Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale B, Hygiene最新文献

An epidemiological study of the causes of death was performed covering the entire German asbestos cement industry (10 plants). Of 376 workers who had died in the period of 1 January 1976 - 31 December 1980 and who had been employed for a minimum of 10 years, 314 were included; 307 of these were men. Special consideration was given to the asbestos-related diseases asbestosis, asbestosis in combination with lung cancer, and mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum. The relationship between lung cancer with asbestosis and lung cancer without asbestosis is nearly 1:1. From this the conclusion can be drawn that a causal relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer can be assumed in only half of the lung cancer cases. This is, however, an upper approximation, since 15 cases of lung cancer were found which is 1/3 less than the expected number in comparison with the normal population. This documents the relatively small excess (SPMR = 1.2) of all cases of lung cancer detected in the asbestos cement industry as compared to the expected lung cancer cases not due to asbestos.

Perchlorethylene in subacute amounts in form of contaminated drinking-water was given to a group of NMRI-mice (group A = 0,05 mg PER/kg BW/d and group B = 0,1 mg PER/kg BW/d) over a period of seven weeks. The histologic changes of various organs and the perchlorethylene-residues in the examined organs have been determined. We only could establish the light-microscopic perceivable histologic changes in the spleen. Thus the pulpa cords were rich in erythrocytes and the area of the red pulpa contained plenty of blood-formation-centers with megakaryocytes. In the spleens of group B a siderin-storage in the red pulpa in macrophages could be established. These results are indicative for an increased hemolysis. In all of the examined organs, the heaviest accumulation of perchlorethylene we could be established in the spleen, whereby the concentration in the spleen amounted to several times as much as the residue-examinations of the other organs. In the liver for instance an insignificant amount of PER was stored. The erythrocytes and the fragments of them, that have been changed by the storage of PER are being decomposed in the spleen, and perchlorethylene reaches the spleen via the erythrocytes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of zoonotic pathogens simultaneously in animals. The isolation of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yp), Campylobacter jejuni (Cj), Salmonella spp. (Sal) and Leptospira spp. (Lep) in 318 cats and 252 dogs were performed in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. A total of 13 isolates of Yp (4 strains) and Sal (9 strains) were recovered from intestine and/or mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of 13 cats (4.1%) but not Ye, and Cj was not examined. A total of 88 isolates of Ye (15 dogs, 15 strains), Yp (16 dogs, 16 strains), Cj (10 dogs, 13 strains) and Sal (39 dogs, 44 strains) were recovered from intestine and/or MLN of 76 dogs (30.2%). Two species of Ye O3, Cj and Sal were recovered from either intestine or MLN of 4 dogs but not from cats. Lep was not detected in dogs and cats kidney. The 101 isolates from dogs and cats belonged to Ye 3B/O3/II (biotype/serotype/phage type) (2 strains), 4/O3/VIII (10 strains) and 2/O5,27 (3 strains), Yp serotypes 1b, 2b (each 3 strains), 2c (2 strains), 4a (2 strains), 4b (4 strains), 5a (5 strains) and 7 (1 strain), Cj serotypes TCK 9, 13, 26 (each 1 strain), 21 (2 strains) and untypable (8 strains) and 24 serotypes of Sal. Ye O3 and Yp were detected frequently in cold months. There was no definite seasonal variation of Ye O5,27 Cj and Sal in internal origin of dogs and cats. Ye O3, Yp and Cj were counted at 10(2) to 10(7) cells per g of the jejunal-to-rectal contents, but Sal at less than 10(2) cells per g of the intestinal contents. Ye O3, Yp and Sal were recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes, but not Ye O5,27 and Cj.

Fibers having a diverse range of physical and chemical properties may be emitted into the atmospheric air mostly as a result of human activities. Because the inhalation by man of certain particles may under some circumstances pose a risk to health, this group of particulate matter has to be measured and identified. Because there is little information about the biological (predominantly carcinogenic) potential as yet, measuring techniques are non uniform as well. In this study, the fiber content of human lungdust specimens has been determined electronmicroscopically for 4 different groups: so called normal lungs (as a control), mesothelioma cases, which may have been spontaneous, or initiated by occupational exposure, fibrosis cases (without any lung tumour) after occupational exposure in coal- and talc-mines. In comparison to the mentioned groups some samples from the atmospheric air in the Ruhr District were analyzed for fibers with the aim of obtaining more information about the shape, length and diameter of this particle group. The data indicated that the size distribution of fibrous particles may be highly different depending upon the previous exposure. Furthermore, elongated particles with irregular shapes may confuse the counting and sizing results (preferentially those of the diameters). Based on the present study, fibrous particles greater than 1 micron in length with a length-to-breadth ratio greater than 10: 1 seem to be of increased biological relevance, if mesothelial risk is the main focus of the investigation.

214 Listeria strains were isolated from purified municipal waste water. The differentiation was performed taking into account the newly described species within the genus Listeria, 92.5 per cent of isolated Listeria strains belonged to L. monocytogenes, 4.2 per cent to L. innocua, and 3.3 per cent to L. seeligeri.

