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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF TOXIC ELEMENT WITH ICP-OES AND LIBS METHODS IN MARINE SEDIMENTS AROUND THE SEA OF MARMARA IN KAPIDAĞ PENINSULA kapidaĞ半岛马尔马拉海周围海洋沉积物中有毒元素的icp-oes和libs环境分析
Z. Yümün, E. Kam, M. Önce
In this work, the LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) and ICP-OES technique has been applied to the determination of total contents of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Al, Mn, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Na, Mg, K, Ca) in soil samples of Marmara Sea. In order to validate the technique, LIBS data were compared with data obtained on the same soil samples by application of conventional Inductively Coupled Plasma ICP spectroscopy. The partial agreement obtained between the two sets of data suggested the potential applicability of the LIBS technique to the measurement of heavy metals in soils. According to the results, it was seen that the elements determined by ICP-OES analysis were also determined by LIBS method. The LIBS method is an important and practical technique for determining the elements that are enriched with anthropogenic factors as well as the elements resulting from natural processes.
本文应用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)和ICP-OES技术测定了马尔马拉海土壤样品中重金属(Fe、Zn、Al、Mn、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Na、Mg、K、Ca)的总含量。为了验证该技术,将LIBS数据与传统电感耦合等离子体ICP光谱在相同土壤样品上获得的数据进行了比较。两组数据之间的部分一致表明了LIBS技术在土壤重金属测量中的潜在适用性。结果表明,ICP-OES法测定的元素与LIBS法测定的元素相同。液相色谱法对于测定富含人为因素的元素和自然过程产生的元素是一种重要的实用技术。
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引用次数: 7
A Proper Generalization of Banach Principle for Nadler Type Mappings in Cone b-Metric Spaces Over Banach Algebras Banach代数上锥b-度量空间中Nadler型映射的Banach原理的适当推广
Faruk Develi, Muttalip Özavsar, S. Radenović
In this paper, we first consider Nadler type contractions with the generalized Lipschitz constant k holding r(k)<1 instead of r(sk)<1 where r(k) is the spectral radius of k and s≥1 is the coefficient of the underlying cone b-metric spaces over Banach algebras. Then, we prove the corresponding fixed point theorem for such mappings. Finally, we compare our result with one obtained by the case r(sk)<1 by introducing some proper examples.
本文首先考虑广义Lipschitz常数k保持r(k)<1而不是r(sk)<1的Nadler型收缩,其中r(k)是k的谱半径,s≥1是Banach代数上的锥b-度量空间的系数。然后,我们证明了相应的不动点定理。最后,我们通过引入一些适当的例子,将我们的结果与r(sk)<1的情况下的结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
MONOTONICITY RESULTS AND ASSOCIATED INEQUALITIES FOR K-GAMMA FUNCTION 函数的单调性结果及相关不等式
I. Ege, E. Yıldırım
In this work, we find -analogue of Gautschi inequality and obtain some monotonicity results for -gamma function. By the aid of these, we also get some more inequalities.
本文研究了-gamma函数的-类似不等式,得到了-gamma函数的单调性结果。借助这些,我们还得到了更多的不等式。
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引用次数: 0
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCIES OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS IN IZMIR/TURKEY USING DEAHP APPROACH 用死亡方法评价土耳其伊兹密尔公立高中的效率
Ö. Gültekin, Reyhan Ayna
This study is carried out to assess the relative efficiencies of the Anatolian high schools in Izmir /Turkey and to guide inefficient educational institutions to become efficient. Firstly, efficiency measurement is performed by data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. Instead of assigning equal weights to the input and output variables, the analysis is repeated by assigning weights with the aid of the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) model. 3 input and 3 output variables are determined in the study and 47 Anatolian High Schools are analyzed. In Izmir, this study is important since it is the first study to assess the efficiencies of Anatolian high schools with data envelopment analytic hierarchy process (DEAHP) integrated model.
