Variations in the proximate compositions of three age groups of Heterobranchus bidorsalis exposed to graded concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO) were investigated in the laboratory. The fish were exposed to 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00 ml L -1 concentrations of BLCO for 4 days (toxicity) and 42 days (recovery) periods. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and dry matter (DM) contents of the juvenile (JV), the yearling (YRL) and the adult (AD) fish were BLCO-concentration dependent. Lower CP values in the adult fish than in the juveniles or the yearlings implies that the crude oil compounds might have depleted the quantity of protein faster in the adults than in the juveniles or the yearlings. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the EE content of the fish muscle could be attributed to the harmful effects of petroleum-related aromatic compound (ACs) on animals. These ACs might have caused decreases in the muscle triglycerides of the total lipid (EE) content of the three age groups of the fish. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in the nitrogen free extract (NFE) of the fish muscle might have been due to the high energy demand imposed on the fish as a positive survival value under the condition of crude oil stress.
在实验室中研究了不同浓度的邦尼轻质原油(BLCO)对三种不同年龄段的异枝鱼(Heterobranchus bidorsalis)的近似组成的变化。鱼分别暴露于1.00、2.00、4.00和8.00 ml L -1浓度的BLCO中4天(毒性期)和42天(恢复期)。幼鱼(JV)、幼鱼(YRL)和成鱼(AD)粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(AS)和干物质(DM)含量的显著降低(P < 0.05)与blco浓度相关。成鱼的CP值低于幼鱼或幼鱼，这表明原油化合物可能比幼鱼或幼鱼更快地耗尽了成鱼的蛋白质量。鱼类肌肉中EE含量的显著降低(P < 0.05)可能与石油相关芳香族化合物(ACs)对动物的有害作用有关。这些ac可能导致三个年龄组的鱼的总脂质(EE)含量的肌肉甘油三酯减少。鱼类肌肉中无氮提取物(NFE)显著增加(P < 0.05)，可能是由于原油胁迫条件下对鱼类的能量需求较高(正生存值)。
{"title":"Age factor and proximate compositions of the muscle of Heterobranchus Bidorsalis exposed to graded concentrations of bonny-light crude oil","authors":"L. Ugwu, Peter John Kwaji, B. Mgbenka","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V4I3.48674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V4I3.48674","url":null,"abstract":"Variations in the proximate compositions of three age groups of Heterobranchus bidorsalis exposed to graded concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO) were investigated in the laboratory. The fish were exposed to 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00 ml L -1 concentrations of BLCO for 4 days (toxicity) and 42 days (recovery) periods. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and dry matter (DM) contents of the juvenile (JV), the yearling (YRL) and the adult (AD) fish were BLCO-concentration dependent. Lower CP values in the adult fish than in the juveniles or the yearlings implies that the crude oil compounds might have depleted the quantity of protein faster in the adults than in the juveniles or the yearlings. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the EE content of the fish muscle could be attributed to the harmful effects of petroleum-related aromatic compound (ACs) on animals. These ACs might have caused decreases in the muscle triglycerides of the total lipid (EE) content of the three age groups of the fish. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in the nitrogen free extract (NFE) of the fish muscle might have been due to the high energy demand imposed on the fish as a positive survival value under the condition of crude oil stress.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85650382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In ever competitive environment of nature, evolution of most attributes of an organism - anatomy, physiology, and behaviour are determined by the environment through selection. The same is the microhabitats of Sarotherodon melanotheron where three Clinostomatids; Clinostomum tilapiae, Clinostomum complanatum, and Euclinostomum heterostomum, were recovered from Opi Lake (GPS N06.75275 * , E007.49104 * ), were studied from (November 2007– October 2008) using multiple fishing gear techniques; cast nets, hook and line, and seine nets (150 mm – 200 mm), showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in all other anatomical parts but the distance between oral and ventral suckers. The prevalence was low; (20.8 %) was recorded in C. complanatum, (6.4 %) in E. heterostomum and (21.1 %) in C. tilapiae. But mean intensity was high which was suggestive of heavy parasite burden; C. complanatum (2.7), C. tilapiae (5.8) and E. heterostomum (5.1). In the rank-abundance curve for parasite communities C. tilapiae was more abundant than the other two species. Differential parasitic implications was due to selection for relatively better adaptiveness to host’s microhabitats, more population size, better host location, and larger body size. Consequently, this resulted in a trade-off between larger morphometric parts and population size among the parasites.
