Pub Date : 2022-08-03eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2106303
Guotao Huang, Yong He, Li Hong, Min Zhou, Xiaohu Zuo, Zhihan Zhao
Excessive mechanical traction damages the levator ani muscle (LAM), increasing the incidence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). In this study, we explored the effects of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) on the damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by mechanical stress (MS) at the cellular and animal levels. The cell damage model was established using a four-point bending system. The LAM damage model was established using vaginal distention and traction. Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD+ increased NAD+ levels. ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured to assess mitochondrial function. NAD+ levels, cell viability, and PARP-1 activity were detected using commercial kits. DNA damage in cells was detected with immunofluorescence staining, and LAM damage was detected with tissue TUNEL staining. PARP-1 activity and DNA damage of LAM were detected by immunohistochemistry. A small amount of DNA damage and PARP-1 activation did not affect NAD+ levels, while excessive DNA damage and PARP-1 activation led to an imbalance of NAD+ homeostasis. Furthermore, increasing NAD+ levels in vivo and in vitro could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by MS. In conclusion, MS can induce damage to both C2C12 cells and LAM tissue. Restoring NAD+ homeostasis can rescue this damage by improving mitochondrial function.
{"title":"Restoration of NAD<sup>+</sup> homeostasis protects C2C12 myoblasts and mouse levator ani muscle from mechanical stress-induced damage.","authors":"Guotao Huang, Yong He, Li Hong, Min Zhou, Xiaohu Zuo, Zhihan Zhao","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2106303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2106303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excessive mechanical traction damages the levator ani muscle (LAM), increasing the incidence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). In this study, we explored the effects of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+</sup>) on the damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by mechanical stress (MS) at the cellular and animal levels. The cell damage model was established using a four-point bending system. The LAM damage model was established using vaginal distention and traction. Exogenous addition of PJ34, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) precursor of NAD<sup>+</sup> increased NAD<sup>+</sup> levels. ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured to assess mitochondrial function. NAD<sup>+</sup> levels, cell viability, and PARP-1 activity were detected using commercial kits. DNA damage in cells was detected with immunofluorescence staining, and LAM damage was detected with tissue TUNEL staining. PARP-1 activity and DNA damage of LAM were detected by immunohistochemistry. A small amount of DNA damage and PARP-1 activation did not affect NAD<sup>+</sup> levels, while excessive DNA damage and PARP-1 activation led to an imbalance of NAD<sup>+</sup> homeostasis. Furthermore, increasing NAD<sup>+</sup> levels <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to both muscle cells and LAM tissue induced by MS. In conclusion, MS can induce damage to both C2C12 cells and LAM tissue. Restoring NAD<sup>+</sup> homeostasis can rescue this damage by improving mitochondrial function.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9423866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40334174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2099971
Haesoo Jung, Yong Soo Kim, Da-Min Jung, Kyeong-Seob Lee, Jung-Min Lee, Kee K Kim
Melittin is a major component of bee venom; it is widely used in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory effects. However, melittin has limited medical applications owing to its adverse effects, such as high cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the physiological activities of various hydrolyzed melittin-derived peptides to eliminate the cytotoxicity of melittin and enhance its efficacy. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay confirmed that melittin-derived peptides showed antioxidant activity comparable to that of melittin. Moreover, unlike melittin, which showed high cytotoxicity in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay, the melittin-derived peptides showed negligible cytotoxicity. Among the melittin-derived peptides, the peptide composed of sequence TTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ (P1) showed inhibitory effects on the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and phosphorylation of IκBα, similar to the effects of melittin in RAW 264.7 cells. Degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells was analyzed using a β-hexosaminidase release assay to confirm the allergenic activity of melittin and P1, which showed remarkably reduced allergenicity of P1 compared to that of melittin. These results indicate that P1 maintained the anti-inflammatory effects of melittin while reducing its cytotoxicity and allergic reactions. In conclusion, the melittin-derived peptide P1 efficiently decreased the adverse effects while maintaining the beneficial effects of melittin, making it suitable for therapeutic applications.
