Annals of Neurosciences最新文献

Background: Alcohol use among young adults has been associated with a range of negative consequences, including poor academic performance, higher risk of accidents, and increased likelihood of developing addictive behaviors. This age group (18-25 years) represents a key public health concern, as a significant proportion report alcohol consumption, and many engage in binge drinking.

Purpose: This article seeks to examine the relationship between attachment, alcohol expectancies, and metacognitive beliefs with the use of alcohol in young adults.

Methods: This study has a correlational research design. The study had 200 participants whose ages ranged between 18 and 25 years, divided into two groups. Group 1 comprising of 100 males and Group 2 comprising of 100 females. The sampling method was Nonprobability type criterion-based sampling. The dependent variable was alcohol use, and the independent variables were attachment style, alcohol expectancies and metacognitive beliefs about alcohol.

Results: The results have indicated significant relationships of positive alcohol expectancies and metacognitive beliefs about emotional self-regulation with the severity of alcohol use. Anxious and avoidant style of attached individuals consumed significantly more than securely attached ones. Moderate risk consumers reported positive expectancies and metacognition as significantly higher than low-risk consumers.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that attachment orientations, alcohol expectancies, and metacognition interact and affect young adults' drinking behaviours. These results suggest that these psychological factors should be considered when designing interventions aimed at eradicating risky drinking behaviours.

Background: Over the past two decades, the intersection of yoga and psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has received significant attention as a promising field for promoting mental and immune well-being. This bibliometric analysis explores global research trends, prolific authors, influential journals and collaboration patterns from 2003 to 2023. The study underscores the need to integrate traditional knowledge with modern science, positioning yoga as a validated tool in mainstream healthcare for disease prevention and management.

Purpose: This study aims to explore global contributions, impact trends in yoga and PNI research, prolific authors, journals and spotlight leading countries, emerging opportunities, influential research hubs and collaboration gaps. Additionally, to conduct thematic analysis aimed at integrating yoga into mainstream healthcare as a scientifically validated tool for promoting mental and immune well-being within the context of PNI.

Methods: Articles published between 2003 and 2023 were retrieved from Scopus and analysed using Biblioshiny version 4.0.0 (via R-Studio) and VOSviewer.

Results: A total of 2,173 publications were included. The average number of citations per document was 50.24. Although India is the birthplace of yoga, it still ranks fifth in terms of citations, behind the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. It was observed that around 30%-50% of India's publications (n = 239) involve international collaboration. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and National Institute of Health dominate the funding landscape, whereas Indian funding agencies (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy, Indian Council of Medical Research and Department of Science and Technology) play a relatively minor role in the global context.

Conclusion: This analysis provides an updated perspective for understanding the field's hotspot, which facilitates future research to uncover the mechanisms underlying the effects of yoga on the psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine systems in disease prevention and management. Integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific practices, with a focus on high-impact publishing, will help position India as a leader in this research domain.

Background: Brain endothelial interaction with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells is critical for brain physiology; it is still far from being mapped. Understanding of the endothelial communication with other brain cell type could unravel novel insight into neurovascular homeostasis.

Purpose: This study aims to construct neurovascular interaction network, focusing on brain endothelial cell interactome using brain cell marker gene dataset and ligand-receptor (LR) pair.

Methods: We curated brain marker gene list from McKenzie et al.'s brain cell type top 1000 marker list of endothelial, microglia, astrocyte, neuron, oligodendrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and extracted LR interaction between them. Subsequently, using Cytoscape, endothelial cell interaction map was constructed and top interaction and hub gene were derived. Moreover, we performed Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways enrichment (p value < .1) to infer biological information hidden.

Results: Neurovascular LR interaction showed endothelial cells as the top network having 25.34% of total interaction with 176 outgoing and 171 incoming interactions. A considerable portion of signalling (11%) is involved in autocrine signalling functionally related to vascular tone, angiogenesis and others. Paracrine signalling between endothelial cells with microglia, astrocytes, neurons and OPC constituted 13.5%, 8.9%, 5.8% and 4.9% of total interactions, respectively. Functional enrichment of LR interaction in endothelial-microglia, endothelial-astrocyte and endothelial-neuron networks constitutes 49, 45 and 36 significant KEGG pathways (p value < .1) respectively. These pathways include extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor, axon guidance, chemokine, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and signalling pathways, among others. Hub gene analysis showed ITGB1 in endothelial cells, ITGA4 in microglia, NOTCH2 in astrocytes and LAMC2 in neurons having maximum interaction in the endothelial network.

Conclusion: This study recapitulated not only previously known gene interactions using a markers gene list but also identified novel interactions between endothelial and other brain cell types. In conclusion, this analysis underscores the critical role of endothelial cell interactions in brain physiology.