{"title":"CO-PARASITISM AND MORPHOMETRICS OF THREE CLINOSTOMATIDS (DIGENEA: CLINOSTOMATIDAE) IN Sarotherodon melanotheron FROM A TROPICAL FRESHWATER LAKE","authors":"P. C. Echi, Joseph Effiong Eyo, F. Okafor","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48129","url":null,"abstract":"In ever competitive environment of nature, evolution of most attributes of an organism - anatomy, physiology, and behaviour are determined by the environment through selection. The same is the microhabitats of Sarotherodon melanotheron where three Clinostomatids; Clinostomum tilapiae, Clinostomum complanatum, and Euclinostomum heterostomum, were recovered from Opi Lake (GPS N06.75275 * , E007.49104 * ), were studied from (November 2007– October 2008) using multiple fishing gear techniques; cast nets, hook and line, and seine nets (150 mm – 200 mm), showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in all other anatomical parts but the distance between oral and ventral suckers. The prevalence was low; (20.8 %) was recorded in C. complanatum, (6.4 %) in E. heterostomum and (21.1 %) in C. tilapiae. But mean intensity was high which was suggestive of heavy parasite burden; C. complanatum (2.7), C. tilapiae (5.8) and E. heterostomum (5.1). In the rank-abundance curve for parasite communities C. tilapiae was more abundant than the other two species. Differential parasitic implications was due to selection for relatively better adaptiveness to host’s microhabitats, more population size, better host location, and larger body size. Consequently, this resulted in a trade-off between larger morphometric parts and population size among the parasites.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90427580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A monodisperse aerosol generator (MAGE) was used to generate calibration or monodisperse aerosols containing stearic acid and carnauba wax. Some of the factors affecting the size of aerosol particles generated with the MAGE were determined. The factors include: temperature of operation of the MAGE, type and purity of coating material used. The reproducibility of aerosol particles and stability of the aerosol generated were evaluated. The performance characteristics of the MAGE over an extended period of time of operation were also established. The calibration aerosols generated with the MAGE can be used in situ for studies of aerosol deposition measurement equipment.
{"title":"THE GENERATION AND PROPERTIES OF SOLID MONODISPERSE AEROSOLS OF STEARIC ACID AND CARNAUBA WAX","authors":"J. Onyechi, G. P. Martin, C. Marriott","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48135","url":null,"abstract":"A monodisperse aerosol generator (MAGE) was used to generate calibration or monodisperse aerosols containing stearic acid and carnauba wax. Some of the factors affecting the size of aerosol particles generated with the MAGE were determined. The factors include: temperature of operation of the MAGE, type and purity of coating material used. The reproducibility of aerosol particles and stability of the aerosol generated were evaluated. The performance characteristics of the MAGE over an extended period of time of operation were also established. The calibration aerosols generated with the MAGE can be used in situ for studies of aerosol deposition measurement equipment.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77122835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The vomeronasal organ (VNO), a chemoreceptive organ was studied in African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse), a macrosmatic animal, by means of gross dissection and light microscopy. The VNO was located in the rostral part of the base of the nasal septum. It was tubular in shape, about 10.6 mm in length and opened in the rostral region of the nasal cavity, with a blind caudal end that terminated in glandular branches. Its lumen in the middle segment was lined by sensory epithelium on the medial wall and non-sensory epithelium on the lateral wall. The sensory epithelium showed sensory, supporting and basal