蜂毒素是蜂毒的主要成分;由于其治疗作用,如抗炎作用,它在传统医学中被广泛使用。然而,蜂毒素由于其副作用(如高细胞毒性)而在医学上的应用有限。在本研究中,我们研究了各种水解蜂蜂素衍生肽的生理活性,以消除蜂蜂素的细胞毒性,提高其功效。2,2'-氮基-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)自由基清除实验证实,蜂鸟素衍生肽具有与蜂鸟素相当的抗氧化活性。此外,在3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-5-(3-羧基甲氧基苯基)-2-(4-磺苯基)- 2h -四氮唑内盐(MTS)试验中,蜂毒素表现出很高的细胞毒性,而蜂毒素衍生肽的细胞毒性可以忽略不计。在蜂蜂素衍生多肽中,TTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ (P1)序列组成的肽对炎症细胞因子mRNA表达和i - κ b α磷酸化具有抑制作用,与蜂蜂素在RAW 264.7细胞中的作用相似。用β-己糖氨酸酶释放法分析RBL-2H3细胞的脱粒,证实了蜂毒素和P1的致敏活性,结果表明P1的致敏性明显低于蜂毒素。这些结果表明,P1维持了蜂毒素的抗炎作用,同时降低了蜂毒素的细胞毒性和过敏反应。综上所述,蜂毒肽衍生肽P1能有效降低蜂毒肽的不良反应,同时保持蜂毒肽的有益作用,适合于治疗应用。
{"title":"Melittin-derived peptides exhibit variations in cytotoxicity and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and allergenic activities.","authors":"Haesoo Jung, Yong Soo Kim, Da-Min Jung, Kyeong-Seob Lee, Jung-Min Lee, Kee K Kim","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2099971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2099971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melittin is a major component of bee venom; it is widely used in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory effects. However, melittin has limited medical applications owing to its adverse effects, such as high cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the physiological activities of various hydrolyzed melittin-derived peptides to eliminate the cytotoxicity of melittin and enhance its efficacy. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay confirmed that melittin-derived peptides showed antioxidant activity comparable to that of melittin. Moreover, unlike melittin, which showed high cytotoxicity in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay, the melittin-derived peptides showed negligible cytotoxicity. Among the melittin-derived peptides, the peptide composed of sequence TTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ (P1) showed inhibitory effects on the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and phosphorylation of IκBα, similar to the effects of melittin in RAW 264.7 cells. Degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells was analyzed using a β-hexosaminidase release assay to confirm the allergenic activity of melittin and P1, which showed remarkably reduced allergenicity of P1 compared to that of melittin. These results indicate that P1 maintained the anti-inflammatory effects of melittin while reducing its cytotoxicity and allergic reactions. In conclusion, the melittin-derived peptide P1 efficiently decreased the adverse effects while maintaining the beneficial effects of melittin, making it suitable for therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9423820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40334623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2091019
Xiangyu Lu, Yilei Wu, Rui Cao, Xiaojiong Yu, Jun Gong
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the primary cell components of pancreatic cancer (PC) and are involved in tumor growth, metastasis and resistance. However, the role and the mechanism of PSCs in gemcitabine (GEM) resistance to PC still need more investigation. We found that CXCL12 mRNA and secreted CXCL12 protein were higher in PSCs after GEM treatment. The conditioned medium (CM) from GEM-treated PSCs reduced the GEM sensitivity of PC cells. Blocking of CXCL12 in CM by anti-CXCL12 antibody partly restored the GEM sensitivity of PC cells. Blocking of CXCL12 decreased glucose consumption, lactate production, ECAR, and glycolysis-related gene expression in PC cells. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was activated by the binding of CXCL12 and CXCR4. Moreover, CXCR4 mRNA and protein expressions in PC cells were increased after GEM treatment. Our results indicated the cross-talk between PSCs and PC cells during GEM chemotherapy. CXCL12 secreted by PSCs reduces GEM sensitivity of PC cells by binding to CXCR4 and activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR-glycolysis pathway in PC. Our findings would lay the foundation for solving GEM resistance in PC.
