Annals of Neurosciences最新文献

Background: Endometriosis is defined as a condition in which a formation of abnormal endometrial tissue outside the uterus takes place. Irrespective of any ethnic and socioeconomic class, the prevalence of the diseases has been seen among women of reproductive age. Endometriosis has been seen adversely affect the physical, psychological, social, and career of women.

Summary: This paper aims to identify and describe the experiences and outcomes of endometriosis healthcare by reviewing the existing literature on social and psychological effects of endometriosis. The study serves the purpose of providing insights on women's dual suffering (mental and social health) and critical comments on the present state of knowledge in order to make future recommendations for psycho-social research. The review included systematic search of the articles from various disciplines like, biology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc. A structured process of screening with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to select the articles. The analysis of the articles resulted that woman diagnosed with endometriosis reported poor quality of life and the following symptoms such as anxiety, stress, Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP), anxiety, dyspareunia, and dysmenorrhea. However, depression appears prominent among women diagnosed with endometriosis. There are few strategies mentioned that can be used to deal with endometriosis.

Key message: The most promising causes of endometriosis include abnormality in immune functioning, atypical endometriotic growth, genetics, epigenetic, embryogenetic theory, and endocrine disruptors. The ill effects have been noted in the following domains of women's life such as work, close relationships, social well-being, and education, deteriorating their quality-of-life manifold. Psychological intervention is required to deal with the disorder as only medical treatment with pain may not be sufficient. Though, the condition can be improved by providing awareness regarding the severity of the disorder at the school and community levels.

Background: In India, a number of diabetes patients are rising, around 41 million Indians are suffering from diabetes. The depressed mood of an individual restricts the performance of that individual-socially, financially, and health-wise.

Purpose: Patients with diabetes having depression have shown worst diabetes outcomes in contrast to those suffering from type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) only, perhaps due to neglect at retaining a specific dietary regimen to control blood sugar levels, and/or not complying with regular exercise, consistent lifestyle, and treatment course. Our study aimed to analyze the presence of undiagnosed depression among adult diabetes patients and correlate complications and duration of T2DM with depression.

Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on diabetes cases visiting Out Patient Department (OPD) at Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. After obtaining ethics committee clearance, known diabetes adult patients on regular treatment fulfilling selection criteria, and willing to join in the study were randomly selected. Participants were interviewed, clinically examined and data pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, clinical parameters etc., were collected. Depression was judged using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) questionnaire. The association of depression with glycemic control, duration, and comorbidities associated with T2DM was studied.

Results: Of 224 T2DM patients studied, the average age was 58 years, with a Male-to-Female ratio 2:1. In total, 49 (22%) had undiagnosed depression, and 175 (78%) were not having clinically obvious depression. In our study, depression was significantly associated with older age, occurrence of complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and heart disease, and duration of diabetes (p < .005).

Conclusion: Almost a fifth of diabetes individuals had undiagnosed depression. Proper diagnosis of depression among T2DM patients and intervention at right time can change the prognosis for patients, preventing further morbidities.

Rates of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) misdiagnosis or at times delayed diagnosis and related outcomes have remained underexplore, and also there is less knowledge about the long-term outcome of patients with untreated cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT). Long-term presentations of untreated CVT are rare. We hereby presenting series of four interesting patients of chronic CVT whose diagnosis was missed and how varied chronic presentations of untreated CVT appeared to neurology and how subtle radiologic features helped with correct diagnosis.

Background: The typology of word order in Hindi (Subject-Object-Verb, SOV) differs from that of English (Subject-Verb-Object, SVO). Bilinguals whose two languages have conflicting word order provide a unique opportunity to understand how word order affects language processing. Earlier behavioural and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies with Spanish-Basque bilinguals showed longer reading times and more errors in the comprehension of OSV sentences than SOV sentences in Basque language, indicating that non-canonical word orders (OSV) were difficult to process than canonical word order (SOV).

Purpose: This study was designed to explore how the difference in word order in Hindi and English languages affects N400 parameters in proficient Hindi-English bilinguals, using semantic congruity paradigm.

