Pub Date : 2021-12-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104226
E. Persky, I. Sochnikov, B. Kalisky
Electronic correlations give rise to fascinating macroscopic phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism, and topological phases of matter. Although these phenomena manifest themselves macroscopically, fully understanding the underlying microscopic mechanisms often requires probing on multiple length scales. Spatial modulations on the mesoscopic scale are especially challenging to probe, owing to the limited range of suitable experimental techniques. Here, we review recent progress in scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopy. We demonstrate how scanning SQUID combines unmatched magnetic field sensitivity and highly versatile designs, by surveying discoveries in unconventional superconductivity, exotic magnetism, topological states, and more. Finally, we discuss how SQUID microscopy can be further developed to answer the increasing demand for imaging new quantum materials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Studying Quantum Materials with Scanning SQUID Microscopy","authors":"E. Persky, I. Sochnikov, B. Kalisky","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104226","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic correlations give rise to fascinating macroscopic phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism, and topological phases of matter. Although these phenomena manifest themselves macroscopically, fully understanding the underlying microscopic mechanisms often requires probing on multiple length scales. Spatial modulations on the mesoscopic scale are especially challenging to probe, owing to the limited range of suitable experimental techniques. Here, we review recent progress in scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopy. We demonstrate how scanning SQUID combines unmatched magnetic field sensitivity and highly versatile designs, by surveying discoveries in unconventional superconductivity, exotic magnetism, topological states, and more. Finally, we discuss how SQUID microscopy can be further developed to answer the increasing demand for imaging new quantum materials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45289243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040220-045528
Philippe Ghosez, J. Junquera
Taking a historical perspective, we provide a brief overview of the first-principles modeling of ferroelectric perovskite oxides over the past 30 years. We emphasize how the work done by a relatively small community on the fundamental understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena has been at the origin of consecutive theoretical breakthroughs, with an impact going often well beyond the limit of the ferroelectric community. In this context, we first review key theoretical advances such as the modern theory of polarization, the computation of functional properties as energy derivatives, the explicit treatment of finite fields, or the advent of second-principles methods to extend the length and timescale of the simulations. We then discuss how these have revolutionized our understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena in this technologically important class of compounds. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Modeling of Ferroelectric Oxide Perovskites: From First to Second Principles","authors":"Philippe Ghosez, J. Junquera","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040220-045528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040220-045528","url":null,"abstract":"Taking a historical perspective, we provide a brief overview of the first-principles modeling of ferroelectric perovskite oxides over the past 30 years. We emphasize how the work done by a relatively small community on the fundamental understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena has been at the origin of consecutive theoretical breakthroughs, with an impact going often well beyond the limit of the ferroelectric community. In this context, we first review key theoretical advances such as the modern theory of polarization, the computation of functional properties as energy derivatives, the explicit treatment of finite fields, or the advent of second-principles methods to extend the length and timescale of the simulations. We then discuss how these have revolutionized our understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena in this technologically important class of compounds. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47527529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032754
Gautam Reddy, V. Murthy, M. Vergassola
Fluid turbulence is a double-edged sword for the navigation of macroscopic animals, such as birds, insects, and rodents. On one hand, turbulence enables pheromone communication among mates and the possibility of locating food by their odors from long distances. Molecular diffusion would indeed be unable to spread odors over relevant distances in natural conditions. On the other hand, turbulent flows are hard to predict, and learning effective maneuvers to navigate them is challenging, as we discuss in this review. We first provide a summary of the olfactory organs that sense airborne or surface-bound odors, as well as the computational tasks that animals face when extracting information useful for navigation from an olfactory signal. A compendium of the dynamics of turbulent transport emphasizes those aspects that directly impact animals’ behavior. The state of the art on navigational strategies is discussed, followed by a concluding section dedicated to future challenges in the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Olfactory Sensing and Navigation in Turbulent Environments","authors":"Gautam Reddy, V. Murthy, M. Vergassola","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032754","url":null,"abstract":"Fluid turbulence is a double-edged sword for the navigation of macroscopic animals, such as birds, insects, and rodents. On one hand, turbulence enables pheromone communication among mates and the possibility of locating food by their odors from long distances. Molecular diffusion would indeed be unable to spread odors over relevant distances in natural conditions. On the other hand, turbulent flows are hard to predict, and learning effective maneuvers to navigate them is challenging, as we discuss in this review. We first provide a summary of the olfactory organs that sense airborne or surface-bound odors, as well as the computational tasks that animals face when extracting information useful for navigation from an olfactory signal. A compendium of the dynamics of turbulent transport emphasizes those aspects that directly impact animals’ behavior. The state of the art on navigational strategies is discussed, followed by a concluding section dedicated to future challenges in the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49312875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-103859