{"title":"CXCL12 secreted by pancreatic stellate cells accelerates gemcitabine resistance of pancreatic cancer by enhancing glycolytic reprogramming.","authors":"Xiangyu Lu, Yilei Wu, Rui Cao, Xiaojiong Yu, Jun Gong","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2091019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2091019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the primary cell components of pancreatic cancer (PC) and are involved in tumor growth, metastasis and resistance. However, the role and the mechanism of PSCs in gemcitabine (GEM) resistance to PC still need more investigation. We found that CXCL12 mRNA and secreted CXCL12 protein were higher in PSCs after GEM treatment. The conditioned medium (CM) from GEM-treated PSCs reduced the GEM sensitivity of PC cells. Blocking of CXCL12 in CM by anti-CXCL12 antibody partly restored the GEM sensitivity of PC cells. Blocking of CXCL12 decreased glucose consumption, lactate production, ECAR, and glycolysis-related gene expression in PC cells. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was activated by the binding of CXCL12 and CXCR4. Moreover, CXCR4 mRNA and protein expressions in PC cells were increased after GEM treatment. Our results indicated the cross-talk between PSCs and PC cells during GEM chemotherapy. CXCL12 secreted by PSCs reduces GEM sensitivity of PC cells by binding to CXCR4 and activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR-glycolysis pathway in PC. Our findings would lay the foundation for solving GEM resistance in PC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1d/b3/TACS_26_2091019.PMC9423839.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40334624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-22eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2083235
Tae Won Lee, Kyung-Min Lee
Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is associated with a poor prognosis of breast cancers. However, the role of ECM1 with endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers has not been elucidated yet. We show that ECM1 promotes endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancers. ECM1 is overexpressed in luminal breast cancer patients compared to the basal type of breast cancer. Significantly, higher expression of ECM1 is associated with poor response to endocrine therapies in luminal B breast cancer patients. We found that ECM1 is upregulated in CAMA1 and MDA-MB-361 cells grown in long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) conditions. Moreover, the ablation of ECM1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of CAMA1 LTED and MDA-MB-361 LTED cells. Finally, an interrogation of a dataset containing transcriptome and proteome of breast cancer cell lines revealed that the level of ECM1 mRNA is positively correlated with that of phosphorylated Src. Based on these findings, we strongly suggest that ECM1 significantly contributes to the acquisition of endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancers by the activation of Src.
{"title":"ECM1 is associated with endocrine resistance in ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancers.","authors":"Tae Won Lee, Kyung-Min Lee","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2083235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2083235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is associated with a poor prognosis of breast cancers. However, the role of ECM1 with endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive (ER<sup>+</sup>) breast cancers has not been elucidated yet. We show that ECM1 promotes endocrine resistance in ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancers. ECM1 is overexpressed in luminal breast cancer patients compared to the basal type of breast cancer. Significantly, higher expression of ECM1 is associated with poor response to endocrine therapies in luminal B breast cancer patients. We found that ECM1 is upregulated in CAMA1 and MDA-MB-361 cells grown in long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) conditions. Moreover, the ablation of ECM1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of CAMA1 LTED and MDA-MB-361 LTED cells. Finally, an interrogation of a dataset containing transcriptome and proteome of breast cancer cell lines revealed that the level of <i>ECM1</i> mRNA is positively correlated with that of phosphorylated Src. Based on these findings, we strongly suggest that ECM1 significantly contributes to the acquisition of endocrine resistance in ER<sup>+</sup> breast cancers by the activation of Src.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40468853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-11eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2085790
Haesoo Jung, Da-Min Jung, Sang-Soo Lee, Eun-Mi Kim, Kyungah Yoon, Kee K Kim
The crosstalk between androgens and Wnt signaling pathways is critical in the hair growth cycle. Therefore, natural products that target these two pathways for the inhibition of hair loss are sought after. In this study, we investigated the effect of water extracts of Mangifera indica leaves (WEML) on hair growth. WEML treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of both dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and type 2 5α-reductase (SRD5A2) involved in Wnt signal suppression activity and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis, respectively, in human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDP). In addition, WEML treatment effectively upregulated Wnt target genes and downregulated DKK1 expression that was increased by DHT treatment. Degranulation analysis in rat basophilic leukemia mast cell line (RBL-2H3) using β-hexosaminidase release assay confirmed that WEML did not exhibit allergenic activity. Furthermore, hair growth was significantly enhanced in in vivo mice model treated with WEML. These results suggest that M. indica leave extract contains bioactive materials that can be used to treat hair loss.
