Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-052521-093943
S. Furthauer, M. Shelley
Cytoskeletal networks are the main actuators of cellular mechanics, and a foundational example for active matter physics. In cytoskeletal networks, motion is generated on small scales by filaments that push and pull on each other via molecular-scale motors. These local actuations give rise to large-scale stresses and motion. To understand how microscopic processes can give rise to self-organized behavior on larger scales it is important to consider what mechanisms mediate long-ranged mechanical interactions in the systems. Two scenarios have been considered in the recent literature. The first scenario is systems that are relatively sparse, in which most of the large-scale momentum transfer is mediated by the solvent in which cytoskeletal filaments are suspended. The second scenario is systems in which filaments are coupled via cross-link molecules throughout. Here, we review the differences and commonalities between the physics of these two regimes. We also survey the literature for the numbers that allow us to place a material within either of these two classes.
{"title":"How Cross-Link Numbers Shape the Large-Scale Physics of Cytoskeletal Materials","authors":"S. Furthauer, M. Shelley","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-052521-093943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-052521-093943","url":null,"abstract":"Cytoskeletal networks are the main actuators of cellular mechanics, and a foundational example for active matter physics. In cytoskeletal networks, motion is generated on small scales by filaments that push and pull on each other via molecular-scale motors. These local actuations give rise to large-scale stresses and motion. To understand how microscopic processes can give rise to self-organized behavior on larger scales it is important to consider what mechanisms mediate long-ranged mechanical interactions in the systems. Two scenarios have been considered in the recent literature. The first scenario is systems that are relatively sparse, in which most of the large-scale momentum transfer is mediated by the solvent in which cytoskeletal filaments are suspended. The second scenario is systems in which filaments are coupled via cross-link molecules throughout. Here, we review the differences and commonalities between the physics of these two regimes. We also survey the literature for the numbers that allow us to place a material within either of these two classes.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47610926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104715
P. McClarty
At sufficiently low temperatures, magnetic materials often enter correlated phases hosting collective, coherent magnetic excitations such as magnons or triplons. Drawing on the enormous progress on topological materials of the past few years, recent research has led to new insights into the geometry and topology of these magnetic excitations. Berry phases associated with magnetic dynamics can lead to observable consequences in heat and spin transport, whereas analogs of topological insulators and semimetals can arise within magnon band structures from natural magnetic couplings. Magnetic excitations offer a platform to explore the interplay of magnetic symmetries and topology, to drive topological transitions using magnetic fields; examine the effects of interactions on topological bands; and generate topologically protected spin currents at interfaces. In this review, we survey progress on all these topics, highlighting aspects of topological matter that are unique to magnon systems and the avenues yet to be fully investigated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Topological Magnons: A Review","authors":"P. McClarty","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-104715","url":null,"abstract":"At sufficiently low temperatures, magnetic materials often enter correlated phases hosting collective, coherent magnetic excitations such as magnons or triplons. Drawing on the enormous progress on topological materials of the past few years, recent research has led to new insights into the geometry and topology of these magnetic excitations. Berry phases associated with magnetic dynamics can lead to observable consequences in heat and spin transport, whereas analogs of topological insulators and semimetals can arise within magnon band structures from natural magnetic couplings. Magnetic excitations offer a platform to explore the interplay of magnetic symmetries and topology, to drive topological transitions using magnetic fields; examine the effects of interactions on topological bands; and generate topologically protected spin currents at interfaces. In this review, we survey progress on all these topics, highlighting aspects of topological matter that are unique to magnon systems and the avenues yet to be fully investigated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-105938
C. Ness, Ryohei Seto, R. Mari
Dense suspensions of particles are relevant to many applications and are a key platform for developing a fundamental physics of out-of-equilibrium systems. They present challenging flow properties, apparently turning from liquid to solid upon small changes in composition or, intriguingly, in the driving forces applied to them. The emergent physics close to the ubiquitous jamming transition (and to some extent the glass and gelation transitions) provides common principles with which to achieve a consistent interpretation of a vast set of phenomena reported in the literature. In light of this, we review the current state of understanding regarding the relation between the physics at the particle scale and the rheology at the macroscopic scale. We further show how this perspective opens new avenues for the development of continuum models for dense suspensions.
