Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-042856
Ilya Esterlis, Jörg Schmalian
Quantum criticality plays a central role in understanding non-Fermi liquid behavior and unconventional superconductivity in strongly correlated systems. In this review, we explore the quantum critical Eliashberg theory, which extends conventional Eliashberg approaches to non-Fermi liquid regimes governed by critical fluctuations. We discuss the theoretical foundations and recent developments in the field, focusing on the interplay between electronic interactions and bosonic modes near quantum phase transitions as described in the Yukawa-coupled version of the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model. Special emphasis is placed on the breakdown of quasiparticle coherence, anomalous scaling behavior, Cooper pairing without quasiparticles, and emergent universality in different physical settings. Starting from a zero-dimensional quantum dot model, we discuss the generalization to higher spatial dimensions and demonstrate the connection between quantum critical Eliashberg theory and holographic superconductivity. Our analysis provides a perspective on how quantum criticality shapes the dynamics of strongly correlated metals and superconductors.
{"title":"Quantum Critical Eliashberg Theory","authors":"Ilya Esterlis, Jörg Schmalian","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-042856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-042856","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum criticality plays a central role in understanding non-Fermi liquid behavior and unconventional superconductivity in strongly correlated systems. In this review, we explore the quantum critical Eliashberg theory, which extends conventional Eliashberg approaches to non-Fermi liquid regimes governed by critical fluctuations. We discuss the theoretical foundations and recent developments in the field, focusing on the interplay between electronic interactions and bosonic modes near quantum phase transitions as described in the Yukawa-coupled version of the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model. Special emphasis is placed on the breakdown of quasiparticle coherence, anomalous scaling behavior, Cooper pairing without quasiparticles, and emergent universality in different physical settings. Starting from a zero-dimensional quantum dot model, we discuss the generalization to higher spatial dimensions and demonstrate the connection between quantum critical Eliashberg theory and holographic superconductivity. Our analysis provides a perspective on how quantum criticality shapes the dynamics of strongly correlated metals and superconductors.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-010035
Katharine E. Jensen, Chelsea S. Davis
This review provides an introduction to the essential physics of soft adhesion, including the thermodynamics of adhesion and wetting, the mechanics of contact with deformable materials, and the material properties that most affect interfacial interactions with soft solid gels and elastomers. Throughout, we emphasize both foundational physics and current experimental and theoretical research in these areas. We conclude with a practical overview of standard experimental test methods for characterizing soft adhesion. The physical understanding developed in this article provides the basis for understanding the mechanics of contact with soft materials.
{"title":"The Physics of Soft Adhesion","authors":"Katharine E. Jensen, Chelsea S. Davis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-010035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-010035","url":null,"abstract":"This review provides an introduction to the essential physics of soft adhesion, including the thermodynamics of adhesion and wetting, the mechanics of contact with deformable materials, and the material properties that most affect interfacial interactions with soft solid gels and elastomers. Throughout, we emphasize both foundational physics and current experimental and theoretical research in these areas. We conclude with a practical overview of standard experimental test methods for characterizing soft adhesion. The physical understanding developed in this article provides the basis for understanding the mechanics of contact with soft materials.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-020256
Yin-Chen He, W. Zhu
This review discusses the recently proposed fuzzy sphere regularization for studying 2 + 1D critical phenomena, particularly three-dimensional (3D) conformal field theory (CFT). The fuzzy sphere scheme not only offers remarkable efficiency in extracting extensive CFT data at low computational cost but also reveals unexpected connections among 3D CFT (critical phenomena), noncommutative geometry, and the quantum Hall effect. We introduce the fundamental ideas of fuzzy sphere regularization, emphasizing its role in demonstrating the state-operator correspondence of 3D CFTs on the geometry. Additionally, we review key developments in this approach across various directions and outline potential future applications.
