Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-082321-035957
Ricard Alert, J. Casademunt, J. Joanny
Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self-propelled colloids, and cell tissues. Despite occurring in the absence of inertia, chaotic active flows are reminiscent of inertial turbulence, and hence they are known as active turbulence. Here, we survey the field, providing a unified perspective over different classes of active turbulence. To this end, we divide our review in sections for systems with either polar or nematic order, and with or without momentum conservation (wet or dry). Comparing to inertial turbulence, we highlight the emergence of power-law scaling with either universal or nonuniversal exponents. We also contrast scenarios for the transition from steady to chaotic flows, and we discuss the absence of energy cascades. We link this feature to both the existence of intrinsic length scales and the self-organized nature of energy injection in active turbulence, which are fundamental differences with inertial turbulence. We close by outlining the emerging picture, remaining challenges, and future directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Active Turbulence","authors":"Ricard Alert, J. Casademunt, J. Joanny","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-082321-035957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-082321-035957","url":null,"abstract":"Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self-propelled colloids, and cell tissues. Despite occurring in the absence of inertia, chaotic active flows are reminiscent of inertial turbulence, and hence they are known as active turbulence. Here, we survey the field, providing a unified perspective over different classes of active turbulence. To this end, we divide our review in sections for systems with either polar or nematic order, and with or without momentum conservation (wet or dry). Comparing to inertial turbulence, we highlight the emergence of power-law scaling with either universal or nonuniversal exponents. We also contrast scenarios for the transition from steady to chaotic flows, and we discuss the absence of energy cascades. We link this feature to both the existence of intrinsic length scales and the self-organized nature of energy injection in active turbulence, which are fundamental differences with inertial turbulence. We close by outlining the emerging picture, remaining challenges, and future directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41617447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-090921-033948
M. Qin, T. Schafer, S. Andergassen, P. Corboz, E. Gull
The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interacting fermions on a lattice and is of similar importance to correlated electron physics as the Ising model is to statistical mechanics or the fruit fly to biomedical science. Despite its simplicity, the model exhibits an incredible wealth of phases, phase transitions, and exotic correlation phenomena. Although analytical methods have provided a qualitative description of the model in certain limits, numerical tools have shown impressive progress in achieving quantitative accurate results over the past several years. This article gives an introduction to the model, motivates common questions, and illustrates the progress that has been achieved over recent years in revealing various aspects of the correlation physics of the model. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"The Hubbard Model: A Computational Perspective","authors":"M. Qin, T. Schafer, S. Andergassen, P. Corboz, E. Gull","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-090921-033948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-090921-033948","url":null,"abstract":"The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interacting fermions on a lattice and is of similar importance to correlated electron physics as the Ising model is to statistical mechanics or the fruit fly to biomedical science. Despite its simplicity, the model exhibits an incredible wealth of phases, phase transitions, and exotic correlation phenomena. Although analytical methods have provided a qualitative description of the model in certain limits, numerical tools have shown impressive progress in achieving quantitative accurate results over the past several years. This article gives an introduction to the model, motivates common questions, and illustrates the progress that has been achieved over recent years in revealing various aspects of the correlation physics of the model. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47535944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013712
J. Orenstein, Johnathan Moore, T. Morimoto, D. Torchinsky, J. Harter, D. Hsieh
We review recent progress in the study of photogalvanic effects and optical second-harmonic generation in topological and noncentrosymmetric metals.
本文综述了近年来拓扑和非中心对称金属中光电效应和光二次谐波产生的研究进展。
{"title":"Topology and Symmetry of Quantum Materials via Nonlinear Optical Responses","authors":"J. Orenstein, Johnathan Moore, T. Morimoto, D. Torchinsky, J. Harter, D. Hsieh","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013712","url":null,"abstract":"We review recent progress in the study of photogalvanic effects and optical second-harmonic generation in topological and noncentrosymmetric metals.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":"247-272"},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44948596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707
David J. Jörg, Yu Kitadate, S. Yoshida, B. Simons
This article reviews the physical principles of stem cell populations as active many-particle systems that are able to self-renew, control their density, and recover from depletion. We illustrate t...
{"title":"Stem Cell Populations as Self-Renewing Many-Particle Systems","authors":"David J. Jörg, Yu Kitadate, S. Yoshida, B. Simons","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the physical principles of stem cell populations as active many-particle systems that are able to self-renew, control their density, and recover from depletion. We illustrate t...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41713496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219
B. Halperin
Over the course of my career, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics, benefiting from superb collaborators and environments full of inspiring c...