{"title":"The Physics of Dense Suspensions","authors":"C. Ness, Ryohei Seto, R. Mari","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-105938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-105938","url":null,"abstract":"Dense suspensions of particles are relevant to many applications and are a key platform for developing a fundamental physics of out-of-equilibrium systems. They present challenging flow properties, apparently turning from liquid to solid upon small changes in composition or, intriguingly, in the driving forces applied to them. The emergent physics close to the ubiquitous jamming transition (and to some extent the glass and gelation transitions) provides common principles with which to achieve a consistent interpretation of a vast set of phenomena reported in the literature. In light of this, we review the current state of understanding regarding the relation between the physics at the particle scale and the rheology at the macroscopic scale. We further show how this perspective opens new avenues for the development of continuum models for dense suspensions.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44051095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032419
'Etienne Fodor, R. Jack, M. Cates
Active systems evade the rules of equilibrium thermodynamics by constantly dissipating energy at the level of their microscopic components. This energy flux stems from the conversion of a fuel, present in the environment, into sustained individual motion. It can lead to collective effects without any equilibrium equivalent, some of which can be rationalized by using equilibrium tools to recapitulate nonequilibrium transitions. An important challenge is then to delineate systematically to what extent the character of these active transitions is genuinely distinct from equilibrium analogs. We review recent works that use stochastic thermodynamics tools to identify, for active systems, a measure of irreversibility comprising a coarse-grained or informatic entropy production. We describe how this relates to the underlying energy dissipation or thermodynamic entropy production, and how it is influenced by collective behavior. Then, we review the possibility of constructing thermodynamic ensembles out-of-equilibrium, where trajectories are biased toward atypical values of nonequilibrium observables. We show that this is a generic route to discovering unexpected phase transitions in active matter systems, which can also inform their design. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Irreversibility and Biased Ensembles in Active Matter: Insights from Stochastic Thermodynamics","authors":"'Etienne Fodor, R. Jack, M. Cates","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032419","url":null,"abstract":"Active systems evade the rules of equilibrium thermodynamics by constantly dissipating energy at the level of their microscopic components. This energy flux stems from the conversion of a fuel, present in the environment, into sustained individual motion. It can lead to collective effects without any equilibrium equivalent, some of which can be rationalized by using equilibrium tools to recapitulate nonequilibrium transitions. An important challenge is then to delineate systematically to what extent the character of these active transitions is genuinely distinct from equilibrium analogs. We review recent works that use stochastic thermodynamics tools to identify, for active systems, a measure of irreversibility comprising a coarse-grained or informatic entropy production. We describe how this relates to the underlying energy dissipation or thermodynamic entropy production, and how it is influenced by collective behavior. Then, we review the possibility of constructing thermodynamic ensembles out-of-equilibrium, where trajectories are biased toward atypical values of nonequilibrium observables. We show that this is a generic route to discovering unexpected phase transitions in active matter systems, which can also inform their design. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48726382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-082321-035957
Ricard Alert, J. Casademunt, J. Joanny
Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self-propelled colloids, and cell tissues. Despite occurring in the absence of inertia, chaotic active flows are reminiscent of inertial turbulence, and hence they are known as active turbulence. Here, we survey the field, providing a unified perspective over different classes of active turbulence. To this end, we divide our review in sections for systems with either polar or nematic order, and with or without momentum conservation (wet or dry). Comparing to inertial turbulence, we highlight the emergence of power-law scaling with either universal or nonuniversal exponents. We also contrast scenarios for the transition from steady to chaotic flows, and we discuss the absence of energy cascades. We link this feature to both the existence of intrinsic length scales and the self-organized nature of energy injection in active turbulence, which are fundamental differences with inertial turbulence. We close by outlining the emerging picture, remaining challenges, and future directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Active Turbulence","authors":"Ricard Alert, J. Casademunt, J. Joanny","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-082321-035957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-082321-035957","url":null,"abstract":"Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self-propelled colloids, and cell tissues. Despite occurring in the absence of inertia, chaotic active flows are reminiscent of inertial turbulence, and hence they are known as active turbulence. Here, we survey the field, providing a unified perspective over different classes of active turbulence. To this end, we divide our review in sections for systems with either polar or nematic order, and with or without momentum conservation (wet or dry). Comparing to inertial turbulence, we highlight the emergence of power-law scaling with either universal or nonuniversal exponents. We also contrast scenarios for the transition from steady to chaotic flows, and we discuss the absence of energy cascades. We link this feature to both the existence of intrinsic length scales and the self-organized nature of energy injection in active turbulence, which are fundamental differences with inertial turbulence. We close by outlining the emerging picture, remaining challenges, and future directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41617447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-090921-033948