{"title":"A Fuzzy Sphere Journey in Critical Phenomena","authors":"Yin-Chen He, W. Zhu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-020256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-020256","url":null,"abstract":"This review discusses the recently proposed fuzzy sphere regularization for studying 2 + 1D critical phenomena, particularly three-dimensional (3D) conformal field theory (CFT). The fuzzy sphere scheme not only offers remarkable efficiency in extracting extensive CFT data at low computational cost but also reveals unexpected connections among 3D CFT (critical phenomena), noncommutative geometry, and the quantum Hall effect. We introduce the fundamental ideas of fuzzy sphere regularization, emphasizing its role in demonstrating the state-operator correspondence of 3D CFTs on the <jats:inline-formula> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"eq-020256-001.gif\"/> </jats:inline-formula> geometry. Additionally, we review key developments in this approach across various directions and outline potential future applications.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"231 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-051559
Marc Z. Miskin
To explore information's role in the physics of living systems, experimentalists have recently turned to making materials from robots. These systems offer unique opportunities because they are easy to control and interpret, yet each machine retains the capacity to sense and compute. Here, we review recent work on robotic matter, emphasizing how internal states, local sensing, and feedback at the microscale enable macroscale properties that are fundamentally distinct from traditional condensed matter or other active matter systems. We argue that this field is poised to evolve rapidly, thanks to technological innovations including semiconductor miniaturization, heterogeneous materials integration, and low-power computation. Finally, we highlight outstanding experimental and theoretical challenges that robots are well positioned to address, including the tradeoffs between robot size and intelligence and the difficulty of preserving information flows when robot actions are coarse-grained into macroscopic variables.
{"title":"Robotic Matter","authors":"Marc Z. Miskin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-051559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-051559","url":null,"abstract":"To explore information's role in the physics of living systems, experimentalists have recently turned to making materials from robots. These systems offer unique opportunities because they are easy to control and interpret, yet each machine retains the capacity to sense and compute. Here, we review recent work on robotic matter, emphasizing how internal states, local sensing, and feedback at the microscale enable macroscale properties that are fundamentally distinct from traditional condensed matter or other active matter systems. We argue that this field is poised to evolve rapidly, thanks to technological innovations including semiconductor miniaturization, heterogeneous materials integration, and low-power computation. Finally, we highlight outstanding experimental and theoretical challenges that robots are well positioned to address, including the tradeoffs between robot size and intelligence and the difficulty of preserving information flows when robot actions are coarse-grained into macroscopic variables.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-063257
J. H. Pixley, Pavel A. Volkov
Recent proposals for the realization of time-reversal symmetry breaking and topological superconductivity in twisted nodal superconductors (TNSs) have led to a surge of theoretical and experimental studies of these systems, marking one of the newest entries in the rapidly growing field of moiré materials. The interplay between order parameters of the separate layers makes TNSs unique, leading to additional emergent phenomena in regimes usually not of importance in moiré physics, such as bulk interfaces and large twist angles. We review the physics of TNSs, highlighting both similarities and qualitative differences with other moiré platforms. Although inspired by the rise of moiré materials, the field is anchored in studies of unconventional superconductivity preceding the moiré era, which we discuss in detail. In addition to summarizing the developments at the present stage, we present a detailed outlook on the major open questions in the field and some of the most exciting future directions.
{"title":"Twisted Nodal Superconductors","authors":"J. H. Pixley, Pavel A. Volkov","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-063257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-063257","url":null,"abstract":"Recent proposals for the realization of time-reversal symmetry breaking and topological superconductivity in twisted nodal superconductors (TNSs) have led to a surge of theoretical and experimental studies of these systems, marking one of the newest entries in the rapidly growing field of moiré materials. The interplay between order parameters of the separate layers makes TNSs unique, leading to additional emergent phenomena in regimes usually not of importance in moiré physics, such as bulk interfaces and large twist angles. We review the physics of TNSs, highlighting both similarities and qualitative differences with other moiré platforms. Although inspired by the rise of moiré materials, the field is anchored in studies of unconventional superconductivity preceding the moiré era, which we discuss in detail. In addition to summarizing the developments at the present stage, we present a detailed outlook on the major open questions in the field and some of the most exciting future directions.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"513 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031324-031350
José Alvarado, Erin G. Teich, David A. Sivak, John Bechhoefer
Soft and active condensed matter represent a class of fascinating materials that we encounter in our everyday lives—and constitute life itself. Control signals interact with the dynamics of these systems, and this influence is formalized in control theory and optimal control. Recent advances have employed various control-theoretical methods to design desired dynamics, properties, and functionality. Here, we provide an introduction to optimal control aimed at physicists working with soft and active matter. We describe two main categories of control, feedforward control and feedback control, and their corresponding optimal control methods. We emphasize their parallels to Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics and provide a worked example problem. Finally, we review recent studies of control in soft, active, and related systems. Applying control theory to soft, active, and living systems will lead to an improved understanding of the signal processing, information flows, and actuation that underlie the physics of life.