本研究的目的是评估土耳其伊兹密尔安纳托利亚高中的相对效率,并指导效率低下的教育机构提高效率。首先,利用数据包络分析(DEA)模型对效率进行测度。不是为输入和输出变量分配相等的权重,而是通过在层次分析过程(AHP)模型的帮助下分配权重来重复分析。本研究确定了3个输入变量和3个输出变量,并对47所安纳托利亚高中进行了分析。在伊兹密尔,这项研究很重要,因为它是第一个用数据包络层次分析法(DEAHP)综合模型评估安纳托利亚高中效率的研究。
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引用次数: 0
EVALUATING ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENE RUBBER FOR DYNAMIC APPLICATIONS INSTEAD OF NATURAL 评价乙丙二烯橡胶替代天然橡胶的动态应用
B. Karaağaç, A. Bayram, Haluk Konyali
Natural Rubber (NR) has been used in dynamic applications for many years. NR has satisfactory resilience, vibration, and fatigue properties. Besides all these good properties, NR has quite poor aging resistance; also its service temperature is limited to about 90 °C. Improving aging characteristics of NR is a common problem for both rubber industry and academy. Nowadays, especially automotive industry has been focused on thermally resistant static and dynamic rubber based materials in new generation automobiles because of current strict emission regulations. There are a lot of attempts to improve service conditions of NR however; they are not comparable yet, with alternative saturated rubbers such as EPDM. In this study, a new grade EPDM, which had a high molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and tailor-made chain structure, has been studied in terms of rheological, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, aging, and low temperature properties for target dynamic applications. Especially possible service temperature and dynamic performance of EPDM were compared to that of NR based reference. It was concluded that, EPDM may be an assertive competitor to NR, if its chain structure is modified correctly.
天然橡胶(NR)已在动态应用中使用多年。NR具有令人满意的回弹、振动和疲劳性能。除了这些良好的性能外,NR的耐老化性很差;它的使用温度也限制在90°C左右。改善天然橡胶的老化特性是橡胶工业和学术界共同面临的问题。由于目前严格的排放法规,新一代汽车的抗热静态和动态橡胶基材料受到了汽车行业的关注。然而,有许多尝试改善NR的服务条件;他们还没有可比性,替代饱和橡胶,如EPDM。本研究从流变学、力学性能、动态力学性能、老化性能和低温性能等方面研究了一种具有高分子量、窄分子量分布和定制链结构的新型三元乙丙橡胶。并将EPDM的使用温度和动态性能与基于NR的参考材料进行了比较。结果表明,只要对三元乙丙橡胶的链结构进行适当的调整,三元乙丙橡胶将成为天然橡胶的有力竞争对手。
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引用次数: 1
The Effect of a Residual Stress on Wave Propagation in a Fluid-Filled Thick Elastic Tube 充液厚弹性管中残余应力对波传播的影响
H. Erol
The propagation of harmonic waves in an elastic tubes filled fluid is presented in this study. The tube material is considered to be incompressible, homogeneous, isotropic, initially axially stretched, inflated and thick elastic like human arteries. The viscous fluid is assumed to be incompressible and Newtonian. The differential equations of both materials are obtained in cylindrical coordinates. The analytical solutions of the equations of motion for the fluid, numerical solutions of the equations of motion for the tube have been found. The residual circumferential strain in the unloaded state of artery causes opening angle. The dispersion relation is presented as a function of the axial stretch, opening angle, internal pressure and material parameters. The effects of these parameters are shown and discussed on graphics.
