Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-041041
Clifford W. Hicks, Fabian Jerzembeck, Hilary M.L. Noad, Mark E. Barber, Andrew P. Mackenzie
Over the past approximately 10 years, it has become routine to use piezoelectric actuators to apply large anisotropic stresses to correlated electron materials. Elastic strains exceeding 1% can often be achieved, which is sufficient to qualitatively alter the magnetic and/or electronic structures of a wide range of correlated electron materials. Experiments fall into two broad groups. In one, explicit use is made of the capacity of anisotropic stress to reduce the point group symmetry of the lattice, for example, from tetragonal to orthorhombic. In the other, anisotropic stress is used as a more general, powerful tuning method that, within the elastic limit of the material under test, does not introduce disorder. In this review, we provide a brief recent history of strain tuning, describe current methodology, provide selected examples of the types of experiment that have been done, and discuss the thermodynamics of uniaxial stress.
{"title":"Probing Quantum Materials with Uniaxial Stress","authors":"Clifford W. Hicks, Fabian Jerzembeck, Hilary M.L. Noad, Mark E. Barber, Andrew P. Mackenzie","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-041041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040521-041041","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past approximately 10 years, it has become routine to use piezoelectric actuators to apply large anisotropic stresses to correlated electron materials. Elastic strains exceeding 1% can often be achieved, which is sufficient to qualitatively alter the magnetic and/or electronic structures of a wide range of correlated electron materials. Experiments fall into two broad groups. In one, explicit use is made of the capacity of anisotropic stress to reduce the point group symmetry of the lattice, for example, from tetragonal to orthorhombic. In the other, anisotropic stress is used as a more general, powerful tuning method that, within the elastic limit of the material under test, does not introduce disorder. In this review, we provide a brief recent history of strain tuning, describe current methodology, provide selected examples of the types of experiment that have been done, and discuss the thermodynamics of uniaxial stress.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-015101
Evan M. Smith, Elsa Lhotel, Sylvain Petit, Bruce D. Gaulin
We review a key subset of the experimental studies that have recently focused on cubic pyrochlore magnets whose pseudospin-1$/$2 degrees of freedom have mixed dipolar and octupolar character. We discuss how this comes about and how the character of the pseudospin-1$/$2 can be experimentally determined. The minimal spin Hamiltonian for such magnetic insulators is known to give rise to a rich phase diagram with both disordered U(1) quantum spin ice (QSI) states and all-in–all-out (AIAO) noncollinear ordered states, each with dipolar and octupolar character. We focus primarily on experimental studies on two such single crystal systems, the $TimesFont{J}$ = 5$/$2 Ce2Zr2O7 and the $TimesFont{J}$ = 9$/$2 Nd2Zr2O7. We make the case that Ce2Zr2O7 is an excellent QSI ground-state candidate material, close to the border between QSIs with dipolar and octupolar symmetry. Nd2Zr2O7 exhibits an AIAO ordered phase, featuring an order parameter consisting of dipolar and octupolar magnetic moments. It is found to reside close to a QSI phase boundary and features dynamic fragmentation in its excitation spectrum.