{"title":"<i>Mangifera Indica</i> leaf extracts promote hair growth via activation of Wnt signaling pathway in human dermal papilla cells.","authors":"Haesoo Jung, Da-Min Jung, Sang-Soo Lee, Eun-Mi Kim, Kyungah Yoon, Kee K Kim","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2085790","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2085790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The crosstalk between androgens and Wnt signaling pathways is critical in the hair growth cycle. Therefore, natural products that target these two pathways for the inhibition of hair loss are sought after. In this study, we investigated the effect of water extracts of <i>Mangifera indica</i> leaves (WEML) on hair growth. WEML treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of both dickkopf-1 (<i>DKK1</i>) and type 2 5α-reductase (SRD5A2) involved in Wnt signal suppression activity and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis, respectively, in human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDP). In addition, WEML treatment effectively upregulated Wnt target genes and downregulated <i>DKK</i>1 expression that was increased by DHT treatment. Degranulation analysis in rat basophilic leukemia mast cell line (RBL-2H3) using β-hexosaminidase release assay confirmed that WEML did not exhibit allergenic activity. Furthermore, hair growth was significantly enhanced in <i>in vivo</i> mice model treated with WEML. These results suggest that <i>M. indica</i> leave extract contains bioactive materials that can be used to treat hair loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40468856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2084159
Seahyung Park, Kevin W Williams, Jong-Woo Sohn
The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) has been shown to be involved in the suppression of appetite at the pharmacological, optogenetic and chemogenetic levels. However, the signalling that mediates activation of these neurons in physiological conditions has been hindered by difficulties in segregating different cell populations in this region. Using reporter mice, we identify at the electrophysiological level the effects of an anorexic hormone, leptin, on leptin receptor (ObR)-expressing neurons in the LPBN (LPBNObR neurons). Application of leptin caused inhibition in a subpopulation of LPBNObR neurons. This effect was mediated by an increased potassium conductance and was also accompanied by a decrease in excitatory synaptic input onto these neurons. However, mimicking the inhibitory effects of leptin on LPBNObR neurons through chemogenetics led to no changes in feeding or glucose levels, which suggests that leptin action on LPBNObR neurons may not be sufficient to regulate these metabolic aspects.
{"title":"Leptin-inhibited neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus do not alter food intake or glucose balance.","authors":"Seahyung Park, Kevin W Williams, Jong-Woo Sohn","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2084159","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2084159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) has been shown to be involved in the suppression of appetite at the pharmacological, optogenetic and chemogenetic levels. However, the signalling that mediates activation of these neurons in physiological conditions has been hindered by difficulties in segregating different cell populations in this region. Using reporter mice, we identify at the electrophysiological level the effects of an anorexic hormone, leptin, on leptin receptor (ObR)-expressing neurons in the LPBN (LPBN<sup>ObR</sup> neurons). Application of leptin caused inhibition in a subpopulation of LPBN<sup>ObR</sup> neurons. This effect was mediated by an increased potassium conductance and was also accompanied by a decrease in excitatory synaptic input onto these neurons. However, mimicking the inhibitory effects of leptin on LPBN<sup>ObR</sup> neurons through chemogenetics led to no changes in feeding or glucose levels, which suggests that leptin action on LPBN<sup>ObR</sup> neurons may not be sufficient to regulate these metabolic aspects.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246013/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9511599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-29eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2079719
Jinho Seo, Doo-Byoung Oh
A lysosome, an acidic membrane-bound organelle, contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules for recycling. Many lysosomal enzymes (LEs) traffic to the lysosome through the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-dependent pathway. Some mannose residues of high-mannose type N-glycans on LEs can be phosphorylated in the Golgi apparatus through two-step enzyme reactions. The consequent M6P moiety is recognized by M6P receptors (MPRs) on the trans-Golgi network membrane and delivered through the endo-lysosomal pathway. On the other hand, secreted LEs containing M6P glycans can be recaptured by MPRs on the plasma membrane and targeted to the lysosome. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for lysosomal storage diseases exploits this M6P-MPR-dependent endocytosis to deliver recombinant enzymes to lysosomes. This review discusses various engineering and application technologies using M6P's lysosomal targeting. Glyco-engineering for increasing M6P contents developed 'Bio-better' ERT enzymes with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. M6P-decorated peptides, proteins, liposomes, and nanoparticles have been developed for drug delivery and subcellular imaging. A recently developed lysosome-targeting chimera uses an M6P-based bifunctional binder to degrade specific extracellular and membrane proteins. The success and efficiency of M6P-based lysosomal targeting will boost further technological developments with new applications in the biomedical field.
