Annals of Neurosciences最新文献

Background: The interplay between emotional stimuli and cognitive control is crucial to understanding adaptive behaviour, particularly in young adolescents whose executive functioning and emotional regulation are still developing. While prior research has examined these influences, the underlying neurobehavioural correlates remain insufficiently understood.

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of attentional demands on emotional valence in young Indian adolescents through the analysis of behavioural responses and event-related potentials (ERPs) in an affect-primed flanker task.

Methods: Forty-four young adolescents (68.18% female, aged 13-14) participated in a flanker task with congruent and incongruent trials at two levels of difficulty, wherein each flanker trial was presented immediately after time-locked affective picture stimuli (positive/negative/neutral valence). Electroencephalography recordings were analysed to identify ERP components alongside an examination of the behavioural data (reaction times/accuracy). Robust statistical methods addressed gender-specific ERP and behavioural patterns.

Results: ERP-based mass-univariate analysis revealed significant differences between positive and negative stimuli at early (88-140 ms) and late (352-412 ms) time windows. Negative stimuli elicited stronger N1 amplitudes, while positive stimuli demonstrated enhanced P3b amplitudes. This differentiation aligns with dual-processing models of emotion and attention, whereby negative stimuli are processed rapidly at an early stage, while positive stimuli engage deeper cognitive processing at later stages. The absence of a typical late positive potential component highlighted the prioritisation of task demands over emotional processing, suggesting that limited attentional resources were allocated to sustained emotional evaluation. Gender differences were noted, with females demonstrating slower reaction times yet higher accuracy, as well as more positive ERP waves in fronto-temporal regions, regardless of valence.

Conclusion: The findings underscored the temporal dynamics of emotion-attention interactions during young adolescence, highlighting the salience-driven nature of early attentional processes and the role of emotional valence in cognitive engagement. Furthermore, gender differences suggested distinct strategies for emotion-cognition integration.

Background: Head injury (HI) causes a wide range of psychological symptoms, such as cognitive deficits and mood changes, leading to significant disability. Although a few studies have explored the prevalence of HI in India. However, none of the meta-analytical studies reported the estimation of the prevalence of HI in India based on cross-sectional community surveys.

Summary: A systematic review search was conducted on journal hosting sites, namely EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, Ovid, PubMed, and Web of Science, complying with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Cross-sectional Indian studies reporting the prevalence of HI in India were included in the present study. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool for Prevalence Studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using 'meta' and 'dmetar' packages through R software (4.4.0). A total of 17 studies surveyed 85,720 people, of whom 921 suffered from HI. The results showed an HI prevalence of 25.7 per thousand people in India. Subgroup analysis revealed a higher prevalence of HI among females (91.1 per 1,000) in comparison to males (85.1 per 1,000). Additionally, subgroup analysis of domicile revealed a higher HI prevalence among those from urban areas (29.5 per 1,000) than among those from rural areas (22.4 per 1,000).

Key message: This study highlights the substantial burden of HI in India and the associated disparities in gender and domicile. The findings will be helpful to health professionals and policymakers in making informed decisions regarding the preventive aspects of HI in India.

Background: Alcohol use among young adults has been associated with a range of negative consequences, including poor academic performance, higher risk of accidents, and increased likelihood of developing addictive behaviors. This age group (18-25 years) represents a key public health concern, as a significant proportion report alcohol consumption, and many engage in binge drinking.

Purpose: This article seeks to examine the relationship between attachment, alcohol expectancies, and metacognitive beliefs with the use of alcohol in young adults.

Methods: This study has a correlational research design. The study had 200 participants whose ages ranged between 18 and 25 years, divided into two groups. Group 1 comprising of 100 males and Group 2 comprising of 100 females. The sampling method was Nonprobability type criterion-based sampling. The dependent variable was alcohol use, and the independent variables were attachment style, alcohol expectancies and metacognitive beliefs about alcohol.

Results: The results have indicated significant relationships of positive alcohol expectancies and metacognitive beliefs about emotional self-regulation with the severity of alcohol use. Anxious and avoidant style of attached individuals consumed significantly more than securely attached ones. Moderate risk consumers reported positive expectancies and metacognition as significantly higher than low-risk consumers.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that attachment orientations, alcohol expectancies, and metacognition interact and affect young adults' drinking behaviours. These results suggest that these psychological factors should be considered when designing interventions aimed at eradicating risky drinking behaviours.

Background: Over the past two decades, the intersection of yoga and psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has received significant attention as a promising field for promoting mental and immune well-being. This bibliometric analysis explores global research trends, prolific authors, influential journals and collaboration patterns from 2003 to 2023. The study underscores the need to integrate traditional knowledge with modern science, positioning yoga as a validated tool in mainstream healthcare for disease prevention and management.