cells, whereas the non-sensory wall contained psendostratified columnar cells with ciliated epithelium. Vomeronasal glands were present in the lateral wall and on the dorso-lateral region between the sensory and non-sensory epithela. Intraepithelial blood vessels were observed on the medial sensory epithelium. Nerve bundles were also apparent in the medial sensory wall. The vomeronasal capsule incompletely housed the organ and showed ossified areas. The histological observations suggest that the VNO isan important organ in sexual behaviours as in other rodents and will throw more light on future studies of the vomeronasal organ. Keywords: African giant rat, Histology, Chemoreception, Vomeronasal organ
{"title":"Histological Studies Of The Vomeronasal Organ Of African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse)","authors":"C. Igbokwe, I. Nwaogu","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48132","url":null,"abstract":"The vomeronasal organ (VNO), a chemoreceptive organ was studied in African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse), a macrosmatic animal, by means of gross dissection and light microscopy. The VNO was located in the rostral part of the base of the nasal septum. It was tubular in shape, about 10.6 mm in length and opened in the rostral region of the nasal cavity, with a blind caudal end that terminated in glandular branches. Its lumen in the middle segment was lined by sensory epithelium on the medial wall and non-sensory epithelium on the lateral wall. The sensory epithelium showed sensory, supporting and basal cells, whereas the non-sensory wall contained psendostratified columnar cells with ciliated epithelium. Vomeronasal glands were present in the lateral wall and on the dorso-lateral region between the sensory and non-sensory epithela. Intraepithelial blood vessels were observed on the medial sensory epithelium. Nerve bundles were also apparent in the medial sensory wall. The vomeronasal capsule incompletely housed the organ and showed ossified areas. The histological observations suggest that the VNO isan important organ in sexual behaviours as in other rodents and will throw more light on future studies of the vomeronasal organ. Keywords: African giant rat, Histology, Chemoreception, Vomeronasal organ","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88820413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Algae are the chief primary producers in the aquatic environment. Thus, they supply proteins, carbohydrates and mineral salts to the primary consumers and consequently sustain many fishes of commercial interest. Despite algae being a good source of food for some fishes, some cyanobacteria are of low nutritional value and with dinoflagellates may secrete toxins that kill fish. Algae population varies according to seasons and this affects algae - dependent organisms. Optimal algal population is favoured by eutrophication but when there is rapid eutrophication, algal blooms may result. This may lead to the death of zooplankton, game fish and even man. The realization of fish as a major source of protein in Nigeria spurred various workers to investigate the natural food for such fishes as clupeids, Synodontis spp., Chrysichthys spp., Schilbe spp., Tilapia, Alestes, Lates sp. Hydrocynus sp., Siluranodon sp., Eutropus, Bagrus docmac, B. bayad, Heterobranchus sp. Cymnarchus sp., Clarias spp, Hemicynodontus sp. and Brachysynodontis sp. Important fish species cultured in Nigeria include Tilapia nilotica, Tilapia melanopleura, Tilapia galilea, Cyprinus carpio (Common carp), Heterotis niloticus, Lates niloticus (Niger perch), Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus (Catfish) C. gariepinus (Catfish) and others. Aquaculture has not advanced as much in Nigeria as in developed countries where algae could be cultured as feed for fish, shrimps, prawns and other crustaceans in commercial quantities. The economic importance of algae in fisheries cannot be overstressed. Their absence could cause disruption of equilibrium, while excess of them could result to mortality of aquatic fauna.