Bacterial counts were made over a period of two years of two important commercial shrimp varieties of Karachi coastal waters. Bacteria were also isolated and identified. Total number of bacteria were found to be remarkably equal at 37 degrees, 30 degrees and 25 degrees C. Aerobic plate count of Penaeus merguiensis at 37 degrees C ranged from 1.2 X 10(5) to 6.0 X 10(7) CFU/g (Median 1.8 X 10(6) CFU/g), and were predominantly Vibrio, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Flavobacterium. The corresponding count at 30 degrees C ranged from 3.2 X 10(5) to 4.7 X 10(7) CFU/g (Median 2.6 X 10(6) CFU/g). The bacterial flora in order of predominance were Vibrio, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Alteromonas, and Acinetobacter. The 25 degrees C counts ranged from 5.3 X 10(5) to 8.5 X 10(7) CFU/g (Median 3.1 X 10(6) CFU/g), the flora was composed of Vibrio, Moraxella, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Alteromonas, and Acinetobacter in order of predominance. The aerobic plate count of Metapenaeus monoceros at 30 degrees C ranged from 8.4 x 10(5) to 3.8 x 10(7) CFU/g (Median 2.9 x 10(6) CFU/g). The bacterial flora in order of predominance were Vibrio, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Flavobacterium and Staphylococcus. No significant qualitative or quantitative difference was obtained between the two shrimp species. The presence of Staphylococcus at 37 degrees C was attributed to favourable incubation temperature as well as to excessive unsanitary handling while the absence of Moraxella and Alteromonas putrefaciens at this temperature was considered due to the psychotrophic nature of these organisms.

The sporicidal and fungicidal activity of disinfectants was studied in a suspension test. Glutaraldehyde 4%, sodium-dichloroisocyanurate-dihydrate (2400 ppm active chlorine) and peracetic acid 0.25% demonstrated after 30 min of exposure at 20 degrees C in the presence of 4% horse serum a clear activity against spores of Bacillus cereus. Under the same conditions formaldehyde 4% and glutaraldehyde 2% were also found to be sporicidal, but only after a longer time of exposure. Spores of Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus appeared to be comparably resistant against the investigated disinfectants, whereas conidiospores of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were less resistant. Of the micro-organisms tested Candida albicans proved to be slightest resistant, while spores of Bacillus subtilis were found the most resistant.

Parting surfaces between areas having different standards of hygienic requirements, represent naturally the weak points in the hygienic conception of operating theatres. These boundary areas between the operation room on the one hand and the adjoining entrance lock for the staff on the other are of specific interest in this connection. While opening the connecting doors, dust particles may be whirled up due to turbulence, thermic, constructional and other effects, which are difficult to be identified and may then settle down directly on the operating area after reaching there from the entrance lock through the airways. Since bacteria are in most cases attached to particles, it may be assumed that each air flow loaded with dust particles is also a potential carrier of air-borne germs (contact germs----contaminated dust particles----air borne germs----settling germs). Therefore, the present paper is to be understood as a contribution towards the application of methods for identifying air-borne routes of infection in the operating area and finding ways and means for their elimination. In comparison with the investigations done by Esdorn and Kanz during simulated and operating activities respectively, the experiments described in this paper have been carried out while the operating theatre was not running. It is to be assumed that even under these tranquil conditions, parting surfaces appear to act as permanent disturbing factors. Transmission of germs from the entrance lock for the staff to the operating room is only then possible, if the doors suffer functional disturbance and the entrance lock is found hygienically in objectionable condition. Functional measures regarding construction aim, therefore, at the principle of clear-cut separation of the clean side from the unclean in the design and running of operating theatres, as specified in the guidelines of the Bundesgesundheitsamt. The constructional conception of entrance lock can contribute to achieving almost automatically the necessary hygienic provisions. One of the principle purposes of air-handling systems in operating theatres is to keep a protecting pressure in areas with very high hygienic requirements in relation to those with lower standards of air cleanliness. Air-flow must always follow the direction from the clean to the less clean areas (2, 4, 9, 22, 24, 26, 30). A British-Scandinavian multi-centre study of ultra-clean air and sepsis following total hip replacement (19) showed that the risk of nosocomial infection increases directly with the air contamination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Refuse originated from consulting rooms of medical doctors of five different specializations were disposed of for more than six months in a model landfill. Another variants of the same experiment consisted of a mixture, made from refuse as above with municipal refuse (1:10), and of municipal refuse alone. Using estimation of either CO2 and NH3 evolution before and after disposal, continuous temperature measurement, organic matter and moisture contents, the mineralization process in the disposed refuse was followed. In model landfill which was kept under aerobic conditions the results indicated a low rate of mineralization in refuse from medical consulting rooms. The mixture containing municipal refuse and refuse from medical consulting rooms showed mineralization rate similar to that of municipal refuse alone. If the model landfills were kept nearly anaerobic almost no mineralization occurred in all kind of refuse disposed of.

This study was done to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of the successive use of non-antiseptic soaps with different pH and ethanol at different dilutions during in-use tests on the natural cutaneous flora for both surgical and hospital hand-washing. The successive combinations of detergents and alcohol were less effective than the use of alcohol alone. The influence of humidity and pH could be taken into consideration. The antibacterial effect of ethanol after hand-washing is relatively slow. Taking into account this delayed effect, the antibacterial action of soap + ethanol is of the same order as that obtained with antiseptic preparations which have more efficient immediate results. The existence of large individual variations during repeated assays suggests an important role of local phenomena in the cutaneous coat. Thus for surgical purposes (= with glove-wearing), the use of ethanol after hand-washing with an acidic soap could be taken into consideration, but for hygienic purposes (= immediate effect, without glove-wearing) the application of ethanol after hand-washing with non antiseptic soap is not advantageous from a bacteriological quantitative point of view.