Purpose: This study aims to explore global contributions, impact trends in yoga and PNI research, prolific authors, journals and spotlight leading countries, emerging opportunities, influential research hubs and collaboration gaps. Additionally, to conduct thematic analysis aimed at integrating yoga into mainstream healthcare as a scientifically validated tool for promoting mental and immune well-being within the context of PNI.

Methods: Articles published between 2003 and 2023 were retrieved from Scopus and analysed using Biblioshiny version 4.0.0 (via R-Studio) and VOSviewer.

Results: A total of 2,173 publications were included. The average number of citations per document was 50.24. Although India is the birthplace of yoga, it still ranks fifth in terms of citations, behind the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. It was observed that around 30%-50% of India's publications (n = 239) involve international collaboration. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and National Institute of Health dominate the funding landscape, whereas Indian funding agencies (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy, Indian Council of Medical Research and Department of Science and Technology) play a relatively minor role in the global context.

Conclusion: This analysis provides an updated perspective for understanding the field's hotspot, which facilitates future research to uncover the mechanisms underlying the effects of yoga on the psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine systems in disease prevention and management. Integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific practices, with a focus on high-impact publishing, will help position India as a leader in this research domain.

Background: Brain endothelial interaction with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells is critical for brain physiology; it is still far from being mapped. Understanding of the endothelial communication with other brain cell type could unravel novel insight into neurovascular homeostasis.

Purpose: This study aims to construct neurovascular interaction network, focusing on brain endothelial cell interactome using brain cell marker gene dataset and ligand-receptor (LR) pair.

Methods: We curated brain marker gene list from McKenzie et al.'s brain cell type top 1000 marker list of endothelial, microglia, astrocyte, neuron, oligodendrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and extracted LR interaction between them. Subsequently, using Cytoscape, endothelial cell interaction map was constructed and top interaction and hub gene were derived. Moreover, we performed Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways enrichment (p value < .1) to infer biological information hidden.

Results: Neurovascular LR interaction showed endothelial cells as the top network having 25.34% of total interaction with 176 outgoing and 171 incoming interactions. A considerable portion of signalling (11%) is involved in autocrine signalling functionally related to vascular tone, angiogenesis and others. Paracrine signalling between endothelial cells with microglia, astrocytes, neurons and OPC constituted 13.5%, 8.9%, 5.8% and 4.9% of total interactions, respectively. Functional enrichment of LR interaction in endothelial-microglia, endothelial-astrocyte and endothelial-neuron networks constitutes 49, 45 and 36 significant KEGG pathways (p value < .1) respectively. These pathways include extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor, axon guidance, chemokine, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and signalling pathways, among others. Hub gene analysis showed ITGB1 in endothelial cells, ITGA4 in microglia, NOTCH2 in astrocytes and LAMC2 in neurons having maximum interaction in the endothelial network.

Conclusion: This study recapitulated not only previously known gene interactions using a markers gene list but also identified novel interactions between endothelial and other brain cell types. In conclusion, this analysis underscores the critical role of endothelial cell interactions in brain physiology.

Background: Mantra recitation is a universal practice that involves repeating sacred words or phrases. It is widely acknowledged for its function in improving concentration, slowing down thought processes and causing a variety of psychophysiological changes. Yet, no research has methodically looked at how various Mantra recitation techniques affect physiological parameters.

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV), autonomic function and respiratory variables prior to, during and following each style of Mantra recitation.

Materials and methods: This trial involved 40 male novices between the ages of twenty and 25 years. The autonomic and respiratory variables of each participant were recorded before, during and following loud chanting (LC), lips movement chanting (LMC), silent chanting (SC) and no chanting (NC) in four distinct laboratory sessions. HRV frequency and time-domain measurements were taken from electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, and data were obtained using a 16-channel polygraph. This study employed the repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) to compare the differences between and within groups under the four conditions.

Results: Based on frequency domain measurements, the results showed a significant decrease in high-frequency (HF) power (p < .001) and a significant increase in low-frequency (LF) power (p < .001) during LC. Furthermore, NN50 was significantly higher (p < .001) in all sessions and groups, while pNN50 was significantly lower (p < .001) as compared to NC during LC. Moreover, the mean HR was considerably higher during LMC and LC (p < .001).

Conclusion: These results imply that, although in a relaxed physiological state, the LC and LMC styles of Mantra recitation may improve attentional focus while overdriving sympathetic activity. Nevertheless, vagal tone remained intact throughout the entire duration of the SC recitation.

Background: Individuals sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) continue to have suboptimal upper limb (UL) involvement in daily life. Intensity of task practice is one key factor to promote better motor improvement. Task-practice intensity metrics include number of repetitions/sessions, and this value is currently unknown in people with mild TBI. Kinematic analysis can help estimate the number of repetitions/sessions.

Purpose: We estimated the minimal number of repetitions for a plateau in performance in an UL pointing task in 10 individuals who had sustained a mild TBI and seven age-matched controls.