{"title":"Phycology and fisheries development - a review.","authors":"N. Nweze","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48127","url":null,"abstract":"Algae are the chief primary producers in the aquatic environment. Thus, they supply proteins, carbohydrates and mineral salts to the primary consumers and consequently sustain many fishes of commercial interest. Despite algae being a good source of food for some fishes, some cyanobacteria are of low nutritional value and with dinoflagellates may secrete toxins that kill fish. Algae population varies according to seasons and this affects algae - dependent organisms. Optimal algal population is favoured by eutrophication but when there is rapid eutrophication, algal blooms may result. This may lead to the death of zooplankton, game fish and even man. The realization of fish as a major source of protein in Nigeria spurred various workers to investigate the natural food for such fishes as clupeids, Synodontis spp., Chrysichthys spp., Schilbe spp., Tilapia, Alestes, Lates sp. Hydrocynus sp., Siluranodon sp., Eutropus, Bagrus docmac, B. bayad, Heterobranchus sp. Cymnarchus sp., Clarias spp, Hemicynodontus sp. and Brachysynodontis sp. Important fish species cultured in Nigeria include Tilapia nilotica, Tilapia melanopleura, Tilapia galilea, Cyprinus carpio (Common carp), Heterotis niloticus, Lates niloticus (Niger perch), Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus (Catfish) C. gariepinus (Catfish) and others. Aquaculture has not advanced as much in Nigeria as in developed countries where algae could be cultured as feed for fish, shrimps, prawns and other crustaceans in commercial quantities. The economic importance of algae in fisheries cannot be overstressed. Their absence could cause disruption of equilibrium, while excess of them could result to mortality of aquatic fauna.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76204404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structured questionnaires were administered to 160 teachers from different Nursery and Primary Schools in GRA Onitsha, Nigeria to assess their knowledge, atttude and practices (KAP) on malaria, helminthiass and associated risk factors in the schools’ premises. Educational attainments of the teachers were Masters Degree (0.8 %), Bachelors Degree (39.2 %), Diploma Certcate (50.8 %), and Secondary School Certificate (9.2 %). There were more female (99.2 %) than males (0.8 %). A high percentage o the teachers (754 %) attributed malaria to eating too much oily food, hereditary (0.7 %), intense sunlight (2.1 %), drinking of dirty water (0.7 %), butter (3.5 %), and fried foods (1.4 %). On malaria prevention, about 64.2 % of teachers heard about insecticide treated net (ITN) but have never used it. Other preventive measures mentioned were use of clean environment (31.9 %), mosquito nets (20.2 %), and antmalarial drugs (12.3 %). KAP on helminthiass indicated that some of teachers attributed worm infection to eating sugary foods (19.2 %), drinking dirty water (9.3 %), natural occurrence (1.3 %), eating with diry hands (13.9 %), unwashed fruits and vegetables (10.6 %), unripe fruits (3.3 %), and over ripped fruits (2.0 %). About 48.33 % had seen worms in pupil’s stool., while 375 % had de-wormed pupils; 533 % of them using Ketrax®. Teachers’ perceved methods o preventing worm infection were avoidanceof sugary foods (27.9 %), washing hands before eating (10.46%), washing fruits and vegetables before consumption (26.2 %), and drinking clean water (10.46 %), while 22.1-30 % dd not knowhow to prevent nor treat helminthiasis Risk factorsfor parasitic infections observed in most of theschools included indiscriminate defecation, unhygienic lavatories, blocked drainages, container breeding habitats and open dumping of wastes. Health education for teachers in nursery and primary schools on transmission, prevention and treatment of malaria and helminthiass is hghly advocated. Keywords: Malaria, Helminthiasis, Parasitic infections, Risk factors, Primary schools children, KAP,
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude And Practice (Kap) Of School Teachers On Malaria, Helminthiasis And Associated Risk Factors In Primary Schools In Onitsha, Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria","authors":"Ogochukwu Anthonia Metuh, O. O. Ikpeze","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48130","url":null,"abstract":"Structured questionnaires were administered to 160 teachers from different Nursery and Primary Schools in GRA Onitsha, Nigeria to assess their knowledge, atttude and practices (KAP) on malaria, helminthiass and associated risk factors in the schools’ premises. Educational attainments of the teachers were Masters Degree (0.8 %), Bachelors Degree (39.2 %), Diploma Certcate (50.8 %), and Secondary School Certificate (9.2 %). There were more female (99.2 %) than males (0.8 %). A high percentage o the teachers (754 %) attributed malaria to eating too much oily food, hereditary (0.7 %), intense sunlight (2.1 %), drinking of dirty water (0.7 %), butter (3.5 %), and fried foods (1.4 %). On malaria prevention, about 64.2 % of teachers heard about insecticide treated net (ITN) but have never used it. Other preventive measures mentioned were use of clean environment (31.9 %), mosquito nets (20.2 %), and antmalarial drugs (12.3 %). KAP on helminthiass indicated that some of teachers attributed worm infection to eating sugary foods (19.2 %), drinking