{"title":"Mannose-6-phosphate glycan for lysosomal targeting: various applications from enzyme replacement therapy to lysosome-targeting chimeras.","authors":"Jinho Seo, Doo-Byoung Oh","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2079719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2079719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A lysosome, an acidic membrane-bound organelle, contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules for recycling. Many lysosomal enzymes (LEs) traffic to the lysosome through the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-dependent pathway. Some mannose residues of high-mannose type <i>N</i>-glycans on LEs can be phosphorylated in the Golgi apparatus through two-step enzyme reactions. The consequent M6P moiety is recognized by M6P receptors (MPRs) on the <i>trans</i>-Golgi network membrane and delivered through the endo-lysosomal pathway. On the other hand, secreted LEs containing M6P glycans can be recaptured by MPRs on the plasma membrane and targeted to the lysosome. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for lysosomal storage diseases exploits this M6P-MPR-dependent endocytosis to deliver recombinant enzymes to lysosomes. This review discusses various engineering and application technologies using M6P's lysosomal targeting. Glyco-engineering for increasing M6P contents developed 'Bio-better' ERT enzymes with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. M6P-decorated peptides, proteins, liposomes, and nanoparticles have been developed for drug delivery and subcellular imaging. A recently developed lysosome-targeting chimera uses an M6P-based bifunctional binder to degrade specific extracellular and membrane proteins. The success and efficiency of M6P-based lysosomal targeting will boost further technological developments with new applications in the biomedical field.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40468788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2079718
Bo Li, Xiaojuan Gu, Hanbing Zhang, Hao Xiong
Background: High expression levels of the TTK gene are closely related to tumor occurrence and poor prognosis, as confirmed by some studies. Our study explored the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with different TTK levels and the possible pathological mechanism of TTK in LUAD.
Methods: We extensively searched literature databases and high-throughput sequencing databases and included relevant literature or datasets in the meta-analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) related to TTK expression were calculated, publication bias was assessed, and sensitivity tests were performed. We also compared the relationship between cancer immune infiltrating cells and tumor mutation burden (TMB) in patients with different TTK expression levels via bioinformatics analysis. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of some chemotherapeutic and targeted therapy drugs were calculated. The potential biological functions or pathways associated with different TTK expression levels were determined by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).
Results: The meta-analysis revealed that higher TTK expression level was significantly associated with poor prognosis in LUAD patients, both in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The expression level of TTK was significantly correlated with presence of some immune cells and TMB. Tumors with higher TTK expression levels were mostly enriched for the cell cycle, DNA replication and homologous recombination pathways. In addition, patients with different TTK expression levels were differently sensitive to some antitumor drugs.
Conclusion: TTK may be a promising prognostic biomarker for LUAD and is worthy of further investigation.
{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value and immune implications of the TTK gene in lung adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis.","authors":"Bo Li, Xiaojuan Gu, Hanbing Zhang, Hao Xiong","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2079718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2079718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High expression levels of the TTK gene are closely related to tumor occurrence and poor prognosis, as confirmed by some studies. Our study explored the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with different TTK levels and the possible pathological mechanism of TTK in LUAD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We extensively searched literature databases and high-throughput sequencing databases and included relevant literature or datasets in the meta-analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) related to TTK expression were calculated, publication bias was assessed, and sensitivity tests were performed. We also compared the relationship between cancer immune infiltrating cells and tumor mutation burden (TMB) in patients with different TTK expression levels via bioinformatics analysis. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of some chemotherapeutic and targeted therapy drugs were calculated. The potential biological functions or pathways associated with different TTK expression levels were determined by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The meta-analysis revealed that higher TTK expression level was significantly associated with poor prognosis in LUAD patients, both in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The expression level of TTK was significantly correlated with presence of some immune cells and TMB. Tumors with higher TTK expression levels were mostly enriched for the cell cycle, DNA replication and homologous recombination pathways. In addition, patients with different TTK expression levels were differently sensitive to some antitumor drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TTK may be a promising prognostic biomarker for LUAD and is worthy of further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40468854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2077438
Da Bin Kim, Banzragchgarav Unenkhuu, Grace Jisoo Kim, Seung-Woo Kim, Hong Seok Kim
Clinical observations have revealed that non-resolving low-grade inflammation is linked to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, for example arthritis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, low levels of circulating lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria appear to be one of the primary causes of persistent low-grade inflammation. The inner surface of the blood vessels is lined with endothelial cells; therefore, even low levels of circulating LPS can directly activate these cells and elicit specific cellular responses, such as an increase in the expression levels of cell adhesion molecules and proinflammatory mediators. In endothelial cells, LPS exposure results in an inflammatory response through activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cynarin, a phytochemical found in artichokes, has several pharmacological properties against endothelial inflammation. In the present study, we discovered that cynarin suppressed the LPS-induced increase in the expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and proinflammatory mediators such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β in EA.hy926 cells. Further, cynarin inhibited the activation of p38 and NF-κB pathways by inducing the negative regulator mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP-3) in LPS-stimulated EA.hy926 cells. In conclusion, cynarin alleviates inflammation by upregulating MKP-3, a negative regulator of p38 and NF-κB, and it may be a therapeutic option for treating endothelial inflammation-related diseases.