{"title":"Experimental Insights into Quantum Spin Ice Physics in Dipole–Octupole Pyrochlore Magnets","authors":"Evan M. Smith, Elsa Lhotel, Sylvain Petit, Bruce D. Gaulin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-015101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041124-015101","url":null,"abstract":"We review a key subset of the experimental studies that have recently focused on cubic pyrochlore magnets whose pseudospin-1<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 degrees of freedom have mixed dipolar and octupolar character. We discuss how this comes about and how the character of the pseudospin-1<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 can be experimentally determined. The minimal spin Hamiltonian for such magnetic insulators is known to give rise to a rich phase diagram with both disordered U(1) quantum spin ice (QSI) states and all-in–all-out (AIAO) noncollinear ordered states, each with dipolar and octupolar character. We focus primarily on experimental studies on two such single crystal systems, the <jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$TimesFont{J}$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula> = 5<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 Ce<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> and the <jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$TimesFont{J}$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula> = 9<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula>2 Nd<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub>. We make the case that Ce<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> is an excellent QSI ground-state candidate material, close to the border between QSIs with dipolar and octupolar symmetry. Nd<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Zr<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>7</jats:sub> exhibits an AIAO ordered phase, featuring an order parameter consisting of dipolar and octupolar magnetic moments. It is found to reside close to a QSI phase boundary and features dynamic fragmentation in its excitation spectrum.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-110923
Jacob Moran, Kevin B. Wood
Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, and antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to public health. The evolution of resistance is a multiscale process shaped by many of the same phenomena that have fascinated condensed matter physicists for decades: fluctuations, disorder, scaling, and the emergence of structure from local heterogeneous interactions. In this review, we offer a brief introduction to antibiotic resistance through the lens of these shared cross-disciplinary themes. We highlight conceptual connections shared across disciplines and aim to inspire continued investigation of this complex and important biomedical problem.
{"title":"From Fluctuations and Disorder to Scaling and Control: The Emergence of Resistance in Microbial Communities","authors":"Jacob Moran, Kevin B. Wood","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-110923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-110923","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, and antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to public health. The evolution of resistance is a multiscale process shaped by many of the same phenomena that have fascinated condensed matter physicists for decades: fluctuations, disorder, scaling, and the emergence of structure from local heterogeneous interactions. In this review, we offer a brief introduction to antibiotic resistance through the lens of these shared cross-disciplinary themes. We highlight conceptual connections shared across disciplines and aim to inspire continued investigation of this complex and important biomedical problem.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We discuss the emerging advances and opportunities at the intersection of machine learning (ML) and climate physics, highlighting the use of ML techniques, including supervised, unsupervised, and equation discovery, to accelerate climate knowledge discoveries and simulations. We delineate two distinct yet complementary aspects: (a) ML for climate physics and (b) ML for climate simulations. Although physics-free ML-based models, such as ML-based weather forecasting, have demonstrated success when data are abundant and stationary, the physics knowledge and interpretability of ML models become crucial in the small-data/nonstationary regime to ensure generalizability. Given the absence of observations, the long-term future climate falls into the small-data regime. Therefore, ML for climate physics holds a critical role in addressing the challenges of ML for climate simulations. We emphasize the need for collaboration among climate physics, ML theory, and numerical analysis to achieve reliable ML-based models for climate applications.
我们讨论了机器学习（ML）与气候物理学交叉领域的新进展和新机遇，重点介绍了如何利用 ML 技术（包括有监督、无监督和方程发现）来加速气候知识的发现和模拟。我们划分了两个不同但互补的方面：（a）用于气候物理学的 ML 和（b）用于气候模拟的 ML。虽然基于 ML 的无物理模型（如基于 ML 的天气预报）在数据丰富且稳定的情况下取得了成功，但在数据较少/非稳定的情况下，ML 模型的物理知识和可解释性对确保普适性至关重要。由于缺乏观测数据，未来长期气候属于小数据机制。因此，气候物理学的 ML 在应对气候模拟的 ML 挑战方面发挥着至关重要的作用。我们强调需要气候物理学、ML 理论和数值分析之间的合作，以实现可靠的基于 ML 的气候应用模型。
{"title":"Machine Learning for Climate Physics and Simulations","authors":"Ching-Yao Lai, Pedram Hassanzadeh, Aditi Sheshadri, Maike Sonnewald, Raffaele Ferrari, Venkatramani Balaji","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-114758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-114758","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the emerging advances and opportunities at the intersection of machine learning (ML) and climate physics, highlighting the use of ML techniques, including supervised, unsupervised, and equation discovery, to accelerate climate knowledge discoveries and simulations. We delineate two distinct yet complementary aspects: (<jats:italic>a</jats:italic>) ML for climate physics and (<jats:italic>b</jats:italic>) ML for climate simulations. Although physics-free ML-based models, such as ML-based weather forecasting, have demonstrated success when data are abundant and stationary, the physics knowledge and interpretability of ML models become crucial in the small-data/nonstationary regime to ensure generalizability. Given the absence of observations, the long-term future climate falls into the small-data regime. Therefore, ML for climate physics holds a critical role in addressing the challenges of ML for climate simulations. We emphasize the need for collaboration among climate physics, ML theory, and numerical analysis to achieve reliable ML-based models for climate applications.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-101439
