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Fluctuations and the Higgs Mechanism in Underdoped Cuprates 欠掺杂铜酸盐中的涨落和希格斯机制
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-06-25 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013125
C. P'epin, D. Chakraborty, M. Grandadam, S. Sarkar
The physics of the pseudogap phase of high-temperature cuprate superconductors has been an enduring mystery over the past 30 years. The ubiquitous presence of the pseudogap phase in underdoped cuprates suggests that understanding it is key to unraveling the origin of high-temperature superconductivity. We review various theoretical approaches to this problem, emphasizing the concept of emergent symmetries in the underdoped region of those compounds. We differentiate these theories by considering a few fundamental questions related to the rich phenomenology of these materials. Lastly, we discuss a recent idea regarding two kinds of entangled preformed pairs that open a gap at the pseudogap onset temperature, T*, through a specific Higgs mechanism. We review the experimental consequences of this line of thought.
高温铜超导体赝隙相的物理性质在过去的30年里一直是一个谜。在欠掺杂铜酸盐中普遍存在的赝隙相表明,理解它是揭示高温超导起源的关键。我们回顾了这个问题的各种理论方法,强调了这些化合物的欠掺杂区域的涌现对称性的概念。我们通过考虑与这些材料丰富的现象学相关的几个基本问题来区分这些理论。最后,我们讨论了最近关于两种纠缠的预成形对的想法,它们通过特定的希格斯机制在赝隙起始温度T*处打开一个间隙。我们回顾一下这一思路的实验结果。
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引用次数: 9
Higgs Mode in Superconductors 超导体中的希格斯模
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-06-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050813
R. Shimano, N. Tsuji
When the continuous symmetry of a physical system is spontaneously broken, two types of collective modes typically emerge: the amplitude and the phase modes of the order-parameter fluctuation. For superconductors, the amplitude mode is referred to most recently as the Higgs mode as it is a condensed-matter analog of a Higgs boson in particle physics. Higgs mode is a scalar excitation of the order parameter, distinct from charge or spin fluctuations, and thus does not couple to electromagnetic fields linearly. This is why the Higgs mode in superconductors has evaded experimental observations for over a half century after the initial theoretical prediction, except for a charge-density-wave coexisting system. With the advance of nonlinear and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy techniques, however, it has become possible to study the Higgs mode through the nonlinear light–Higgs coupling. In this review, we overview recent progress in the study of the Higgs mode in superconductors.
当物理系统的连续对称性被自发破坏时,通常会出现两种类型的集体模式:序参量波动的振幅模式和相位模式。对于超导体,振幅模式最近被称为希格斯模式,因为它是粒子物理学中希格斯玻色子的凝聚态模拟物。希格斯模式是有序参数的标量激发,不同于电荷或自旋波动,因此不与电磁场线性耦合。这就是为什么在最初的理论预测之后,超导体中的希格斯模式逃避了半个多世纪的实验观察,除了一个电荷密度波共存系统。然而,随着非线性和时间分辨太赫兹光谱技术的发展,通过非线性光-希格斯耦合来研究希格斯模式已经成为可能。本文综述了超导体中希格斯模式的最新研究进展。
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引用次数: 130
Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play 超导量子比特:当前状态
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-05-31 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605
M. Kjaergaard, M. Schwartz, Jochen Braumuller, P. Krantz, J. Wang, S. Gustavsson, W. Oliver
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.
超导量子比特在建造量子计算机的竞赛中处于领先地位,量子计算机能够实现现代超级计算机无法实现的计算。超导量子比特模式已被用于在噪声中尺度量子(NISQ)技术时代演示原型算法,其中使用非纠错量子比特实现量子模拟和量子算法。随着最近多个高保真度、双量子比特门的演示以及可扩展超导量子比特系统中逻辑量子比特的操作,这种模式也有望实现构建更大规模纠错量子计算机的长期目标。在这篇简短的综述中,我们讨论了最近在量子比特硬件、门实现、读出能力、早期NISQ算法实现和使用超导量子比特进行量子纠错方面的几个实验进展。尽管在这项技术的许多方面继续进行工作当然是必要的,但近年来概念和技术进步的步伐令人印象深刻,我们希望在这里传达这种进步所带来的兴奋。
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引用次数: 854
Discrete Time Crystals 离散时间晶体
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-05-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050658
D. Else, C. Monroe, C. Nayak, N. Yao
Experimental advances have allowed for the exploration of nearly isolated quantum many-body systems whose coupling to an external bath is very weak. A particularly interesting class of such systems is those that do not thermalize under their own isolated quantum dynamics. In this review, we highlight the possibility for such systems to exhibit new nonequilibrium phases of matter. In particular, we focus on discrete time crystals, which are many-body phases of matter characterized by a spontaneously broken discrete time-translation symmetry. We give a definition of discrete time crystals from several points of view, emphasizing that they are a nonequilibrium phenomenon that is stabilized by many-body interactions, with no analog in noninteracting systems. We explain the theory behind several proposed models of discrete time crystals, and compare several recent realizations, in different experimental contexts.