{"title":"Cynarin attenuates LPS-induced endothelial inflammation via upregulation of the negative regulator MKP-3.","authors":"Da Bin Kim, Banzragchgarav Unenkhuu, Grace Jisoo Kim, Seung-Woo Kim, Hong Seok Kim","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2077438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2077438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical observations have revealed that non-resolving low-grade inflammation is linked to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, for example arthritis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, low levels of circulating lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria appear to be one of the primary causes of persistent low-grade inflammation. The inner surface of the blood vessels is lined with endothelial cells; therefore, even low levels of circulating LPS can directly activate these cells and elicit specific cellular responses, such as an increase in the expression levels of cell adhesion molecules and proinflammatory mediators. In endothelial cells, LPS exposure results in an inflammatory response through activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cynarin, a phytochemical found in artichokes, has several pharmacological properties against endothelial inflammation. In the present study, we discovered that cynarin suppressed the LPS-induced increase in the expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and proinflammatory mediators such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β in EA.hy926 cells. Further, cynarin inhibited the activation of p38 and NF-κB pathways by inducing the negative regulator mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP-3) in LPS-stimulated EA.hy926 cells. In conclusion, cynarin alleviates inflammation by upregulating MKP-3, a negative regulator of p38 and NF-κB, and it may be a therapeutic option for treating endothelial inflammation-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40468855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2061592
J. Ahn, Jong-Hyun Won, Do-Young Kim, Sang-Eun Jung, Bang-Jin Kim, Jun-Mo Kim, Buom-Yong Ryu
ABSTRACT Owing to their self-renewal and differentiation abilities, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for maintaining male fertility and species preservation through spermatogenesis. With an increase in exposure to plasticizers, the risk of endocrine-disrupting chemicals exerting mimetic effects on estrogen receptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA), has also increased. This has led to concerns regarding the preservation of male fertility. BPA impairs spermatogenesis and the maintenance of SSCs; however, the transcriptome differences caused by BPA in SSCs are poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transcriptome differences in SSCs exposed to BPA, using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. We found that cell proliferation and survival were suppressed by SSC exposure to BPA. Therefore, we investigated transcriptome differences through RNA-Seq, functional annotation, and gene set enrichment analysis. Our results showed repetitive and abundant terms related to two genes of lysosomal acidification and five genes of glycosaminoglycan degradation. Furthermore, we validated the transcriptome analyses by detecting mRNA and protein expression levels. The findings confirmed the discovery of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the mechanism of SSCs following exposure to BPA. Taken together, we expect that the identified DEGs and lysosomal mechanisms could provide new insights into the preservation of male fertility and related research.
{"title":"Transcriptome alterations in spermatogonial stem cells exposed to bisphenol A","authors":"J. Ahn, Jong-Hyun Won, Do-Young Kim, Sang-Eun Jung, Bang-Jin Kim, Jun-Mo Kim, Buom-Yong Ryu","doi":"10.1080/19768354.2022.2061592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2022.2061592","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Owing to their self-renewal and differentiation abilities, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for maintaining male fertility and species preservation through spermatogenesis. With an increase in exposure to plasticizers, the risk of endocrine-disrupting chemicals exerting mimetic effects on estrogen receptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA), has also increased. This has led to concerns regarding the preservation of male fertility. BPA impairs spermatogenesis and the maintenance of SSCs; however, the transcriptome differences caused by BPA in SSCs are poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transcriptome differences in SSCs exposed to BPA, using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. We found that cell proliferation and survival were suppressed by SSC exposure to BPA. Therefore, we investigated transcriptome differences through RNA-Seq, functional annotation, and gene set enrichment analysis. Our results showed repetitive and abundant terms related to two genes of lysosomal acidification and five genes of glycosaminoglycan degradation. Furthermore, we validated the transcriptome analyses by detecting mRNA and protein expression levels. The findings confirmed the discovery of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the mechanism of SSCs following exposure to BPA. Taken together, we expect that the identified DEGs and lysosomal mechanisms could provide new insights into the preservation of male fertility and related research.","PeriodicalId":7804,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cells and Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46977340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}