Ananyo Maitra
Active matter theories naturally describe the mechanics of living systems. As biological matter is overwhelmingly chiral, an understanding of the implications of chirality for the mechanics and statistical mechanics of active materials is a priority. This article examines active, chiral materials from a liquid-crystal physicist's point of view, extracting general features of broken-symmetry-ordered phases of such systems without reference to microscopic details. Crucially, this demonstrates that activity allows chirality to affect the hydrodynamics of broken-symmetry phases in contrast to passive liquid crystals, in which chirality induces the formation of a range of spatially periodic structures whose large-scale mechanics have no signatures of broken parity symmetry. In active systems, chirality leads to the formation of phases that break time translation symmetry, which is impossible in equilibrium, and the existence of new kinds of elastic force densities in translation symmetry-broken states.
{"title":"Activity Unmasks Chirality in Liquid-Crystalline Matter","authors":"Ananyo Maitra","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-101439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-101439","url":null,"abstract":"Active matter theories naturally describe the mechanics of living systems. As biological matter is overwhelmingly chiral, an understanding of the implications of chirality for the mechanics and statistical mechanics of active materials is a priority. This article examines active, chiral materials from a liquid-crystal physicist's point of view, extracting general features of broken-symmetry-ordered phases of such systems without reference to microscopic details. Crucially, this demonstrates that activity allows chirality to affect the hydrodynamics of broken-symmetry phases in contrast to passive liquid crystals, in which chirality induces the formation of a range of spatially periodic structures whose large-scale mechanics have no signatures of broken parity symmetry. In active systems, chirality leads to the formation of phases that break time translation symmetry, which is impossible in equilibrium, and the existence of new kinds of elastic force densities in translation symmetry-broken states.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-015000
Laura Classen, Joseph J. Betouras
The flattening of single-particle band structures plays an important role in the quest for novel quantum states of matter owing to the crucial role of interactions. Recent advances in theory and experiment made it possible to construct and tune systems with nearly flat bands, ranging from graphene multilayers and moiré materials to kagome metals and ruthenates. Although theoretical models predict exactly flat bands under certain ideal conditions, evidence was provided that these systems host high-order Van Hove points, i.e., points of high local band flatness and power-law divergence in energy of the density of states. In this review, we examine recent developments in engineering and realizing such weakly dispersive bands. We focus on high-order Van Hove singularities and explore their connection to exactly flat bands. We provide classification schemes and discuss interaction effects. We also review experimental evidence for high-order Van Hove singularities and point out future research directions.
{"title":"High-Order Van Hove Singularities and Their Connection to Flat Bands","authors":"Laura Classen, Joseph J. Betouras","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-015000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-015000","url":null,"abstract":"The flattening of single-particle band structures plays an important role in the quest for novel quantum states of matter owing to the crucial role of interactions. Recent advances in theory and experiment made it possible to construct and tune systems with nearly flat bands, ranging from graphene multilayers and moiré materials to kagome metals and ruthenates. Although theoretical models predict exactly flat bands under certain ideal conditions, evidence was provided that these systems host high-order Van Hove points, i.e., points of high local band flatness and power-law divergence in energy of the density of states. In this review, we examine recent developments in engineering and realizing such weakly dispersive bands. We focus on high-order Van Hove singularities and explore their connection to exactly flat bands. We provide classification schemes and discuss interaction effects. We also review experimental evidence for high-order Van Hove singularities and point out future research directions.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-035238
Charles S. Wright, Kunaal Joshi, Rudro R. Biswas, Srividya Iyer-Biswas
Organisms maintain the status quo, holding key physiological variables constant to within an acceptable tolerance, and yet adapt with precision and plasticity to dynamic changes in externalities. What organizational principles ensure such exquisite yet robust control of systems-level “state variables” in complex systems with an extraordinary number of moving parts and fluctuating variables? Here, we focus on these issues in the specific context of intra- and intergenerational life histories of individual bacterial cells, whose biographies are precisely charted via high-precision dynamic experiments using the SChemostat technology. We highlight intra- and intergenerational scaling laws and other “emergent simplicities” revealed by these high-precision data. In turn, these facilitate a principled route to dimensional reduction of the problem and serve as essential building blocks for phenomenological and mechanistic theory. Parameter-free data-theory matches for multiple organisms validate theory frameworks and explicate the systems physics of stochastic homeostasis and adaptation.