本文研究了谐波在充满弹性管的流体中的传播。管材料被认为是不可压缩的,均匀的,各向同性的,最初轴向拉伸,膨胀和厚弹性像人的动脉。粘性流体被假定为不可压缩的牛顿流体。在柱坐标系下得到了两种材料的微分方程。得到了流体运动方程的解析解和管道运动方程的数值解。动脉在卸载状态下的残余周向应变导致了动脉的开口角。离散关系是轴向拉伸、开口角、内压和材料参数的函数。在图形上显示并讨论了这些参数的影响。
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引用次数: 0
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROCOAGULATION AND ELECTROOXIDATION METHODS OF REAL TEXTILE WASTEWATER TREATMENT 电絮凝和电氧化法处理纺织废水的研究
Aydeniz Demir Delil, Nazım Gören
Industrial wastewaters are becoming a bigger problem every day depending on the development of the industry and technology.  The textile industry discharges a large amount of wastewater containing non-biodegradable organic compounds and inorganic chemicals to the environment after various steps of production processing. Electrochemical technologies such as electrochemical oxidation, electrochemical reduction, indirect electro-oxidation with strong oxidants and electrocoagulation have received considerable attention for treating dye wastewaters during last decade. In this study, it was investigated the treatability of wastewater from textile industry by electrochemical treatment methods. Effect of important operating parameters such as, electrode type and combination (Al-Al, Fe-Fe, Al-Fe, Fe-Al, Pt-Fe), pH, reaction time and potential were investigated on removal efficiency of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD).  The study was performed by both electrocoagulation and electrooxidation method using real textile wastewater. The initial color, and COD concentrations of the wastewater were 395 Pt-Co and 1040 mg/L, respectively. At the end of the electrocoagulation experiments, concentrations of color and COD were decreased to 28 Pt-Co and 115 mg/L, respectively. Results showed that at pH 3 and 6 V potential, up to 93% color and 89% COD removal efficiencies were obtained in the reactor consisting of Fe-Fe electrodes. COD and color were removed at the rate of 88% and 92%, respectively in the study done with Al-Al couple at 10 V in natural pH (6.96). COD removal was achieved in the ratio of 93% at 6V as a result of the electrooxidation study with a couple of Pt-Fe electrodes. The study showed that the removal process was promising and it was reached to the discharge limit values for the color and COD with each electrode couple specified in the regulation.
随着工业和技术的发展,工业废水日益成为一个更大的问题。纺织工业经过各种生产加工工序,向环境排放大量含有不可生物降解的有机化合物和无机化学物质的废水。近十年来,电化学氧化、电化学还原、强氧化剂间接电氧化和电混凝等电化学技术在处理染料废水方面受到了广泛关注。研究了电化学处理方法对纺织工业废水的可处理性。考察了电极类型和组合(Al-Al、Fe-Fe、Al-Fe、Fe-Al、Pt-Fe)、pH、反应时间和电位等重要操作参数对染料去除率和化学需氧量(COD)的影响。以实际纺织废水为研究对象,采用电絮凝法和电氧化法进行了研究。废水初始色度为395 Pt-Co, COD浓度为1040 mg/L。电凝实验结束时,颜色和COD浓度分别降至28 Pt-Co和115 mg/L。结果表明,在pH值为3、电位为6 V时,Fe-Fe电极组成的反应器可获得高达93%的显色率和89%的COD去除率。在自然pH值(6.96)为10 V的条件下,Al-Al对COD和颜色的去除率分别为88%和92%。在6V条件下,用一对Pt-Fe电极进行电氧化研究,COD去除率达到93%。研究表明,去除工艺是有前途的,每对电极对颜色和COD都达到了法规规定的放电限值。
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引用次数: 9
APPLICATION OF MULTI-OBJECTIVE CONTROLLER TO OPTIMAL TUNING OF PID PARAMETERS FOR DIFFERENT PROCESS SYSTEMS USING CUCKOO SEARCH ALGORITHM 多目标控制器在不同过程系统pid参数最优整定中的应用
B. Ataşlar-Ayyıldız, O. Karahan
A time domain performance criterion based on the multi-objective Pareto front solutions is proposed to tune the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller parameters with the Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm for different process systems: first order plus dead time (FOPDT) and high order dynamics. The proposed multi-objective cost function consists of conflicting objective functions including the overshoot, rise time, settling time and steady state error. In this paper, multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used for obtaining the Pareto optimal solutions of the conflicting objective functions. The weights in the proposed multi-objective cost function are calculated by way of nondominated solutions of the obtained Pareto fronts based on the four conflicting objective functions. Also, the optimal tuning parameters of the PID controller are obtained by minimizing the integral based objective functions commonly introduced in the literature using the CS algorithm. The obtained results show that the CS optimized approach based on the proposed objective cost function outperforms than that of the integral based objective functions with higher efficiency and better quality no matter whether the process systems are employed under unload or load conditions.