dirty water (9.3 %), natural occurrence (1.3 %), eating with diry hands (13.9 %), unwashed fruits and vegetables (10.6 %), unripe fruits (3.3 %), and over ripped fruits (2.0 %). About 48.33 % had seen worms in pupil’s stool., while 375 % had de-wormed pupils; 533 % of them using Ketrax®. Teachers’ perceved methods o preventing worm infection were avoidanceof sugary foods (27.9 %), washing hands before eating (10.46%), washing fruits and vegetables before consumption (26.2 %), and drinking clean water (10.46 %), while 22.1-30 % dd not knowhow to prevent nor treat helminthiasis Risk factorsfor parasitic infections observed in most of theschools included indiscriminate defecation, unhygienic lavatories, blocked drainages, container breeding habitats and open dumping of wastes. Health education for teachers in nursery and primary schools on transmission, prevention and treatment of malaria and helminthiass is hghly advocated. Keywords: Malaria, Helminthiasis, Parasitic infections, Risk factors, Primary schools children, KAP,","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79027236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. C. Ewuim, Obinna Valentine Adinnu, A. N. Ozumba
Biological clocks allow organisms to assess and respond to the oscillating environmental rhythms that result from the earth’s movements via the generation of biological rhythms. Circadian clocks are also assumed to enhance survival and reproductive fitness in part by promoting optional timing of behaviour and physiology in relation to regular cycles in the environment. Temperature fluctuations were studied in three different vertebrate species – Sylvilagus floridanus, Rattus norvegicus and Columba livia in relation to the rhythmicity of rectal temperature. Clinical digital thermometer was used to record the core temperature by inserting it 2 – 3 cm deep from the anal sphincter before taking readings 3 minutes after. The highest recorded mean rectal temperature for R. norvegicu s and S. floridanus were 38.85 ± 0.40 0 C and 39.83 ± 0.32 0 C respectively with the lowest being 36.58 ± 0.74 0 C and 36.63 ± 0.18 0 C respectively. C. livia failed to exhibit core temperature fluctuation. There were not significant differences in the mean rectal temperature for both sexes for S. floridanus in relation to time of day. Differences in the circadian temperature fluctuations were traced to variation among the animals, of preferred temperature arising from differential behavioural and physiological regulation, in relation to environmental cues. It is also possible that daily changes in illumination were secondary to C. livia. The results also suggest that circadian rhythmicity persists even in artificially imposed selective environment. Rectal temperatures are adequate for monitoring the biorhythms, with each species exhibiting endogenous peculiarities in the various circadian phases.
{"title":"THE USE OF RECTAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE STUDY OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN THREE ADULT VERTEBRATE SPECIES IN AWKA, NIGERIA","authors":"S. C. Ewuim, Obinna Valentine Adinnu, A. N. Ozumba","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48136","url":null,"abstract":"Biological clocks allow organisms to assess and respond to the oscillating environmental rhythms that result from the earth’s movements via the generation of biological rhythms. Circadian clocks are also assumed to enhance survival and reproductive fitness in part by promoting optional timing of behaviour and physiology in relation to regular cycles in the environment. Temperature fluctuations were studied in three different vertebrate species – Sylvilagus floridanus, Rattus norvegicus and Columba livia in relation to the rhythmicity of rectal temperature. Clinical digital thermometer was used to record the core temperature by inserting it 2 – 3 cm deep from the anal sphincter before taking readings 3 minutes after. The highest recorded mean rectal temperature for R. norvegicu s and S. floridanus were 38.85 ± 0.40 0 C and 39.83 ± 0.32 0 C respectively with the lowest being 36.58 ± 0.74 0 C and 36.63 ± 0.18 0 C respectively. C. livia failed to exhibit core temperature fluctuation. There were not significant differences in the mean rectal temperature for both sexes for S. floridanus in relation to time of day. Differences in the circadian temperature fluctuations were traced to variation among the animals, of preferred temperature arising from differential behavioural and physiological regulation, in relation to environmental cues. It is also possible that daily changes in illumination were secondary to C. livia. The results also suggest that circadian rhythmicity persists even in artificially imposed selective environment. Rectal temperatures are adequate for monitoring the biorhythms, with each species exhibiting endogenous peculiarities in the various circadian phases.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79363954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method to determine adhesion of suppository mass to intestinal tissue was developed using excised pig intestine. The method which employs the principle of drainage unto and subsequent detachment from the mucosa, of an adherent suppository mass is simple, inexpensive and accurate. Fully optimised, it can be used to assess differences between suppository formulations, as shown by the preliminary results obtained with commercial Anusol formulations.