{"title":"Emergent Simplicities in the Living Histories of Individual Cells","authors":"Charles S. Wright, Kunaal Joshi, Rudro R. Biswas, Srividya Iyer-Biswas","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-035238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-035238","url":null,"abstract":"Organisms maintain the status quo, holding key physiological variables constant to within an acceptable tolerance, and yet adapt with precision and plasticity to dynamic changes in externalities. What organizational principles ensure such exquisite yet robust control of systems-level “state variables” in complex systems with an extraordinary number of moving parts and fluctuating variables? Here, we focus on these issues in the specific context of intra- and intergenerational life histories of individual bacterial cells, whose biographies are precisely charted via high-precision dynamic experiments using the SChemostat technology. We highlight intra- and intergenerational scaling laws and other “emergent simplicities” revealed by these high-precision data. In turn, these facilitate a principled route to dimensional reduction of the problem and serve as essential building blocks for phenomenological and mechanistic theory. Parameter-free data-theory matches for multiple organisms validate theory frameworks and explicate the systems physics of stochastic homeostasis and adaptation.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-103908
Anatoly Kuklov, Lode Pollet, Nikolay Prokof’ev, Boris Svistunov
Even when ideal solids are insulating, their states with crystallographic defects may have superfluid properties. It became clear recently that edge dislocations in 4He featuring a combination of microscopic quantum roughness and superfluidity of their cores may represent a new paradigmatic class of quasi-one-dimensional superfluids. The new state of matter, termed transverse quantum fluid (TQF), is found in a variety of physical setups. The key ingredient defining the class of TQF systems is infinite compressibility, which is responsible for all other unusual properties such as the quadratic spectrum of normal modes (or even the absence of sharp quasiparticles), irrelevance of the Landau criterion, off-diagonal long-range order at T = 0, and the exponential dependence of the phase slip probability on the inverse flow velocity. From a conceptual point of view, the TQF state is a striking demonstration of the conditional character of many dogmas associated with superfluidity, including the necessity of elementary excitations, in general, and the ones obeying Landau criterion in particular.
{"title":"Transverse Quantum Superfluids","authors":"Anatoly Kuklov, Lode Pollet, Nikolay Prokof’ev, Boris Svistunov","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-103908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042924-103908","url":null,"abstract":"Even when ideal solids are insulating, their states with crystallographic defects may have superfluid properties. It became clear recently that edge dislocations in <jats:sup>4</jats:sup>He featuring a combination of microscopic quantum roughness and superfluidity of their cores may represent a new paradigmatic class of quasi-one-dimensional superfluids. The new state of matter, termed transverse quantum fluid (TQF), is found in a variety of physical setups. The key ingredient defining the class of TQF systems is infinite compressibility, which is responsible for all other unusual properties such as the quadratic spectrum of normal modes (or even the absence of sharp quasiparticles), irrelevance of the Landau criterion, off-diagonal long-range order at <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> = 0, and the exponential dependence of the phase slip probability on the inverse flow velocity. From a conceptual point of view, the TQF state is a striking demonstration of the conditional character of many dogmas associated with superfluidity, including the necessity of elementary excitations, in general, and the ones obeying Landau criterion in particular.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042624-033003
Katherine A. Newhall
With the growing number of microscale devices from computer memory to microelectromechanical systems, such as lab-on-a-chip biosensors and the increased ability to experimentally measure at the micro- and nanoscale, modeling systems with stochastic processes is a growing need across science. In particular, stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) naturally arise from continuum models—for example, a pillar magnet's magnetization or an elastic membrane's mechanical deflection. In this review, I seek to acquaint the reader with SPDEs from the point of view of numerically simulating their finite-difference approximations, without the rigorous mathematical details of assigning probability measures to the random field solutions. I will stress that these simulations with spatially uncorrelated noise may not converge as the grid size goes to zero in the way that one expects from deterministic convergence of numerical schemes in two or more spatial dimensions. I then present some models with spatially correlated noise that maintain sampling of the physically relevant equilibrium distribution. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the dynamics; the code is publicly available on GitHub.