S. Nakatsuji, R. Arita
Macroscopic responses of magnets are often governed by magnetization and, thus, have been restricted to ferromagnets. However, such responses are strikingly large in the newly developed topological magnets, breaking the conventional scaling with magnetization. Taking the recently discovered antiferromagnetic (AF) Weyl semimetals as a prime example, we highlight the two central ingredients driving the significant macroscopic responses: the Berry curvature enhanced because of nontrivial band topology in momentum space, and the cluster magnetic multipoles in real space. The combination of large Berry curvature and multipole enables large macroscopic responses such as the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects, the magneto-optical effect, and the novel magnetic spin Hall effect in antiferromagnets with negligible net magnetization, but also allows us to manipulate these effects by electrical means. Furthermore, nodal-point and nodal-line semimetallic states in ferromagnets may provide the strongly enhanced Berry curvature near the Fermi energy, leading to large responses beyond the conventional magnetization scaling. These significant properties and functions of the topological magnets lay the foundation for future technological development such as spintronics and thermoelectric technology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Topological Magnets: Functions Based on Berry Phase and Multipoles","authors":"S. Nakatsuji, R. Arita","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-103859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-103859","url":null,"abstract":"Macroscopic responses of magnets are often governed by magnetization and, thus, have been restricted to ferromagnets. However, such responses are strikingly large in the newly developed topological magnets, breaking the conventional scaling with magnetization. Taking the recently discovered antiferromagnetic (AF) Weyl semimetals as a prime example, we highlight the two central ingredients driving the significant macroscopic responses: the Berry curvature enhanced because of nontrivial band topology in momentum space, and the cluster magnetic multipoles in real space. The combination of large Berry curvature and multipole enables large macroscopic responses such as the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects, the magneto-optical effect, and the novel magnetic spin Hall effect in antiferromagnets with negligible net magnetization, but also allows us to manipulate these effects by electrical means. Furthermore, nodal-point and nodal-line semimetallic states in ferromagnets may provide the strongly enhanced Berry curvature near the Fermi energy, leading to large responses beyond the conventional magnetization scaling. These significant properties and functions of the topological magnets lay the foundation for future technological development such as spintronics and thermoelectric technology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48691982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-110344
T. Dohi, R. Reeve, M. Kläui
In condensed matter physics, magnetic skyrmions, topologically stabilized magnetic solitons, have been discovered in various materials systems, which has intrigued the community in terms of not only fundamental physics but also with respect to engineering applications. In particular, skyrmions in thin films are easily manipulable by electrical means even at room temperature. Concomitantly, a variety of possible applications have been proposed and proof-of-concept devices have been demonstrated. Recently, the field of skyrmion-based electronics has been referred to as skyrmionics and this field has been rapidly growing and extended in multiple directions. This review provides recent progress for skyrmion research in thin film systems and we discuss promising new directions, which will further invigorate the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Thin Film Skyrmionics","authors":"T. Dohi, R. Reeve, M. Kläui","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-110344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-110344","url":null,"abstract":"In condensed matter physics, magnetic skyrmions, topologically stabilized magnetic solitons, have been discovered in various materials systems, which has intrigued the community in terms of not only fundamental physics but also with respect to engineering applications. In particular, skyrmions in thin films are easily manipulable by electrical means even at room temperature. Concomitantly, a variety of possible applications have been proposed and proof-of-concept devices have been demonstrated. Recently, the field of skyrmion-based electronics has been referred to as skyrmionics and this field has been rapidly growing and extended in multiple directions. This review provides recent progress for skyrmion research in thin film systems and we discuss promising new directions, which will further invigorate the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43756904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-050521-033802
J. Niemela, K. Sreenivasan