实验的进步已经允许探索几乎孤立的量子多体系统,其与外部槽的耦合非常弱。这类系统中特别有趣的一类是那些在它们自己孤立的量子动力学下不热化的系统。在这篇综述中,我们强调了这种系统表现出新的物质非平衡相的可能性。我们特别关注离散时间晶体,这是一种以自发破缺离散时间平移对称性为特征的物质的多体相。我们从几个角度给出了离散时间晶体的定义,强调它们是一种由多体相互作用稳定的非平衡现象,在非相互作用系统中没有类似物。我们解释了几个离散时间晶体模型背后的理论,并在不同的实验背景下比较了几个最近的实现。
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引用次数: 180
Physical Models of Collective Cell Migration 集体细胞迁移的物理模型
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-05-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013516
Ricard Alert, X. Trepat
Collective cell migration is a key driver of embryonic development, wound healing, and some types of cancer invasion. Here, we provide a physical perspective of the mechanisms underlying collective cell migration. We begin with a catalog of the cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions that govern cell migration, which we classify into positional and orientational interactions. We then review the physical models that have been developed to explain how these interactions give rise to collective cellular movement. These models span the subcellular to the supracellular scales, and they include lattice models, phase-field models, active network models, particle models, and continuum models. For each type of model, we discuss its formulation, its limitations, and the main emergent phenomena that it has successfully explained. These phenomena include flocking and fluid–solid transitions, as well as wetting, fingering, and mechanical waves in spreading epithelial monolayers. We close by outlining remaining challenges and future directions in the physics of collective cell migration.
集体细胞迁移是胚胎发育、伤口愈合和某些类型癌症侵袭的关键驱动力。在这里,我们提供了细胞集体迁移机制的物理视角。我们从控制细胞迁移的细胞-细胞和细胞-底物相互作用的目录开始,我们将其分为位置和定向相互作用。然后,我们回顾了已经开发的物理模型,以解释这些相互作用是如何引起细胞集体运动的。这些模型从亚细胞到超细胞,包括晶格模型、相场模型、主动网络模型、粒子模型和连续体模型。对于每种类型的模型,我们讨论了它的公式、它的局限性以及它成功解释的主要涌现现象。这些现象包括植绒和液固过渡,以及浸润、指压和扩展上皮单层中的机械波。最后,我们概述了集体细胞迁移物理学中的剩余挑战和未来方向。
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引用次数: 186
Machine-Learning Quantum States in the NISQ Era NISQ时代的机器学习量子态
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-05-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050651
G. Torlai, R. Melko
We review the development of generative modeling techniques in machine learning for the purpose of reconstructing real, noisy, many-qubit quantum states. Motivated by its interpretability and utility, we discuss in detail the theory of the restricted Boltzmann machine. We demonstrate its practical use for state reconstruction, starting from a classical thermal distribution of Ising spins, then moving systematically through increasingly complex pure and mixed quantum states. We review recent techniques in reconstruction of a cold atom wavefunction, intended for use on experimental noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Finally, we discuss the outlook for future experimental state reconstruction using machine learning in the NISQ era and beyond.
我们回顾了机器学习中生成建模技术的发展,以重建真实的、有噪声的、多量子比特的量子态。受其可解释性和实用性的启发,我们详细讨论了受限玻尔兹曼机的理论。我们展示了它在状态重建中的实际应用,从伊辛自旋的经典热分布开始,然后系统地穿过越来越复杂的纯量子态和混合量子态。我们回顾了最近重建冷原子波函数的技术,该技术旨在用于实验噪声中尺度量子(NISQ)器件。最后,我们讨论了在NISQ时代及以后使用机器学习进行实验状态重建的前景。
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引用次数: 71
Topology and Broken Symmetry in Floquet Systems Floquet系统的拓扑与破对称性
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013721
Fenner Harper, R. Roy, M. Rudner, S. Sondhi
Floquet systems are governed by periodic, time-dependent Hamiltonians. Prima facie they should absorb energy from the external drives involved in modulating their couplings and heat up to infinite temperature. However, this unhappy state of affairs can be avoided in many ways. Instead, as has become clear from much recent work, Floquet systems can exhibit a variety of nontrivial behavior—some of which is impossible in undriven systems. In this review, we describe the main ideas and themes of this work: novel Floquet drives that exhibit nontrivial topology in single-particle systems, the existence and classification of exotic Floquet drives in interacting systems, and the attendant notion of many-body Floquet phases and arguments for their stability to heating.
