Bacteriologia, virusologia, parazitologia, epidemiologia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990)最新文献

Purpose: Evaluation of the etiology of bacterial diseases associated with bacteremia/ sepsis in the Emergency County Hospital of Tg. Mureş during 2006-2007.

Materials and methods: Blood samples of 684 patients hospitalized in Emergency County Hospital of Tg. Mureş during January 2006 - December 2007 were analyzed. The isolated germs have been identified according to standard methods. The blood culture results were centralized and processed in electronic databases.

Results: In 2006 and 2007 the frequency of identified germs from blood cultures remained unchanged: the predominant germs are coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by enterobacteria (Klebsiella spp prevailing), S. aureus (mostly methicillin-resistant (MRSA)) and other bacteria.

Conclusions: The main bacteria isolated from blood culture are staphylococci and enterobacteria. In medical sections undertaking invasive procedures, the infections with methicillin-resistant staphylococci are common.

Aim: To monitore knowledges and attitudes regarding food additives in a representative sample of Mureş students.

Methods: We used a questionnaire of 27 questions related to nutritional behaviour, types of food and beverages with food additives used frequently in the menu and also knowledges regarding food additives. We choose a groups of 185 students from Targu-Mures University of Medicine, in 2007.

Results: Knowledges regarding food additives are impressive in our group and showing interest for this matter also. From our subjects 55.14% are avoiding food products and beverages with additives, especially girls from urban area (p < 0.00006). An important percentage (9.72%) of students are associating over admitted limits of additive food products daily (ham, sweets, dairy, jam, canned food)e; 20% of them are consuming also beverages and instant tea types with more additives involved.

Conclusions: The motives to avoid food additives are related to cancer and gastric toxicity causes.

The cumulative antibiogram (CA) represents a report which summarizes the susceptibility of commonly isolated microorganisms to usual antibiotics in a defined period of time. We have evaluated the local resistance data during the year 2007 by generating CA from the bacteriology laboratory's database in Mures County Emergency Clinical Hospital for 3 categories of microorganisms: Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative enteric rods and non-fermenters. A total of 1382 individual antibiotic susceptibility reports were analysed. Gram-positive cocci were susceptible 100% to glycopeptides and oxazolidinones. Fifty percent of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. More than 90% of S. aureus and MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Gram-negative enteric rods were 100% susceptible to carbapenems. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to broad spectrum cephalosporins was 72% and 26%, respectively. The activity of carbapenems against Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 43% and 35%, respectively. Colistin was active in 100% of the isolated nonfermenters. CA is a useful tool for evaluation of local resistance data but careful interpretation of generated data is required in order to avoid under- or overestimation of resistance.

Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) can range from uncomplicated diarrhea to sepsis and even death. CDAD rates and severity are increasing, possibly due to a new strain. Transmission of C. difficile occurs primarily in health care facilities via the fecal-oral route following transient contamination of the hands of health care workers and patients; contamination of the patient care environment also plays an important role. Education of hospital staff appropriate diagnostic testing, early treatment, and measures for preventing spread of the pathogen could lead to decreasing the morbidity and mortality rates.

Biosafety includes the protective measures against the risks of contamination with pathogen germs in the laboratories that handle pathogens, or stock or manipulate potentially contaminated products, or perform microbiological tests for medical or scientific research purposes, as well as the means of protecting the environment and the human collectivities against hazard contaminations that have as starting point these laboratories. Besides, lately, a new notion emerged, that of biosecurity, which refers to the sum of measures designed to protect workers, environment and population against the loss, theft, use and release in the environment of pathogenic biological agents. The work overviews the present concerns for the regulation of these two notions and the way in which a system for the management of the biological risks in a laboratory that handles pathogens should be documented and implemented. The need for the continuous professional training of the staff and for the establishment of individual and collective responsibilities for preventing biosafety incidents and trespassing biosecurity rules are as well emphasized. The main biosafety measures are pointed out and a series of considerations regarding biosafety and bioterrorism in correlation with the medical laboratory are as well mentioned.

Objectives: Our aim is to comparatively study the susceptibility to antibiotics of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from urocultures of patients admitted in the urology department, as well as from ambulatory patients, and also to establish the resistance phenotypes of these strains.

Materials and methods: We studied 33 strains of Enterococcus spp.: 10 isolated from a total of 1889 urocultures from ambulatory patients (of which 431 positive) and 23 isolated from 1871 urocultures from patients admitted in the urology department (of which 462 positive). The antibiotic susceptibility was realised by Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion tests. Statistical analysis of the antibiograms and determining of the resistance phenotypes were performed with automatic reading methods (Osiris--Bio Rad Laboratories), according to the CLSI/NCCLS standard.

Results: The wild phenotype was present in 60% of the strains isolated from ambulatory patients, and only in 39.13% in patients admitted in the urology department. In the urology department a multiresistant strain was isolated, displaying Van A (VRE) phenotype, to which was added resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline and nitrofurans.

Conclusions: In the past decades urinary tract infections with Enterococcus spp., especially the nosocomial ones, have become serious health issues because of the increasing number of cases and the difficulty of treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant strains. In order to limit the spread of these strains, especially VRE strains, in the hospital environment, efficient measures must be instituted for the control of nosocomial infections, accompanied by policies for the rational use of antibiotics.

Poliyoxometalales are a very special category of the chemical compounds that have multiply properties and possibility to application in a lot of actual domain of the scientific research. One of the most practice application of the polyoxometalates with a special significance is their antibacterial and anti fungus actions. For this study, there have been used fungus, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the action of the polyoxometalates was tested simultaneously with the action of the specifically antibiotics for the studied bacteria. In order to determine the fungus and bacteria sensibility to the tested substance, there have been used three methods: two qualitative, diffusion methods (rondel and bucket methods) and one quantitative method (determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration-MIC). The results of the bucket method were similarly with ones obtained with the rondel method: only Staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to the sodium phosphotungstate. Using the quantitative method (MIC) have been emphasized that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were sensitive in time to the studied substance.