{"title":"Optimal Control in Soft and Active Matter","authors":"José Alvarado, Erin G. Teich, David A. Sivak, John Bechhoefer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031324-031350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031324-031350","url":null,"abstract":"Soft and active condensed matter represent a class of fascinating materials that we encounter in our everyday lives—and constitute life itself. Control signals interact with the dynamics of these systems, and this influence is formalized in control theory and optimal control. Recent advances have employed various control-theoretical methods to design desired dynamics, properties, and functionality. Here, we provide an introduction to optimal control aimed at physicists working with soft and active matter. We describe two main categories of control, feedforward control and feedback control, and their corresponding optimal control methods. We emphasize their parallels to Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics and provide a worked example problem. Finally, we review recent studies of control in soft, active, and related systems. Applying control theory to soft, active, and living systems will lead to an improved understanding of the signal processing, information flows, and actuation that underlie the physics of life.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-125004
Anthony R. Thornton, Kimberly Hill, Lu Jing, Benjy Marks, Deepak R. Tunuguntla
In this review, we introduce granular materials as a condensed matter system and briefly discuss their general properties. We then focus on particle segregation in rapid, dense granular flows, a phenomenon that occurs more readily in granular materials than in other condensed matter systems. Our primary emphasis is on the development of continuum models to describe segregation in these systems. Over the years, numerous approaches have been proposed, each offering different perspectives on how to construct such models. Rather than providing an exhaustive review of any single approach, we compare and contrast various modeling strategies, highlighting their commonalities and respective advantages. By doing so, we aim to establish a clearer connection between different approaches, facilitating closer comparisons and potential synergies between them. We believe that bridging these approaches is essential for advancing our understanding and improving predictive capabilities in granular segregation modeling in the future.
{"title":"Modeling Granular Segregation: Insights from Four Decades of Research","authors":"Anthony R. Thornton, Kimberly Hill, Lu Jing, Benjy Marks, Deepak R. Tunuguntla","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-125004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031424-125004","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we introduce granular materials as a condensed matter system and briefly discuss their general properties. We then focus on particle segregation in rapid, dense granular flows, a phenomenon that occurs more readily in granular materials than in other condensed matter systems. Our primary emphasis is on the development of continuum models to describe segregation in these systems. Over the years, numerous approaches have been proposed, each offering different perspectives on how to construct such models. Rather than providing an exhaustive review of any single approach, we compare and contrast various modeling strategies, highlighting their commonalities and respective advantages. By doing so, we aim to establish a clearer connection between different approaches, facilitating closer comparisons and potential synergies between them. We believe that bridging these approaches is essential for advancing our understanding and improving predictive capabilities in granular segregation modeling in the future.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-100843
Jonathan Michel, Itai Cohen, Lawrence J. Bonassar, Moumita Das
Articular cartilage is a load-bearing, hierarchically organized tissue composed of a network of type II collagen embedded in an aggrecan-rich polyelectrolyte gel. Its ability to resist deformation and dissipate energy arises from spatially varying matrix composition and architecture. Here, we review experimental and theoretical advances that elucidate the mechanistic basis of cartilage shear mechanics. Recent studies have shown that the tissue operates near a rigidity transition, in which small changes in collagen density, cross-linking, or osmotic stress can produce large, nonlinear changes in shear stiffness. We discuss how this behavior is captured by models rooted in rigidity percolation, continuum elasticity, and micromechanics, and how these frameworks connect depth-dependent composition to macroscale mechanical response. Throughout, we emphasize physical principles that describe observations across native, degraded, and engineered tissues, and we highlight emerging strategies for designing cartilage-inspired materials with tunable, anisotropic mechanics, with applications in soft robotics, synthetic gels, and load-bearing biomaterials.