{"title":"A METHOD TO DETERMINE ADHESION OF SUPPOSITORY MASS ON EXCISED INTESTINAL TISSUE","authors":"J. Onyechi, G. P. Martin","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48126","url":null,"abstract":"A method to determine adhesion of suppository mass to intestinal tissue was developed using excised pig intestine. The method which employs the principle of drainage unto and subsequent detachment from the mucosa, of an adherent suppository mass is simple, inexpensive and accurate. Fully optimised, it can be used to assess differences between suppository formulations, as shown by the preliminary results obtained with commercial Anusol formulations.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78533466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lawrence Okonkwo, Reginald Ikechukwu, Chinedu Athenasius, Casmire Onwuaso
Twelve adult West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep of mean age and body weight of 18 ± 1.19 months and 14.69 ± 2.56 kg body weight respectively were used to study the compatibility of concurrent rumen fistulation and duodenal cannulation with normal life. The compatibility with normal life was assessed by differences in body weight, voluntary feed intake, rectal temperature and some haematological and biochemical parameters for a period of eight weeks between test and control groups. During the study period, all the six animals survived the surgery. There was no significant (p < 0.05) difference in body weight between the test and control groups for the entire study period (week 1-8). The mean rectal temperature of the test group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control group on week 1(44.6 ± 3.15 0 C), week 2 (43.26 ± 4.14 0C) and week 3 (41.15 ± 6.62 0 C) after implantation. Packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte count (EC) were significantly reduced in the test group within the first three weeks (33.19 ± 1.41 to 24.45 ± 1.39% and 7.01 ± 1.34 to 4.37 ± 1.58 x 10 6 µl) respectively. On the contrary, total leukocyte count (TLC), and neutrophils were significantly higher in the test group between weeks 1 to 3 (12.48 ± 4.35 and 31.09 ± 3.67 respectively) compared to the control (8.06 ± 0.95 and 23.41 ± 2.09 respectively. Lymphocytes were insignificantly higher in the test group while voluntary feed intake was insignificantly reduced in the test group throughout the eight weeks. Biochemical analyses revealed that serum creatinine was significantly higher in the test group at week 1 (3.62 ± 1.18) and week 2 (3.08 ± 1.44) after surgery. There was however, no significant difference in serum total proteins during the study period. Serum potassium concentrations were significantly decreased in the test group at week 1 (4.96 ± 1.03 to 1.34 ± 0.04). Sodium was also significantly reduced (146.08 ± 3.78 to 96.03 ± 6.21) but on week 3 post implantation (PI). On the other hand, serum globulin was significantly higher in the test group throughout the study period. Gross observations of incision sites showed adhesions characterized by coalesced tissue granulations. The study has shown that the use of polymetric materials in fabricating rumen fistulae and duodenal cannuale could pave way for increased routine nutritional studies in ruminants particularly in developing countries where the availability of these materials constitute great limitation to research involving rumen studies.