Background: Mantra recitation is a universal practice that involves repeating sacred words or phrases. It is widely acknowledged for its function in improving concentration, slowing down thought processes and causing a variety of psychophysiological changes. Yet, no research has methodically looked at how various Mantra recitation techniques affect physiological parameters.

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV), autonomic function and respiratory variables prior to, during and following each style of Mantra recitation.

Materials and methods: This trial involved 40 male novices between the ages of twenty and 25 years. The autonomic and respiratory variables of each participant were recorded before, during and following loud chanting (LC), lips movement chanting (LMC), silent chanting (SC) and no chanting (NC) in four distinct laboratory sessions. HRV frequency and time-domain measurements were taken from electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, and data were obtained using a 16-channel polygraph. This study employed the repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) to compare the differences between and within groups under the four conditions.

Results: Based on frequency domain measurements, the results showed a significant decrease in high-frequency (HF) power (p < .001) and a significant increase in low-frequency (LF) power (p < .001) during LC. Furthermore, NN50 was significantly higher (p < .001) in all sessions and groups, while pNN50 was significantly lower (p < .001) as compared to NC during LC. Moreover, the mean HR was considerably higher during LMC and LC (p < .001).

Conclusion: These results imply that, although in a relaxed physiological state, the LC and LMC styles of Mantra recitation may improve attentional focus while overdriving sympathetic activity. Nevertheless, vagal tone remained intact throughout the entire duration of the SC recitation.

Background: Individuals sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) continue to have suboptimal upper limb (UL) involvement in daily life. Intensity of task practice is one key factor to promote better motor improvement. Task-practice intensity metrics include number of repetitions/sessions, and this value is currently unknown in people with mild TBI. Kinematic analysis can help estimate the number of repetitions/sessions.

Purpose: We estimated the minimal number of repetitions for a plateau in performance in an UL pointing task in 10 individuals who had sustained a mild TBI and seven age-matched controls.

Methods: All participants performed 45 repetitions and pointed to a central target at arm's length. The TBI group underwent assessments of UL motor impairment, spasticity and activity limitations. The primary outcome was the number of trials to achieve an asymptote in endpoint error. Secondary outcomes included movement speed, straightness, trunk and UL joint ranges of motion.

Results: Clinical assessments revealed absence of motor impairment or activity limitations. However, individuals with mild TBI required more trials (28.5) to reach an asymptote in the pointing movement performance compared to controls (18; p = .005, effect size [ES] = -0.66). They also had more curved movements (1.11 ± 0.06 vs 1.06 ± 0.01; p = .036, ES = 0.64), used more trunk displacement (13.1 ± 3 vs 10.2 ± 2.1 mm; p = .044, ES = 1.09) and had lower ranges of motion in wrist extension (24.8 ± 3.8 vs 17.3 ± 3.4; p = .006, ES = 1.60), elbow extension (144.7 ± 6.8 vs 152.3 ± 6.8°, p = .025, ES = 1.22), shoulder flexion (60.5 ± 5.2 vs 66.6 ± 6.4, p = .046, ES = 1.07) and shoulder horizontal adduction (77.7 ± 5.0 vs 87.4 ± 9.6, p = .014, ES = 1.35).

Conclusion: After sustaining a mild TBI, individuals have deficient UL movement performance. Use of kinematic analyses can help uncover latent deficits in those with perfect scores on clinical assessments.

Background: The development of prosocial behaviour is a crucial facet of adolescent growth, encompassing acts of kindness, empathy and cooperation. It is widely recognised that multiple factors influence the formation of prosocial tendencies during adolescence.

Purpose: Among these factors, parental attachment and parental autonomy support are pivotal. Attachment theory states that secure parent-child bonds form the bedrock of prosocial behaviour. Adolescents with emotionally close, trusting parental relationships exhibit greater prosocial behaviour. Furthermore, parental autonomy support, which balances guidance with decision-making freedom, further nurtures responsibility and empathy. Together, these factors play a crucial role in shaping adolescents' prosocial behaviour.

Methodology: In this study, the relationship between parental attachment and autonomy with prosocial behaviour is studied by using correlation and regression analyses.

Results and conclusion: All attachment and autonomy support variables demonstrated positive correlations with overall prosocial behaviour except for alienation from mother and father, which showed a negative association. This indicates that a stronger connection with the parents is linked to higher prosocial behaviour. Additionally, mother communication along with mother and father offering choice within certain limits as predictors of prosocial behaviours in adolescents is a major finding of the study.

Background: Stroke survivors typically exhibit sensory and motor deficits, variations in tone and postural dysfunction, which hamper important functional abilities like rising from bed. Research highlights the importance of postural control and balance with such transitions. However, limited research explores the relationship between rise from bed time and quality with trunk control and balance among stroke patients.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find the correlation of supine-to-stand transition time and quality of bed rise with trunk control and balance among post-stroke patients.