Russell James Donnelly (b. 1930) was an exceptionally creative physicist with many other interests: art, music, history, and scientific societies and their scholarly journals. He reinvigorated the maturing field of low temperature physics by linking it strongly to fluid turbulence by bold and optimistic leadership at the intersection of the two fields. Immediately after achieving his Ph.D. at Yale University with C.T. Lane and L. Onsager, Russ joined the University of Chicago in 1956, where he became a professor at the first possible opportunity. After some ten years at U. Chicago, where he worked for a time with S. Chandrasekhar, he moved to the University of Oregon and led a vigorous life until his death in 2015. Russ was an excellent organizer of scientific meetings and an enthusiastic expositor of his science. He had a profound sense of service to the community, both civic and scientific, and showed exceptional scientific openness and generosity to his colleagues. He was greatly admired by his community. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Russell Donnelly and His Leaks","authors":"J. Niemela, K. Sreenivasan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-050521-033802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-050521-033802","url":null,"abstract":"Russell James Donnelly (b. 1930) was an exceptionally creative physicist with many other interests: art, music, history, and scientific societies and their scholarly journals. He reinvigorated the maturing field of low temperature physics by linking it strongly to fluid turbulence by bold and optimistic leadership at the intersection of the two fields. Immediately after achieving his Ph.D. at Yale University with C.T. Lane and L. Onsager, Russ joined the University of Chicago in 1956, where he became a professor at the first possible opportunity. After some ten years at U. Chicago, where he worked for a time with S. Chandrasekhar, he moved to the University of Oregon and led a vigorous life until his death in 2015. Russ was an excellent organizer of scientific meetings and an enthusiastic expositor of his science. He had a profound sense of service to the community, both civic and scientific, and showed exceptional scientific openness and generosity to his colleagues. He was greatly admired by his community. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44547359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-16DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031820-121316
A. Recati, S. Stringari
This article summarizes some of the relevant features exhibited by binary mixtures of Bose–Einstein condensates in the presence of coherent coupling at zero temperature. The coupling, which is experimentally produced by proper photon transitions, can involve either negligible momentum transfer from the electromagnetic radiation (Rabi coupling) or large momentum transfer (Raman coupling) associated with spin–orbit effects. The nature of the quantum phases exhibited by coherently coupled mixtures is discussed in detail, including their paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and, in the case of spin–orbit coupling, supersolid phases. The behavior of the corresponding elementary excitations is discussed, with explicit emphasis on the novel features caused by the spin-like degree of freedom. Focus is further given to the topological excitations (solitons, vortices) as well as to the superfluid properties. This review also points out relevant open questions that deserve more systematic theoretical and experimental investigations.
{"title":"Coherently Coupled Mixtures of Ultracold Atomic Gases","authors":"A. Recati, S. Stringari","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031820-121316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031820-121316","url":null,"abstract":"This article summarizes some of the relevant features exhibited by binary mixtures of Bose–Einstein condensates in the presence of coherent coupling at zero temperature. The coupling, which is experimentally produced by proper photon transitions, can involve either negligible momentum transfer from the electromagnetic radiation (Rabi coupling) or large momentum transfer (Raman coupling) associated with spin–orbit effects. The nature of the quantum phases exhibited by coherently coupled mixtures is discussed in detail, including their paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and, in the case of spin–orbit coupling, supersolid phases. The behavior of the corresponding elementary excitations is discussed, with explicit emphasis on the novel features caused by the spin-like degree of freedom. Focus is further given to the topological excitations (solitons, vortices) as well as to the superfluid properties. This review also points out relevant open questions that deserve more systematic theoretical and experimental investigations.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48914241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040220-045516
Nicholas B Rego, Amish J. Patel
The aversion of hydrophobic solutes for water drives diverse interactions and assemblies across materials science, biology, and beyond. Here, we review the theoretical, computational, and experimental developments that underpin a contemporary understanding of hydrophobic effects. We discuss how an understanding of density fluctuations in bulk water can shed light on the fundamental differences in the hydration of molecular and macroscopic solutes; these differences, in turn, explain why hydrophobic interactions become stronger upon increasing temperature. We also illustrate the sensitive dependence of surface hydrophobicity on the chemical and topographical patterns the surface displays, which makes the use of approximate approaches for estimating hydrophobicity particularly challenging. Importantly, the hydrophobicity of complex surfaces, such as those of proteins, which display nanoscale heterogeneity, can nevertheless be characterized using interfacial water density fluctuations; such a characterization also informs protein regions that mediate their interactions. Finally, we build upon an understanding of hydrophobic hydration and the ability to characterize hydrophobicity to inform the context-dependent thermodynamic forces that drive hydrophobic interactions and the desolvation barriers that impede them. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Understanding Hydrophobic Effects: Insights from Water Density Fluctuations","authors":"Nicholas B Rego, Amish J. Patel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040220-045516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-040220-045516","url":null,"abstract":"The aversion of hydrophobic solutes for water drives diverse interactions and assemblies across materials science, biology, and beyond. Here, we review the theoretical, computational, and experimental developments that underpin a contemporary understanding of hydrophobic effects. We discuss how an understanding of density fluctuations in bulk water can shed light on the fundamental differences in the hydration of molecular and macroscopic solutes; these differences, in turn, explain why hydrophobic interactions become stronger upon increasing temperature. We also illustrate the sensitive dependence of surface hydrophobicity on the chemical and topographical patterns the surface displays, which makes the use of approximate approaches for estimating hydrophobicity particularly challenging. Importantly, the hydrophobicity of complex surfaces, such as those of proteins, which display nanoscale heterogeneity, can nevertheless be characterized using interfacial water density fluctuations; such a characterization also informs protein regions that mediate their interactions. Finally, we build upon an understanding of hydrophobic hydration and the ability to characterize hydrophobicity to inform the context-dependent thermodynamic forces that drive hydrophobic interactions and the desolvation barriers that impede them. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44664920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-052521-093943
S. Furthauer, M. Shelley
Cytoskeletal networks are the main actuators of cellular mechanics, and a foundational example for active matter physics. In cytoskeletal networks, motion is generated on small scales by filaments that push and pull on each other via molecular-scale motors. These local actuations give rise to large-scale stresses and motion. To understand how microscopic processes can give rise to self-organized behavior on larger scales it is important to consider what mechanisms mediate long-ranged mechanical interactions in the systems. Two scenarios have been considered in the recent literature. The first scenario is systems that are relatively sparse, in which most of the large-scale momentum transfer is mediated by the solvent in which cytoskeletal filaments are suspended. The second scenario is systems in which filaments are coupled via cross-link molecules throughout. Here, we review the differences and commonalities between the physics of these two regimes. We also survey the literature for the numbers that allow us to place a material within either of these two classes.
{"title":"How Cross-Link Numbers Shape the Large-Scale Physics of Cytoskeletal Materials","authors":"S. Furthauer, M. Shelley","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-052521-093943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-052521-093943","url":null,"abstract":"Cytoskeletal networks are the main actuators of cellular mechanics, and a foundational example for active matter physics. In cytoskeletal networks, motion is generated on small scales by filaments that push and pull on each other via molecular-scale motors. These local actuations give rise to large-scale stresses and motion. To understand how microscopic processes can give rise to self-organized behavior on larger scales it is important to consider what mechanisms mediate long-ranged mechanical interactions in the systems. Two scenarios have been considered in the recent literature. The first scenario is systems that are relatively sparse, in which most of the large-scale momentum transfer is mediated by the solvent in which cytoskeletal filaments are suspended. The second scenario is systems in which filaments are coupled via cross-link molecules throughout. Here, we review the differences and commonalities between the physics of these two regimes. We also survey the literature for the numbers that allow us to place a material within either of these two classes.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47610926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104715
P. McClarty
At sufficiently low temperatures, magnetic materials often enter correlated phases hosting collective, coherent magnetic excitations such as magnons or triplons. Drawing on the enormous progress on topological materials of the past few years, recent research has led to new insights into the geometry and topology of these magnetic excitations. Berry phases associated with magnetic dynamics can lead to observable consequences in heat and spin transport, whereas analogs of topological insulators and semimetals can arise within magnon band structures from natural magnetic couplings. Magnetic excitations offer a platform to explore the interplay of magnetic symmetries and topology, to drive topological transitions using magnetic fields; examine the effects of interactions on topological bands; and generate topologically protected spin currents at interfaces. In this review, we survey progress on all these topics, highlighting aspects of topological matter that are unique to magnon systems and the avenues yet to be fully investigated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Topological Magnons: A Review","authors":"P. McClarty","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104715","url":null,"abstract":"At sufficiently low temperatures, magnetic materials often enter correlated phases hosting collective, coherent magnetic excitations such as magnons or triplons. Drawing on the enormous progress on topological materials of the past few years, recent research has led to new insights into the geometry and topology of these magnetic excitations. Berry phases associated with magnetic dynamics can lead to observable consequences in heat and spin transport, whereas analogs of topological insulators and semimetals can arise within magnon band structures from natural magnetic couplings. Magnetic excitations offer a platform to explore the interplay of magnetic symmetries and topology, to drive topological transitions using magnetic fields; examine the effects of interactions on topological bands; and generate topologically protected spin currents at interfaces. In this review, we survey progress on all these topics, highlighting aspects of topological matter that are unique to magnon systems and the avenues yet to be fully investigated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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