denial of responsibility.","authors":"S. Schwartz, A. B. David","doi":"10.2307/3033505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3033505","url":null,"abstract":"The effects on helping of three variables presumed to influence feelings of responsibility among witnesses to an emergency were studied. Seventy-two male Israeli undergraduates who had completed the Responsibility Denial (RD) scale participated in a bogus study of training for heart rate control. They heard a female experimenter in an adjoining room scream in panic at the escape of a dangerous rat. The experimenter blamed the escape by implication on herself, chance or the subject. Earlier, subjects had received information about their ability to handle rats in a manipulation of relevant ability to relieve need. The following hypotheses were confirmed. (1) People help a victim they may have harmed: most if he implies they are to blame, less if he attributes his plight to chance, and still less if he blames himself. (2) Helping decreases the less the perceived relevant ability to help especially among those high in the individual tendency to deny responsibility (RD). (3) Helping varies directly with RD.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 4 1","pages":"406-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3033505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68567824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 2 (touch-no touch) x 2 (sex of confederate) x 2 (sex of subject) between subjects design tested the affective and evaluative consequences of receiving an interpersonal touch in a Professional/Functional situation. It was found that the affective and evaluative response to touch was uniformly positive for females, who felt affectively more positive and evaluated the toucher and the environmental setting more favorably than in no touch conditions. The male response to touch was more ambivalent.
{"title":"Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects of an interpersonal touch.","authors":"J. Fisher, M. Rytting, R. Heslin","doi":"10.2307/3033506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3033506","url":null,"abstract":"A 2 (touch-no touch) x 2 (sex of confederate) x 2 (sex of subject) between subjects design tested the affective and evaluative consequences of receiving an interpersonal touch in a Professional/Functional situation. It was found that the affective and evaluative response to touch was uniformly positive for females, who felt affectively more positive and evaluated the toucher and the environmental setting more favorably than in no touch conditions. The male response to touch was more ambivalent.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"34 1","pages":"416-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3033506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68567843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-disclosure in dyads as a function of distance and the subject-experimenter relationship.","authors":"C F Johnson, J M Dabbs","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 3","pages":"257-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12185780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sex composition and leadership in small groups.","authors":"A. Eskilson, M. Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2786511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786511","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 3 1","pages":"183-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68554149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sex composition and leadership in small groups.","authors":"A Eskilson, M G Wiley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 3","pages":"183-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12185778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a factorial design, 72 subjects answered questions of low, moderate, and high intimacy value at one of three distances from an experimenter who either adopted a neutral manner, induced liking, or disclosed about himself. Argyle and Dean's "distance-equilibrium" hypothesis was supported. When answering questions of low and moderate intimacy value, subjects placed in close proximity to the experimenter spent significantly less time in self-disclosure than did subjects placed further away. Jourard and Friedman's assertion that subjects who liked the experimenter would disclose more when distance was reduced was called into question, while their finding that subjects disclosed more following experimenter self-disclosure was replicated. However, subjects exposed to the positive affect induction, who reported increased liking for the experimenter, disclosed no more than subjects in the neutral condition, and the effect of distance was independent of the relationship effect. The results suggest that modeling, rather than liking or "distance, " accounts for Jourard and Friedman 's finding.
{"title":"Self-disclosure in dyads as a function of distance and the subject-experimenter relationship.","authors":"Carl F. Johnson, James M. Dabbs","doi":"10.2307/2786518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786518","url":null,"abstract":"In a factorial design, 72 subjects answered questions of low, moderate, and high intimacy value at one of three distances from an experimenter who either adopted a neutral manner, induced liking, or disclosed about himself. Argyle and Dean's \"distance-equilibrium\" hypothesis was supported. When answering questions of low and moderate intimacy value, subjects placed in close proximity to the experimenter spent significantly less time in self-disclosure than did subjects placed further away. Jourard and Friedman's assertion that subjects who liked the experimenter would disclose more when distance was reduced was called into question, while their finding that subjects disclosed more following experimenter self-disclosure was replicated. However, subjects exposed to the positive affect induction, who reported increased liking for the experimenter, disclosed no more than subjects in the neutral condition, and the effect of distance was independent of the relationship effect. The results suggest that modeling, rather than liking or \"distance, \" accounts for Jourard and Friedman 's finding.","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 3 1","pages":"257-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68554368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A study of economic panic: the \"run\" on the Hindmarsh Building Society.","authors":"L. Mann, T. Nagel, P. Dowling","doi":"10.2307/2786515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786515","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 3 1","pages":"223-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68554256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A study of economic panic: the \"run\" on the Hindmarsh Building Society.","authors":"L Mann, T Nagel, P Dowling","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 3","pages":"223-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12185779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eight-four male subjects, participating in a simulated work situation, had the opportunity to make money honestly or to steal from a second subject serving as a supervisor. In half the cases the supervisor doubted the subject's honesty and made frequent inspections of his work in the first half of the experiment. The remainder of the subjects were exposed to a trusting supervisor who regarded the subjects as honest and did not exercise opportunities to inspect. Subject's level of Machiavellianism was also measured. It was predicted that the norm of responsibility would inhibit subjects from stealing from a trusting supervisor who was dependent on them. Past research led us to expect greater theft from the distrustful supervisor. These hypotheses were supported. Also supported were our hypotheses that high Machiavellians, who conform less to conventional norms and exploit situations where the risk of sanctioning is small, would steal more overall than low Machiavellians, particularly from the trusting supervisor. It was concluded that only close forms of supervision would deter high Machiavellians while low Machiavellians would remain honest if left unsupervised in positions of "trust. "
{"title":"The impact of Machiavellianism and the trustfulness of the victim on laboratory theft.","authors":"W. Andrew Harrell, Timothy Hartnagel","doi":"10.2307/2786216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2786216","url":null,"abstract":"Eight-four male subjects, participating in a simulated work situation, had the opportunity to make money honestly or to steal from a second subject serving as a supervisor. In half the cases the supervisor doubted the subject's honesty and made frequent inspections of his work in the first half of the experiment. The remainder of the subjects were exposed to a trusting supervisor who regarded the subjects as honest and did not exercise opportunities to inspect. Subject's level of Machiavellianism was also measured. It was predicted that the norm of responsibility would inhibit subjects from stealing from a trusting supervisor who was dependent on them. Past research led us to expect greater theft from the distrustful supervisor. These hypotheses were supported. Also supported were our hypotheses that high Machiavellians, who conform less to conventional norms and exploit situations where the risk of sanctioning is small, would steal more overall than low Machiavellians, particularly from the trusting supervisor. It was concluded that only close forms of supervision would deter high Machiavellians while low Machiavellians would remain honest if left unsupervised in positions of \"trust. \"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 2 1","pages":"157-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2786216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68546941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of Machiavellianism and the trustfulness of the victim on laboratory theft.","authors":"W A Harrell, T Hartnagel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76949,"journal":{"name":"Sociometry","volume":"39 2","pages":"157-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12151080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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