{"title":"A Primer on Stochastic Partial Differential Equations with Spatially Correlated Noise","authors":"Katherine A. Newhall","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042624-033003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042624-033003","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing number of microscale devices from computer memory to microelectromechanical systems, such as lab-on-a-chip biosensors and the increased ability to experimentally measure at the micro- and nanoscale, modeling systems with stochastic processes is a growing need across science. In particular, stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) naturally arise from continuum models—for example, a pillar magnet's magnetization or an elastic membrane's mechanical deflection. In this review, I seek to acquaint the reader with SPDEs from the point of view of numerically simulating their finite-difference approximations, without the rigorous mathematical details of assigning probability measures to the random field solutions. I will stress that these simulations with spatially uncorrelated noise may not converge as the grid size goes to zero in the way that one expects from deterministic convergence of numerical schemes in two or more spatial dimensions. I then present some models with spatially correlated noise that maintain sampling of the physically relevant equilibrium distribution. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the dynamics; the code is publicly available on GitHub.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142599492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-084829
S.I. Tamim, J.B. Bostwick
The shape of a soft solid is largely determined by the balance between elastic and surface energies with capillarity becoming important at length scales smaller than the elastocapillary length, which approaches the millimeter scale for the softest hydrogels, leading to many new and surprising phenomena. This review is focused on describing recent experimental and theoretical progress on the deformations of soft solids due to capillarity in two-phase systems for both statics and dynamics. Relative to rigid solids, surface tension can lead to the rounding of sharp corners, wrinkling and creasing, and general morphological shape-change of the static equilibrium configuration, beyond a critical elastocapillary number. With regard to dynamics, both surface tension and viscoelasticity affect wave number selection in a number of dynamic pattern formation phenomena in soft solids, such as elastocapillary-gravity waves, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, Plateau–Rayleigh instability, Faraday waves, and drop oscillations, all of which have direct analogs with classical hydrodynamic instabilities helping to interpret the relevant physics.
{"title":"Shaping Capillary Solids From Statics to Dynamics","authors":"S.I. Tamim, J.B. Bostwick","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-084829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-084829","url":null,"abstract":"The shape of a soft solid is largely determined by the balance between elastic and surface energies with capillarity becoming important at length scales smaller than the elastocapillary length, which approaches the millimeter scale for the softest hydrogels, leading to many new and surprising phenomena. This review is focused on describing recent experimental and theoretical progress on the deformations of soft solids due to capillarity in two-phase systems for both statics and dynamics. Relative to rigid solids, surface tension can lead to the rounding of sharp corners, wrinkling and creasing, and general morphological shape-change of the static equilibrium configuration, beyond a critical elastocapillary number. With regard to dynamics, both surface tension and viscoelasticity affect wave number selection in a number of dynamic pattern formation phenomena in soft solids, such as elastocapillary-gravity waves, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, Plateau–Rayleigh instability, Faraday waves, and drop oscillations, all of which have direct analogs with classical hydrodynamic instabilities helping to interpret the relevant physics.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142580402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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