{"title":"PHYSIOLOGIC EVIDENCES OF GOOD TOLERANCE OF CONCURRENT RUMEN FISTULATION AND DUODENAL CANNULATION IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP","authors":"Lawrence Okonkwo, Reginald Ikechukwu, Chinedu Athenasius, Casmire Onwuaso","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48134","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve adult West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep of mean age and body weight of 18 ± 1.19 months and 14.69 ± 2.56 kg body weight respectively were used to study the compatibility of concurrent rumen fistulation and duodenal cannulation with normal life. The compatibility with normal life was assessed by differences in body weight, voluntary feed intake, rectal temperature and some haematological and biochemical parameters for a period of eight weeks between test and control groups. During the study period, all the six animals survived the surgery. There was no significant (p < 0.05) difference in body weight between the test and control groups for the entire study period (week 1-8). The mean rectal temperature of the test group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control group on week 1(44.6 ± 3.15 0 C), week 2 (43.26 ± 4.14 0C) and week 3 (41.15 ± 6.62 0 C) after implantation. Packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte count (EC) were significantly reduced in the test group within the first three weeks (33.19 ± 1.41 to 24.45 ± 1.39% and 7.01 ± 1.34 to 4.37 ± 1.58 x 10 6 µl) respectively. On the contrary, total leukocyte count (TLC), and neutrophils were significantly higher in the test group between weeks 1 to 3 (12.48 ± 4.35 and 31.09 ± 3.67 respectively) compared to the control (8.06 ± 0.95 and 23.41 ± 2.09 respectively. Lymphocytes were insignificantly higher in the test group while voluntary feed intake was insignificantly reduced in the test group throughout the eight weeks. Biochemical analyses revealed that serum creatinine was significantly higher in the test group at week 1 (3.62 ± 1.18) and week 2 (3.08 ± 1.44) after surgery. There was however, no significant difference in serum total proteins during the study period. Serum potassium concentrations were significantly decreased in the test group at week 1 (4.96 ± 1.03 to 1.34 ± 0.04). Sodium was also significantly reduced (146.08 ± 3.78 to 96.03 ± 6.21) but on week 3 post implantation (PI). On the other hand, serum globulin was significantly higher in the test group throughout the study period. Gross observations of incision sites showed adhesions characterized by coalesced tissue granulations. The study has shown that the use of polymetric materials in fabricating rumen fistulae and duodenal cannuale could pave way for increased routine nutritional studies in ruminants particularly in developing countries where the availability of these materials constitute great limitation to research involving rumen studies.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80650426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study describes the effect of intraruminal infusion of different proportions of palmitic (saturated fatty acid) and linolenic (unsaturated fatty acid) on rumen degradability of organic matter fraction of Pennisetium purpureum, total volatile fatty acid and total methane productions in West African Dwarf sheep. Five combination proportions of palmitic and linolenic acids viz: 70 % palmitic acid + 30 % linolenic acid, 30 % palmitic acid + 70 % linolenic acid, 50 % palmitic acid + 50 % linolenic acid, 100 % palmitic acid + 0 % linolenic and 0 % palmitic acid + 100 % linolenic acid designated treatments A-E respectively served as the experimental treatments. These treatments were intraruminally infused into five (5) adult WAD sheep of average body weight of 13.49 ± 1.63 kg and the trial performed in a 5 x 5 latin square experimental design. A sixth group of four sheep, that did not receive any fatty acid infusion, served as the control group. The in-sacco technique for degradability studies was adopted in the determination of organic matter disappearance from the rumen at time intervals of 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours in both the experimental and control groups. Appropriate mathematical model for estimation of total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and total methane production were used for determination of VFA and methane productions. The result of the study showed that organic matter degradability was significantly (p < 0.01) highest in treatment A (70 % palmitic acid + 30 % linolenic acid) at 24 hours (84.63 ± 8.6 %) and 48 hours (88.42 ± 4.8 %) compared to other treatments and the control. Higher proportion of linolenic acid (treatments B and E ) significantly (p<0.01) reduced potential OM degradability at 48 hours with values at 41.08 ± 5.5 % and 23.92 ± 2.4 % respectively. Total VFA production was significantly (p <0.01) increased in treatment A at 24 hours (3.59 ± 0.07 m mol/l) and 48 hours (3.62 ±0.04 m mol/l) compared to other treatments and the control. At same time post incubation, total methane production was significantly (P<0.01) decreased in treatments B (0.39 ± 0.01 mol/hr) and E (0.34 ± 0.006 mol/hr) compared to treatments A (0.52 ± 0.01 mol/hr) which recorded a significant (P<0.01) increase. The study revealed that high proportion of unsaturated fatty acid suppressed rumen fermentation with resultant decrease in organic matter degradability, total VFA and methane productions. The reverse was however the case with high proportions of saturated fatty acids.