M. Qin, T. Schafer, S. Andergassen, P. Corboz, E. Gull
The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interacting fermions on a lattice and is of similar importance to correlated electron physics as the Ising model is to statistical mechanics or the fruit fly to biomedical science. Despite its simplicity, the model exhibits an incredible wealth of phases, phase transitions, and exotic correlation phenomena. Although analytical methods have provided a qualitative description of the model in certain limits, numerical tools have shown impressive progress in achieving quantitative accurate results over the past several years. This article gives an introduction to the model, motivates common questions, and illustrates the progress that has been achieved over recent years in revealing various aspects of the correlation physics of the model. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"The Hubbard Model: A Computational Perspective","authors":"M. Qin, T. Schafer, S. Andergassen, P. Corboz, E. Gull","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-090921-033948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-090921-033948","url":null,"abstract":"The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interacting fermions on a lattice and is of similar importance to correlated electron physics as the Ising model is to statistical mechanics or the fruit fly to biomedical science. Despite its simplicity, the model exhibits an incredible wealth of phases, phase transitions, and exotic correlation phenomena. Although analytical methods have provided a qualitative description of the model in certain limits, numerical tools have shown impressive progress in achieving quantitative accurate results over the past several years. This article gives an introduction to the model, motivates common questions, and illustrates the progress that has been achieved over recent years in revealing various aspects of the correlation physics of the model. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47535944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013712
J. Orenstein, Johnathan Moore, T. Morimoto, D. Torchinsky, J. Harter, D. Hsieh
We review recent progress in the study of photogalvanic effects and optical second-harmonic generation in topological and noncentrosymmetric metals.
本文综述了近年来拓扑和非中心对称金属中光电效应和光二次谐波产生的研究进展。
{"title":"Topology and Symmetry of Quantum Materials via Nonlinear Optical Responses","authors":"J. Orenstein, Johnathan Moore, T. Morimoto, D. Torchinsky, J. Harter, D. Hsieh","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-CONMATPHYS-031218-013712","url":null,"abstract":"We review recent progress in the study of photogalvanic effects and optical second-harmonic generation in topological and noncentrosymmetric metals.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":"247-272"},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44948596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707
David J. Jörg, Yu Kitadate, S. Yoshida, B. Simons
This article reviews the physical principles of stem cell populations as active many-particle systems that are able to self-renew, control their density, and recover from depletion. We illustrate t...
{"title":"Stem Cell Populations as Self-Renewing Many-Particle Systems","authors":"David J. Jörg, Yu Kitadate, S. Yoshida, B. Simons","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the physical principles of stem cell populations as active many-particle systems that are able to self-renew, control their density, and recover from depletion. We illustrate t...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-041720-125707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41713496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219
B. Halperin
Over the course of my career, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics, benefiting from superb collaborators and environments full of inspiring c...
在我的职业生涯中，我有机会研究凝聚态物理学中的各种问题，得益于出色的合作者和充满鼓舞人心的c。。。
{"title":"A Career in Physics","authors":"B. Halperin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219","url":null,"abstract":"Over the course of my career, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics, benefiting from superb collaborators and environments full of inspiring c...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-060120-092219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42693120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036
Subhadip Ghosh, Ambika Somasundar, Ayusman Sen
Nature has designed multifaceted cellular structures to support life. Cells contain a vast array of enzymes that collectively perform essential tasks by harnessing energy from chemical reactions. D...
{"title":"Enzymes as Active Matter","authors":"Subhadip Ghosh, Ambika Somasundar, Ayusman Sen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036","url":null,"abstract":"Nature has designed multifaceted cellular structures to support life. Cells contain a vast array of enzymes that collectively perform essential tasks by harnessing energy from chemical reactions. D...","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-061020-053036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46441082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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