Methods: Fifty-two post-stroke survivors who were able to rise from supine-to-standing independently participated in this cross-sectional study. Supine-to-stand time was recorded using a stopwatch, bed rise quality was assessed using Bed Rise Difficulty Scale (BRDS), trunk control using Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and balance using Berg Balance Scale (BBS). The strength of correlation was calculated using Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results: Among left hemiparetic participants, a moderate negative correlation was observed between supine-to-stand time and balance. Supine-to-stand time towards the paretic side moderately correlated with trunk control (r = -0.433, p = .013). Bed rise quality and balance showed a moderate negative correlation, irrespective of the side of rising. While rising towards the non-paretic side, the bed rise quality revealed a strong negative correlation with trunk control (r = -0.611, p < .001). For right hemiparetic participants, supine-to-stand time towards the paretic side strongly correlated with balance (r = -0.651, p = .002). Bed rise quality towards the non-paretic side showed a strong correlation with balance (r = -0.653, p = .002).

Conclusion: Post-stroke survivors who took a prolonged time to transition from supine-to-stand and demonstrated poor bed rise quality exhibited reduced trunk control and balance.

Background: Single-pulse paradigms of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been used to understand cortical excitability and reorganisation.

Purpose: This study aims to develop a protocol for mapping of the primary motor cortex (M1) using single-pulse TMS in children.

Methods: A 11×11 manual grid was created around the hotspot of abductor pollicis brevis (APB). Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude was recorded from 41 sites around the hotspot of APB and analysed.

Results: Maximum MEP amplitude was recorded from the hotspot that reduced as distance increased. Heat maps generated were consistent among the participants.

Conclusion: In children, 41 single-pulse TMS stimulations with interstimulus interval of two seconds provide reliable information about motor maps. This procedure will aid in understanding cortical reorganisation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Background: Kapalbhati is a dynamic yogic breathing technique characterised by rapid, forceful exhalations followed by passive inhalations. Traditionally celebrated for detoxification, enhanced pulmonary function and improved mental clarity, its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain largely speculative.

Summary: This systematic review synthesises evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on Kapalbhati's effects on respiratory and cognitive outcomes, and proposes a hypothetical integrative model to advance our understanding of this ancient practice. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library using keywords such as "Kapalbhati," "skull shining breath" and related synonyms. Only English-language RCTs published between 2014 and 2024 were included. Four RCTs meeting these criteria were critically appraised and their findings synthesised. The reviewed studies consistently indicate that Kapalbhati improves pulmonary function, possibly by mechanically stimulating pulmonary stretch receptors, and enhances cognitive performance by reducing anxiety and boosting attention. These outcomes suggest that the rapid breathing of Kapalbhati may modulate neural circuits in the nucleus tractus solitarius, thereby triggering the release of neuropeptides like oxytocin and norepinephrine, which are essential for emotional regulation and cognitive enhancement.

Key message: Integrating traditional yogic insights with contemporary neurophysiological theories, our proposed model offers a fresh perspective on Kapalbhati's multifaceted benefits. This review not only highlights promising empirical findings but also lays the groundwork for future research aimed at validating these mechanisms and potentially transforming Kapalbhati into an evidence-based therapeutic strategy.

Background: In the hospitality industry, professionals are frequently required to manage their emotions effectively due to high job demands and constant customer interactions. Emotional Intelligence (EI) is believed to play a crucial role in enabling employees to handle such emotional labour efficiently.

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of four dimensions of EI-Use of Others' Emotions (UOEs), Others' Emotions Appraisal (OEAs), Regulation of Emotions (ROEs) and Self-emotions Appraisal (SEAs), as conceptualised by Wong and Law-on employees' Satisfaction with Life (SWLs) within the Indian hospitality sector. The study also examines the convergent and discriminant validity of the measurement scales.

Methods: A quantitative research design was employed, using a sample of 238 employees from the Indian hospitality industry. Data were analysed using AMOS 24 and SPSS version 21.0 to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs and to evaluate the structural model.

Results: Findings indicate that OEAs significantly and positively influences SWLs (β = +0.32, p < .001). All EI constructs, along with SWLs, demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with average variance extracted values exceeding 0.5 and composite reliability values above 0.7, confirming both convergent and discriminant validity.

Conclusion: The results underscore the critical role of emotional intelligence, particularly the appraisal of others' emotions, in enhancing life satisfaction among hospitality professionals. The study validates the reliability and applicability of Wong and Law's EI model in the Indian hospitality context and offers insights for employee development strategies in emotion-intensive work environments.