Methods: All participants performed 45 repetitions and pointed to a central target at arm's length. The TBI group underwent assessments of UL motor impairment, spasticity and activity limitations. The primary outcome was the number of trials to achieve an asymptote in endpoint error. Secondary outcomes included movement speed, straightness, trunk and UL joint ranges of motion.

Results: Clinical assessments revealed absence of motor impairment or activity limitations. However, individuals with mild TBI required more trials (28.5) to reach an asymptote in the pointing movement performance compared to controls (18; p = .005, effect size [ES] = -0.66). They also had more curved movements (1.11 ± 0.06 vs 1.06 ± 0.01; p = .036, ES = 0.64), used more trunk displacement (13.1 ± 3 vs 10.2 ± 2.1 mm; p = .044, ES = 1.09) and had lower ranges of motion in wrist extension (24.8 ± 3.8 vs 17.3 ± 3.4; p = .006, ES = 1.60), elbow extension (144.7 ± 6.8 vs 152.3 ± 6.8°, p = .025, ES = 1.22), shoulder flexion (60.5 ± 5.2 vs 66.6 ± 6.4, p = .046, ES = 1.07) and shoulder horizontal adduction (77.7 ± 5.0 vs 87.4 ± 9.6, p = .014, ES = 1.35).

Conclusion: After sustaining a mild TBI, individuals have deficient UL movement performance. Use of kinematic analyses can help uncover latent deficits in those with perfect scores on clinical assessments.

Background: The development of prosocial behaviour is a crucial facet of adolescent growth, encompassing acts of kindness, empathy and cooperation. It is widely recognised that multiple factors influence the formation of prosocial tendencies during adolescence.

Purpose: Among these factors, parental attachment and parental autonomy support are pivotal. Attachment theory states that secure parent-child bonds form the bedrock of prosocial behaviour. Adolescents with emotionally close, trusting parental relationships exhibit greater prosocial behaviour. Furthermore, parental autonomy support, which balances guidance with decision-making freedom, further nurtures responsibility and empathy. Together, these factors play a crucial role in shaping adolescents' prosocial behaviour.

Methodology: In this study, the relationship between parental attachment and autonomy with prosocial behaviour is studied by using correlation and regression analyses.

Results and conclusion: All attachment and autonomy support variables demonstrated positive correlations with overall prosocial behaviour except for alienation from mother and father, which showed a negative association. This indicates that a stronger connection with the parents is linked to higher prosocial behaviour. Additionally, mother communication along with mother and father offering choice within certain limits as predictors of prosocial behaviours in adolescents is a major finding of the study.

Background: Stroke survivors typically exhibit sensory and motor deficits, variations in tone and postural dysfunction, which hamper important functional abilities like rising from bed. Research highlights the importance of postural control and balance with such transitions. However, limited research explores the relationship between rise from bed time and quality with trunk control and balance among stroke patients.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find the correlation of supine-to-stand transition time and quality of bed rise with trunk control and balance among post-stroke patients.

Methods: Fifty-two post-stroke survivors who were able to rise from supine-to-standing independently participated in this cross-sectional study. Supine-to-stand time was recorded using a stopwatch, bed rise quality was assessed using Bed Rise Difficulty Scale (BRDS), trunk control using Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and balance using Berg Balance Scale (BBS). The strength of correlation was calculated using Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results: Among left hemiparetic participants, a moderate negative correlation was observed between supine-to-stand time and balance. Supine-to-stand time towards the paretic side moderately correlated with trunk control (r = -0.433, p = .013). Bed rise quality and balance showed a moderate negative correlation, irrespective of the side of rising. While rising towards the non-paretic side, the bed rise quality revealed a strong negative correlation with trunk control (r = -0.611, p < .001). For right hemiparetic participants, supine-to-stand time towards the paretic side strongly correlated with balance (r = -0.651, p = .002). Bed rise quality towards the non-paretic side showed a strong correlation with balance (r = -0.653, p = .002).

Conclusion: Post-stroke survivors who took a prolonged time to transition from supine-to-stand and demonstrated poor bed rise quality exhibited reduced trunk control and balance.

Background: Single-pulse paradigms of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been used to understand cortical excitability and reorganisation.

Purpose: This study aims to develop a protocol for mapping of the primary motor cortex (M1) using single-pulse TMS in children.

Methods: A 11×11 manual grid was created around the hotspot of abductor pollicis brevis (APB). Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude was recorded from 41 sites around the hotspot of APB and analysed.

Results: Maximum MEP amplitude was recorded from the hotspot that reduced as distance increased. Heat maps generated were consistent among the participants.

Conclusion: In children, 41 single-pulse TMS stimulations with interstimulus interval of two seconds provide reliable information about motor maps. This procedure will aid in understanding cortical reorganisation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.