针对一阶加死区(FOPDT)和高阶动态过程系统,提出了一种基于多目标Pareto前解的时域性能准则,利用布谷鸟搜索(CS)算法对比例-积分-导数(PID)控制器参数进行整定。所提出的多目标代价函数由冲突的目标函数组成,包括超调量、上升时间、稳定时间和稳态误差。本文采用多目标遗传算法求解冲突目标函数的Pareto最优解。基于四个相互冲突的目标函数,利用得到的Pareto前沿的非支配解计算多目标代价函数的权重。利用CS算法对文献中常用的基于积分的目标函数进行最小化,从而得到PID控制器的最优整定参数。结果表明,无论过程系统是在卸载还是加载条件下,基于目标成本函数的CS优化方法都优于基于积分目标函数的CS优化方法,效率更高,质量更好。
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引用次数: 1
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY CONTENT ON THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE SAND 频率含量对砂土动力特性的影响
K. B. Afacan, E. Güler
Under the repeated loads of the soil, stress-strain and strength properties play an important role in solving the engineering problems. The stresses-deformation and strength properties of the soils under repeated loads, which are caused by the depression, are changing. As a result, deformations occur in the ground and structural damage occurs. Engineering properties must be known in order to minimize the damage of earthquakes. One of these parameters is an important factor in the effects of frequency earthquakes. In this study, the effects of frequencies obtained from different earthquakes on the dynamic characteristics of the ground were investigated. In the study, a dynamic triaxial test set was used to investigate the dynamic properties of soils. The variation of dynamic properties under the experimental conditions was investigated by loading with regular and irregular frequencies on the sand samples.
在反复荷载作用下,土体的应力-应变和强度特性对解决工程问题起着重要作用。由凹陷引起的反复荷载作用下,土体的应力变形和强度特性发生了变化。结果,地面发生变形,造成结构破坏。为了使地震的损害降到最低,必须了解工程性质。其中一个参数是影响地震频率的重要因素。本文研究了不同地震频率对地面动力特性的影响。采用动态三轴试验装置对土的动力特性进行了研究。通过对砂样进行规则频率和不规则频率加载,研究了试验条件下砂样动力特性的变化规律。
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引用次数: 1
INVESTIGATION OF MACHINABILITY OF WELDED JOINTED HARDOX STEEL IN WEDM 电火花切割焊接硬质钢的可加工性研究
M. Altug
In this study machinibility of hardox steel plates (welded by plasma and Mag welding) was examined in WEDM. Two different ampere value and two different feed rate were determined for the two different welding types. Depending on these factors ,micro structures, micro hardnesses and resistivity/conductivity values (varying according to heat output) were obtained at the HAZ and WM zones. Then, each of the samples taken from both HAZ and WM zones were cut in the WEDM by using 2 levelled four different parameters. The purpose at this stage is to examine the cutting width (kerf) and surface roughness (Ra) values at the HAZ and WM zones with respect to varying micro structure, micro hardness and conductivity values. At the end of the study, the lowest kerf was obtained with the plasma welded samples whereas the lowest Ra values were obtained with the Mag welded samples . The samples at WM zone are in general are the ones welded by high conductivity sample Mag welding. Whereas in the HAZ zone the samples are the ones welded by high conductivity plasma welding.
采用电火花线切割技术,研究了等离子和磁导焊焊接硬质钢板的可加工性。针对两种不同的焊接方式,确定了两种不同的安培值和两种不同的进给速率。根据这些因素,在HAZ和WM区域获得了显微结构、显微硬度和电阻率/电导率值(根据热量输出而变化)。然后,从HAZ和WM区域采集的每个样品都在线切割机上使用2级的四个不同参数进行切割。这一阶段的目的是检查HAZ和WM区域的切割宽度(切口)和表面粗糙度(Ra)值与不同的微观结构、显微硬度和电导率值有关。在研究结束时,等离子焊接样品获得了最小的切口,而磁感应焊接样品获得了最低的Ra值。WM区的试样一般是由高导电性的磁导试样焊接而成。热影响区为高导电性等离子体焊接试样。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology-A Applied Sciences and Engineering
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