Methods: Twenty-five proficient Hindi-English bilingual subjects were asked to silently read the congruent and incongruent sentences presented in one word at a time in both the languages. ERPs were recorded from midline frontal, central and parietal sites.

Results: The mean amplitude of the N400 effect at the parietal sites in Hindi-English proficient bilinguals was larger for English than for Hindi but there was no significant difference in the N400 latencies.

Conclusion: Hindi-English bilingual subjects processed SOV and SVO sentences with equal ease as evidenced by the N400 latencies. Higher amplitude of the N400 effect with English sentences indicate that placing 'Object' as the final word makes sentences more predictable than verb as the final word. Understanding the word order difference might help to unravel the neurophysiological mechanisms of language comprehension and may offer some insights in terms of functional advantage of a particular word order in bilinguals.

Background: Sequential changes in brainstem and spinal cord neurons after traumatic injury to peripheral nerves are related to neuropathic pain symptoms.

Purpose: This study was conducted to elucidate the influence of nerve insult on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by brainstem neurons.

Methods: The brainstem trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (BTSNC) was examined for neuronal profiles immunolabeled with c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) antibodies elicited by stimulation of the tongue with capsaicin after lingual or inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury.

Results: Abundant neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK elicited by capsaicin were distributed in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) without nerve injury. The spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) contained limited numbers of these neuronal profiles after stimulation of the tongue. A significant reduction of these neuronal profiles in the ipsilateral Vc was detected after lingual nerve injury. After IAN injury, an increased number of neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos elicited by capsaicin was noted, while that of p-ERK was left unchanged in the ipsilateral Vc. On the both sides of the Vo, an increased number of capsaicin-induced neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK was detected after lingual or IAN injury.

Conclusion: Differential effects of lingual or IAN injury on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by Vo and Vc neurons may be involved in the complex nature of symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia.

The current project was funded by the Global Engagement Seed Grant from the International Brain Research Organisation (IBRO) as part of the IBRO-led Global Engagement Initiative. The project was focused on public awareness about neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) as well as neuroscience engagement. Thus, the project had two specific aims: (a) public awareness about epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, prevention of NDDs and relevant government guidelines and available policies (b) public engagement in neuroscience. Therefore, the current project report with an emphasis on the requirement of neuroscience engagement and outreach at the societal level, highlights several activities such as population-based workshops and webinars, carried out as part of the project in both rural and urban areas to enhance the public engagement in neuroscience and awareness on several NDDs.

Key message: India is an extremely diverse country with significant variations in cultural, educational, financial, socioeconomic status and linguistic aspects. With about 27% of its population living below the poverty line, India accounts for about 23 million children suffering from a disability, most of whom do not seek medical help. These data highlight the gravity of the situation which calls for urgent actions from governments, healthcare professionals, researchers and policymakers to design adequate public awareness programs regarding several prevalent NDDs. Therefore, the current project was an effort to bring public awareness about brain health and the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention of NDDs and relevant government guidelines and available policies.

Background: The worldwide spread of COVID-19 infection and its preventive measures has resulted in global disruption of overall functioning of the individuals. In the post-COVID period, several stressors associated with the pandemic have exacerbated adjustment problems in students and impacted their mental health.

Purpose: The study aims to assess the Academic Stress and Emotional Adjustment of male and female secondary school students in Uttar Pradesh, post-COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.

Methods: A sample of 500 students from various schools in Uttar Pradesh pursuing high school were included in the study. A purposive sampling technique was employed for data collection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Scale for Assessing Academic Stress and the Adolescents Emotional Adjustment Inventory were used to assess the academic stress and emotional adjustment of secondary school students post-COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.

Results: The results of the study revealed that there was a significant difference in academic stress and emotional adjustment between male and female secondary school students. A significant positive relationship between academic stress and emotional adjustment was found, which indicates a high level of academic stress perpetuates emotional maladjustment. Furthermore, it was found that the level of academic stress and emotional adjustment were higher among females as compared to males.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the extended impact of COVID-19 has led to a surfeited level of distress propounding that females are more predisposed to academic stress and tend to have poor emotional adjustment than their male counterparts.