在我的职业生涯中，我有机会研究凝聚态物理学中的各种问题，得益于出色的合作者和充满鼓舞人心的c。。。
{"title":"A Career in Physics","authors":"B. Halperin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219","url":null,"abstract":"Over the course of my career, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics, benefiting from superb collaborators and environments full of inspiring c...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42693120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036
Subhadip Ghosh, Ambika Somasundar, Ayusman Sen
Nature has designed multifaceted cellular structures to support life. Cells contain a vast array of enzymes that collectively perform essential tasks by harnessing energy from chemical reactions. D...
{"title":"Enzymes as Active Matter","authors":"Subhadip Ghosh, Ambika Somasundar, Ayusman Sen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036","url":null,"abstract":"Nature has designed multifaceted cellular structures to support life. Cells contain a vast array of enzymes that collectively perform essential tasks by harnessing energy from chemical reactions. D...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46441082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-060220-100347
T. Ideue, Y. Iwasa
The recent development of artificially fabricated van der Waals nanostructures makes it possible to design and control the symmetry of solids and to find novel physical properties and related funct...
{"title":"Symmetry Breaking and Nonlinear Electric Transport in van der Waals Nanostructures","authors":"T. Ideue, Y. Iwasa","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-060220-100347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-060220-100347","url":null,"abstract":"The recent development of artificially fabricated van der Waals nanostructures makes it possible to design and control the symmetry of solids and to find novel physical properties and related funct...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":"201-223"},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47002262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053041
Pascal Martin, A. Hudspeth
We recognize sounds by analyzing their frequency content. Different frequency components evoke distinct mechanical waves that each travel within the hearing organ, or cochlea, to a frequency-specific place. These signals are detected by hair cells, the ear's sensory receptors, in response to vibrations of mechanically sensitive antennas termed hair bundles. An active process enhances the sensitivity, sharpens the frequency tuning, and broadens the dynamic range of hair cells through several mechanisms, including active hair-bundle motility. A dynamic interplay between negative stiffness mediated by ion channels’ gating forces and delayed force feedback owing to myosin motors and channel reclosure by calcium ions brings the hair bundle to the vicinity of an oscillatory instability—a Hopf bifurcation. Operation near a Hopf bifurcation provides nonlinear generic features that are characteristic of hearing. Multiple gradients at molecular, cellular, and supercellular scales tune hair cells to characteristic frequencies that cover our auditory range.
{"title":"Mechanical Frequency Tuning by Sensory Hair Cells, the Receptors and Amplifiers of the Inner Ear","authors":"Pascal Martin, A. Hudspeth","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053041","url":null,"abstract":"We recognize sounds by analyzing their frequency content. Different frequency components evoke distinct mechanical waves that each travel within the hearing organ, or cochlea, to a frequency-specific place. These signals are detected by hair cells, the ear's sensory receptors, in response to vibrations of mechanically sensitive antennas termed hair bundles. An active process enhances the sensitivity, sharpens the frequency tuning, and broadens the dynamic range of hair cells through several mechanisms, including active hair-bundle motility. A dynamic interplay between negative stiffness mediated by ion channels’ gating forces and delayed force feedback owing to myosin motors and channel reclosure by calcium ions brings the hair bundle to the vicinity of an oscillatory instability—a Hopf bifurcation. Operation near a Hopf bifurcation provides nonlinear generic features that are characteristic of hearing. Multiple gradients at molecular, cellular, and supercellular scales tune hair cells to characteristic frequencies that cover our auditory range.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47381594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013309
Michael Nguyen, Yuqing Qiu, Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan
Studies of biological systems and materials, together with recent experimental and theoretical advances in colloidal and nanoscale materials, have shown how nonequilibrium forcing can be used to mo...
{"title":"Organization and Self-Assembly Away from Equilibrium: Toward Thermodynamic Design Principles","authors":"Michael Nguyen, Yuqing Qiu, Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013309","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of biological systems and materials, together with recent experimental and theoretical advances in colloidal and nanoscale materials, have shown how nonequilibrium forcing can be used to mo...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":"273-290"},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44193717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092046
É. Brézin
My life as a physicist has been a blend of field theory, statistical physics, and condensed matter physics over half a century. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Conde...
{"title":"Have I Really Been a Condensed Matter Theorist? I'm Not Sure, but Does It Matter?","authors":"É. Brézin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092046","url":null,"abstract":"My life as a physicist has been a blend of field theory, statistical physics, and condensed matter physics over half a century. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Conde...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42472304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：