本研究描述了腹腔内灌注不同比例棕榈酸(饱和脂肪酸)和亚麻酸(不饱和脂肪酸)对西非矮羊紫荆草有机物组分瘤胃降解率、总挥发性脂肪酸和总甲烷产量的影响。棕榈酸和亚麻酸的5种组合比例分别为70%棕榈酸+ 30%亚麻酸、30%棕榈酸+ 70%亚麻酸、50%棕榈酸+ 50%亚麻酸、100%棕榈酸+ 0%亚麻酸和0%棕榈酸+ 100%亚麻酸指定处理A-E。采用5 × 5拉丁方试验设计，对5只平均体重为13.49±1.63 kg的成年WAD羊进行胃内注射。第六组有4只羊，没有接受任何脂肪酸的注射，作为对照组。采用囊内降解率研究技术，分别在4、8、12、24和48 h测定试验组和对照组瘤胃有机物的消失量。采用适宜的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和总甲烷产量估算数学模型进行了VFA和甲烷产量的测定。结果表明，A(70%棕榈酸+ 30%亚麻酸)处理在24 h(84.63±8.6%)和48 h(88.42±4.8%)有机物降解率显著高于其他处理和对照(p < 0.01)。较高比例的亚麻酸(处理B和处理E)显著(p<0.01)降低了48 h OM的潜在降解率，分别为41.08±5.5%和23.92±2.4%。与其他处理和对照相比，处理A在24 h(3.59±0.07 m mol/l)和48 h(3.62±0.04 m mol/l)时总VFA产量显著(p <0.01)增加。与此同时，孵育后，处理B(0.39±0.01 mol/hr)和处理E(0.34±0.006 mol/hr)的总甲烷产量显著(P<0.01)低于处理A(0.52±0.01 mol/hr)，而处理A(0.52±0.01 mol/hr)显著(P<0.01)高于处理A(0.52±0.01 mol/hr)。研究表明，高比例不饱和脂肪酸抑制了瘤胃发酵，导致有机物降解率、总游离脂肪酸和甲烷产量降低。然而，高饱和脂肪酸的情况正好相反。
{"title":"Effect Of Intraruminal Infussion Of Saturated And Unsaturated Fatty Acids On Organic Matter Degradability, Total Volatile Fatty Acid And Methane Productions In West African Dwarf Sheep","authors":"L. Aka, T. Kamalu","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I2.48133","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes the effect of intraruminal infusion of different proportions of palmitic (saturated fatty acid) and linolenic (unsaturated fatty acid) on rumen degradability of organic matter fraction of Pennisetium purpureum, total volatile fatty acid and total methane productions in West African Dwarf sheep. Five combination proportions of palmitic and linolenic acids viz: 70 % palmitic acid + 30 % linolenic acid, 30 % palmitic acid + 70 % linolenic acid, 50 % palmitic acid + 50 % linolenic acid, 100 % palmitic acid + 0 % linolenic and 0 % palmitic acid + 100 % linolenic acid designated treatments A-E respectively served as the experimental treatments. These treatments were intraruminally infused into five (5) adult WAD sheep of average body weight of 13.49 ± 1.63 kg and the trial performed in a 5 x 5 latin square experimental design. A sixth group of four sheep, that did not receive any fatty acid infusion, served as the control group. The in-sacco technique for degradability studies was adopted in the determination of organic matter disappearance from the rumen at time intervals of 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours in both the experimental and control groups. Appropriate mathematical model for estimation of total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and total methane production were used for determination of VFA and methane productions. The result of the study showed that organic matter degradability was significantly (p < 0.01) highest in treatment A (70 % palmitic acid + 30 % linolenic acid) at 24 hours (84.63 ± 8.6 %) and 48 hours (88.42 ± 4.8 %) compared to other treatments and the control. Higher proportion of linolenic acid (treatments B and E ) significantly (p<0.01) reduced potential OM degradability at 48 hours with values at 41.08 ± 5.5 % and 23.92 ± 2.4 % respectively. Total VFA production was significantly (p <0.01) increased in treatment A at 24 hours (3.59 ± 0.07 m mol/l) and 48 hours (3.62 ±0.04 m mol/l) compared to other treatments and the control. At same time post incubation, total methane production was significantly (P<0.01) decreased in treatments B (0.39 ± 0.01 mol/hr) and E (0.34 ± 0.006 mol/hr) compared to treatments A (0.52 ± 0.01 mol/hr) which recorded a significant (P<0.01) increase. The study revealed that high proportion of unsaturated fatty acid suppressed rumen fermentation with resultant decrease in organic matter degradability, total VFA and methane productions. The reverse was however the case with high proportions of saturated fatty acids.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80770152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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