{"title":"Shear Mechanics of Articular Cartilage and Cartilage-Inspired Materials","authors":"Jonathan Michel, Itai Cohen, Lawrence J. Bonassar, Moumita Das","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-100843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032922-100843","url":null,"abstract":"Articular cartilage is a load-bearing, hierarchically organized tissue composed of a network of type II collagen embedded in an aggrecan-rich polyelectrolyte gel. Its ability to resist deformation and dissipate energy arises from spatially varying matrix composition and architecture. Here, we review experimental and theoretical advances that elucidate the mechanistic basis of cartilage shear mechanics. Recent studies have shown that the tissue operates near a rigidity transition, in which small changes in collagen density, cross-linking, or osmotic stress can produce large, nonlinear changes in shear stiffness. We discuss how this behavior is captured by models rooted in rigidity percolation, continuum elasticity, and micromechanics, and how these frameworks connect depth-dependent composition to macroscale mechanical response. Throughout, we emphasize physical principles that describe observations across native, degraded, and engineered tissues, and we highlight emerging strategies for designing cartilage-inspired materials with tunable, anisotropic mechanics, with applications in soft robotics, synthetic gels, and load-bearing biomaterials.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-071133
Ting Cao, Liang Fu, Long Ju, Di Xiao, Xiaodong Xu
The realization of the fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect (FQAHE) in a zero-field fractional Chern insulator is a new advancement in condensed matter physics, resulting from the interplay among strong correlations, topology, and spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking in lattice systems. In this review, we highlight the experimental and theoretical progress toward achieving FQAHE in two material platforms: twisted bilayer MoTe 2 and rhombohedral-stacked multilayer graphene. These systems host narrow topological bands with nontrivial Chern numbers, enabling interaction-driven fractionalized states analogous to the fractional quantum Hall effect, but without external magnetic fields. We discuss how spontaneous ferromagnetism, moiré lattice reconstruction, and band topological effects underpin the emergence of FQAHE in twisted MoTe 2 . We describe experimental discoveries of zero-field fractional Chern insulators in both transport and optical experiments, as well as signatures of composite Fermi liquids and higher-energy Chern band, which may shed light on engineering nonabelian states. In rhombohedral graphene/hexagonal boron nitride moiré superlattices, we review the recent observations of fractionally quantized Hall resistance, connections between FQAHE and extended quantum anomalous Hall phases, and the coexistence of superconductivity and FQAHE. These discoveries not only deepen our understanding of strongly correlated topological matter but also open new frontiers for exploring nonabelian anyons, fault-tolerant quantum computation, and topological opto-spintronics free of magnetic fields.
{"title":"Fractional Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect","authors":"Ting Cao, Liang Fu, Long Ju, Di Xiao, Xiaodong Xu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-071133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031524-071133","url":null,"abstract":"The realization of the fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect (FQAHE) in a zero-field fractional Chern insulator is a new advancement in condensed matter physics, resulting from the interplay among strong correlations, topology, and spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking in lattice systems. In this review, we highlight the experimental and theoretical progress toward achieving FQAHE in two material platforms: twisted bilayer MoTe <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and rhombohedral-stacked multilayer graphene. These systems host narrow topological bands with nontrivial Chern numbers, enabling interaction-driven fractionalized states analogous to the fractional quantum Hall effect, but without external magnetic fields. We discuss how spontaneous ferromagnetism, moiré lattice reconstruction, and band topological effects underpin the emergence of FQAHE in twisted MoTe <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> . We describe experimental discoveries of zero-field fractional Chern insulators in both transport and optical experiments, as well as signatures of composite Fermi liquids and higher-energy Chern band, which may shed light on engineering nonabelian states. In rhombohedral graphene/hexagonal boron nitride moiré superlattices, we review the recent observations of fractionally quantized Hall resistance, connections between FQAHE and extended quantum anomalous Hall phases, and the coexistence of superconductivity and FQAHE. These discoveries not only deepen our understanding of strongly correlated topological matter but also open new frontiers for exploring nonabelian anyons, fault-tolerant quantum computation, and topological opto-spintronics free of magnetic fields.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061225-105656
Amir Pahlavan, Michael Murrell
Active wetting extends classical wetting physics to living systems, in which cells and tissues spread by generating internal forces rather than relying solely on passive interfacial tensions. Unlike passive systems, which evolve toward thermodynamic and mechanical equilibrium by minimizing free energy, active systems remain far from equilibrium due to continuous energy input and dissipation. Their dynamics are sustained, adaptive, and responsive to chemical and mechanical cues in ways that depart fundamentally from passive behavior. In addition, active systems lack a unified energetic or variational principle to describe their evolution. What insights can be drawn from passive models, and how these models might be generalized to account for activity, remain open questions. Studying active wetting may thus reveal new principles of nonequilibrium dynamics at soft and living interfaces, and offer deeper understanding of key biological processes such as wound healing, cancer invasion, and biofilm growth.
{"title":"Active Wetting: Statics and Dynamics","authors":"Amir Pahlavan, Michael Murrell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061225-105656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061225-105656","url":null,"abstract":"Active wetting extends classical wetting physics to living systems, in which cells and tissues spread by generating internal forces rather than relying solely on passive interfacial tensions. Unlike passive systems, which evolve toward thermodynamic and mechanical equilibrium by minimizing free energy, active systems remain far from equilibrium due to continuous energy input and dissipation. Their dynamics are sustained, adaptive, and responsive to chemical and mechanical cues in ways that depart fundamentally from passive behavior. In addition, active systems lack a unified energetic or variational principle to describe their evolution. What insights can be drawn from passive models, and how these models might be generalized to account for activity, remain open questions. Studying active wetting may thus reveal new principles of nonequilibrium dynamics at soft and living interfaces, and offer deeper understanding of key biological processes such as wound healing, cancer invasion, and biofilm growth.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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