Floquet系统由周期的、时变的哈密顿量控制。表面上看,它们应该从外部驱动器中吸收能量,以调制它们的耦合并加热到无限的温度。然而,这种不愉快的状态可以通过许多方法来避免。相反,从最近的许多工作中可以清楚地看出,Floquet系统可以表现出各种各样的重要行为,其中一些在非驱动系统中是不可能的。在这篇综述中,我们描述了这项工作的主要思想和主题:在单粒子系统中表现出非平凡拓扑的新型Floquet驱动器,相互作用系统中奇异Floquet驱动器的存在和分类,以及随之而来的多体Floquet相的概念及其对加热稳定性的争论。
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引用次数: 140
The Physics of Pair-Density Waves: Cuprate Superconductors and Beyond 对密度波的物理:Cuprate超导体及其超越
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050711
D. Agterberg, J. C. Davis, S. Edkins, E. Fradkin, D. Harlingen, S. Kivelson, P. Lee, L. Radzihovsky, J. Tranquada, Yuxuan Wang
We review the physics of pair-density wave (PDW) superconductors. We begin with a macroscopic description that emphasizes order induced by PDW states, such as charge-density wave, and discuss related vestigial states that emerge as a consequence of partial melting of the PDW order. We review and critically discuss the mounting experimental evidence for such PDW order in the cuprate superconductors, the status of the theoretical microscopic description of such order, and the current debate on whether the PDW is a mother order or another competing order in the cuprates. In addition, we give an overview of the weak coupling version of PDW order, Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov states, in the context of cold atom systems, unconventional superconductors, and noncentrosymmetric and Weyl materials.
我们综述了对密度波超导体的物理性质。我们从宏观描述开始,强调由PDW态(如电荷密度波)引起的有序,并讨论由于PDW有序的部分熔化而出现的相关残余态。我们回顾并批判性地讨论了铜酸盐超导体中这种PDW有序的实验证据,这种有序的理论微观描述的现状,以及目前关于PDW是铜酸盐中的母有序还是另一个竞争有序的争论。此外,我们还概述了在冷原子系统、非常规超导体以及非中心对称和Weyl材料的背景下,PDW阶的弱耦合形式Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov态。
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引用次数: 225
Nonequilibrium Aspects of Integrable Models 可积模型的非平衡方面
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-04-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050630
C. Rylands, N. Andrei
Driven by breakthroughs in experimental and theoretical techniques, the study of nonequilibrium quantum physics is a rapidly expanding field with many exciting new developments. Among the manifold ways the topic can be investigated, one-dimensional systems provide a particularly fine platform. The trifecta of strongly correlated physics, powerful theoretical techniques, and experimental viability have resulted in a flurry of research activity over the past decade or so. In this review, we explore the nonequilibrium aspects of one-dimensional systems that are integrable. Through a number of illustrative examples, we discuss nonequilibrium phenomena that arise in such models, the role played by integrability, and the consequences these have for more generic systems.
在实验和理论技术突破的推动下,非平衡量子物理研究是一个迅速发展的领域,有许多令人兴奋的新进展。在研究该主题的多种方式中,一维系统提供了一个特别好的平台。在过去十年左右的时间里,强相关物理学、强大的理论技术和实验可行性的三重优势导致了一系列的研究活动。在这篇综述中,我们探索了可积的一维系统的非平衡方面。通过一些说明性的例子,我们讨论了这种模型中出现的非平衡现象,可积性所起的作用,以及这些现象对更一般的系统的影响。
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引用次数: 9
Counting Rules of Nambu–Goldstone Modes Nambu-Goldstone模式的计数规则
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050644
Haruki Watanabe
When global continuous symmetries are spontaneously broken, there appear gapless collective excitations called Nambu–Goldstone modes (NGMs) that govern the low-energy property of the system. The application of this famous theorem ranges from high-energy particle physics to condensed matter and atomic physics. When a symmetry breaking occurs in systems that lack the Lorentz invariance to start with, as is usually the case in condensed matter systems, the number of resulting NGMs can be lower than that of broken symmetry generators, and the dispersion of NGMs is not necessarily linear. In this article, we review recently established formulae for NGMs associated with broken internal symmetries that work equally for relativistic and nonrelativistic systems. We also discuss complexities of NGMs originating from space-time symmetry breaking. Along the way we cover many illuminating examples from various context. We also present a complementary point of view from the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem.
当全局连续对称性被自发打破时,就会出现被称为Nambu-Goldstone模式(NGMs)的无间隙集体激发,它控制着系统的低能量特性。这个著名定理的应用范围从高能粒子物理到凝聚态物质和原子物理。当对称性破缺发生在缺乏洛伦兹不变性的系统中时,就像在凝聚态系统中通常发生的那样,所产生的ngm的数量可能低于对称性破缺产生器的数量,并且ngm的色散不一定是线性的。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了最近建立的与破缺内部对称相关的ngm公式,这些公式同样适用于相对论和非相对论系统。我们还讨论了由时空对称性破缺引起的ngm的复杂性。在此过程中,我们涵盖了来自不同背景的许多有启发性的例子。我们还提出了利布-舒尔茨-马蒂斯定理的一个补充观点。
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引用次数: 49
期刊
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
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