Pub Date : 2022-09-08DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-042722-091052
Yifan Zhang, Étienne Gallant, Jong-Duk Park, Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
Although microbes are routinely grown in monocultures in the laboratory, they are almost never encountered as single species in the wild. Our ability to detect and identify new microorganisms has advanced significantly in recent years, but our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate microbial interactions has lagged behind. What makes this task more challenging is that microbial alliances can be dynamic, consisting of multiple phases. The transitions between phases, and the interactions in general, are often mediated by a chemical language consisting of small molecules, also referred to as secondary metabolites or natural products. In this microbial lexicon, the molecules are like words and through their effects on recipient cells they convey meaning. The current review highlights three dynamic microbial interactions in which some of the words and their meanings have been characterized, especially those that mediate transitions in selected multiphasic associations. These systems provide insights into the principles that govern microbial symbioses and a playbook for interrogating similar associations in diverse ecological niches.
{"title":"The Small-Molecule Language of Dynamic Microbial Interactions.","authors":"Yifan Zhang, Étienne Gallant, Jong-Duk Park, Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-042722-091052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-042722-091052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although microbes are routinely grown in monocultures in the laboratory, they are almost never encountered as single species in the wild. Our ability to detect and identify new microorganisms has advanced significantly in recent years, but our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate microbial interactions has lagged behind. What makes this task more challenging is that microbial alliances can be dynamic, consisting of multiple phases. The transitions between phases, and the interactions in general, are often mediated by a chemical language consisting of small molecules, also referred to as secondary metabolites or natural products. In this microbial lexicon, the molecules are like words and through their effects on recipient cells they convey meaning. The current review highlights three dynamic microbial interactions in which some of the words and their meanings have been characterized, especially those that mediate transitions in selected multiphasic associations. These systems provide insights into the principles that govern microbial symbioses and a playbook for interrogating similar associations in diverse ecological niches.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"76 ","pages":"641-660"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10171915/pdf/nihms-1894069.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9447704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-08Epub Date: 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-010046
David S Guttery, Mohammad Zeeshan, David J P Ferguson, Anthony A Holder, Rita Tewari
The malaria parasite life cycle alternates between two hosts: a vertebrate and the female Anopheles mosquito vector. Cell division, proliferation, and invasion are essential for parasite development, transmission, and survival. Most research has focused on Plasmodium development in the vertebrate, which causes disease; however, knowledge of malaria parasite development in the mosquito (the sexual and transmission stages) is now rapidly accumulating, gathered largely through investigation of the rodent malaria model, with Plasmodium berghei. In this review, we discuss the seminal genome-wide screens that have uncovered key regulators of cell proliferation, invasion, and transmission during Plasmodium sexual development. Our focus is on the roles of transcription factors, reversible protein phosphorylation, and molecular motors. We also emphasize the still-unanswered important questions around key pathways in cell division during the vector transmission stages and how they may be targeted in future studies.
{"title":"Division and Transmission: Malaria Parasite Development in the Mosquito.","authors":"David S Guttery, Mohammad Zeeshan, David J P Ferguson, Anthony A Holder, Rita Tewari","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-010046","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-010046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The malaria parasite life cycle alternates between two hosts: a vertebrate and the female <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito vector. Cell division, proliferation, and invasion are essential for parasite development, transmission, and survival. Most research has focused on <i>Plasmodium</i> development in the vertebrate, which causes disease; however, knowledge of malaria parasite development in the mosquito (the sexual and transmission stages) is now rapidly accumulating, gathered largely through investigation of the rodent malaria model, with <i>Plasmodium berghei.</i> In this review, we discuss the seminal genome-wide screens that have uncovered key regulators of cell proliferation, invasion, and transmission during <i>Plasmodium</i> sexual development. Our focus is on the roles of transcription factors, reversible protein phosphorylation, and molecular motors. We also emphasize the still-unanswered important questions around key pathways in cell division during the vector transmission stages and how they may be targeted in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"113-134"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41420172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-121321-093031
C. Pepperell
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a globally distributed, lethal pathogen of humans. The virulence armamentarium of M. tuberculosis appears to have been developed on a scaffold of antiphagocytic defenses found among diverse, mostly free-living species of Mycobacterium. Pathoadaptation was further aided by the modularity, flexibility, and interactivity characterizing mycobacterial effectors and their regulators. During emergence of M. tuberculosis, novel genetic material was acquired, created, and integrated with existing tools. The major mutational mechanisms underlying these adaptations are discussed in this review, with examples. During its evolution, M. tuberculosis lost the ability and/or opportunity to engage in lateral gene transfer, but despite this it has retained the adaptability that characterizes mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis exemplifies the evolutionary genomic mechanisms underlying adoption of the pathogenic niche, and studies of its evolution have uncovered a rich array of discoveries about how new pathogens are made. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Evolution of Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.","authors":"C. Pepperell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-121321-093031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-121321-093031","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a globally distributed, lethal pathogen of humans. The virulence armamentarium of M. tuberculosis appears to have been developed on a scaffold of antiphagocytic defenses found among diverse, mostly free-living species of Mycobacterium. Pathoadaptation was further aided by the modularity, flexibility, and interactivity characterizing mycobacterial effectors and their regulators. During emergence of M. tuberculosis, novel genetic material was acquired, created, and integrated with existing tools. The major mutational mechanisms underlying these adaptations are discussed in this review, with examples. During its evolution, M. tuberculosis lost the ability and/or opportunity to engage in lateral gene transfer, but despite this it has retained the adaptability that characterizes mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis exemplifies the evolutionary genomic mechanisms underlying adoption of the pathogenic niche, and studies of its evolution have uncovered a rich array of discoveries about how new pathogens are made. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47460876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-021425
M. Cova, M. Lamarque, M. Lebrun
Apicomplexa are obligatory intracellular parasites that sense and actively invade host cells. Invasion is a conserved process that relies on the timely and spatially controlled exocytosis of unique specialized secretory organelles termed micronemes and rhoptries. Microneme exocytosis starts first and likely controls the intricate mechanism of rhoptry secretion. To assemble the invasion machinery, micronemal proteins-associated with the surface of the parasite-interact and form complexes with rhoptry proteins, which in turn are targeted into the host cell. This review covers the molecular advances regarding microneme and rhoptry exocytosis and focuses on how the proteins discharged from these two compartments work in synergy to drive a successful invasion event. Particular emphasis is given to the structure and molecular components of the rhoptry secretion apparatus, and to the current conceptual framework of rhoptry exocytosis that may constitute an unconventional eukaryotic secretory machinery closely related to the one described in ciliates. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"How Apicomplexa Parasites Secrete and Build Their Invasion Machinery.","authors":"M. Cova, M. Lamarque, M. Lebrun","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-021425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-021425","url":null,"abstract":"Apicomplexa are obligatory intracellular parasites that sense and actively invade host cells. Invasion is a conserved process that relies on the timely and spatially controlled exocytosis of unique specialized secretory organelles termed micronemes and rhoptries. Microneme exocytosis starts first and likely controls the intricate mechanism of rhoptry secretion. To assemble the invasion machinery, micronemal proteins-associated with the surface of the parasite-interact and form complexes with rhoptry proteins, which in turn are targeted into the host cell. This review covers the molecular advances regarding microneme and rhoptry exocytosis and focuses on how the proteins discharged from these two compartments work in synergy to drive a successful invasion event. Particular emphasis is given to the structure and molecular components of the rhoptry secretion apparatus, and to the current conceptual framework of rhoptry exocytosis that may constitute an unconventional eukaryotic secretory machinery closely related to the one described in ciliates. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42968335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041020-113308
A. J. Carpousis, N. Campo, Lydia Hadjeras, Lina Hamouche
RNA degradosomes are multienzyme complexes composed of ribonucleases, RNA helicases, and metabolic enzymes. RNase E-based degradosomes are widespread in Proteobacteria. The Escherichia coli RNA degradosome is sequestered from transcription in the nucleoid and translation in the cytoplasm by localization to the inner cytoplasmic membrane, where it forms short-lived clusters that are proposed to be sites of mRNA degradation. In Caulobacter crescentus, RNA degradosomes localize to ribonucleoprotein condensates in the interior of the cell [bacterial ribonucleoprotein-bodies (BR-bodies)], which have been proposed to drive the concerted degradation of mRNA to nucleotides. The turnover of mRNA in growing cells is important for maintaining pools of nucleotides for transcription and DNA replication. Membrane attachment of the E. coli RNA degradosome is necessary to avoid wasteful degradation of intermediates in ribosome assembly. Sequestering RNA degradosomes to C. crescentus BR-bodies, which exclude structured RNA, could have a similar role in protecting intermediates in ribosome assembly from degradation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Compartmentalization of RNA Degradosomes in Bacteria Controls Accessibility to Substrates and Ensures Concerted Degradation of mRNA to Nucleotides.","authors":"A. J. Carpousis, N. Campo, Lydia Hadjeras, Lina Hamouche","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041020-113308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041020-113308","url":null,"abstract":"RNA degradosomes are multienzyme complexes composed of ribonucleases, RNA helicases, and metabolic enzymes. RNase E-based degradosomes are widespread in Proteobacteria. The Escherichia coli RNA degradosome is sequestered from transcription in the nucleoid and translation in the cytoplasm by localization to the inner cytoplasmic membrane, where it forms short-lived clusters that are proposed to be sites of mRNA degradation. In Caulobacter crescentus, RNA degradosomes localize to ribonucleoprotein condensates in the interior of the cell [bacterial ribonucleoprotein-bodies (BR-bodies)], which have been proposed to drive the concerted degradation of mRNA to nucleotides. The turnover of mRNA in growing cells is important for maintaining pools of nucleotides for transcription and DNA replication. Membrane attachment of the E. coli RNA degradosome is necessary to avoid wasteful degradation of intermediates in ribosome assembly. Sequestering RNA degradosomes to C. crescentus BR-bodies, which exclude structured RNA, could have a similar role in protecting intermediates in ribosome assembly from degradation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48954810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-093442
Xiaoli Zeng, Cheng‐Cai Zhang
Heterocyst differentiation that occurs in some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, provides a unique model for prokaryotic developmental biology. Heterocyst cells are formed in response to combined-nitrogen deprivation and possess a microoxic environment suitable for nitrogen fixation following extensive morphological and physiological reorganization. A filament of Anabaena is a true multicellular organism, as nitrogen and carbon sources are exchanged among different cells and cell types through septal junctions to ensure filament growth. Because heterocysts are terminally differentiated cells and unable to divide, their activity is an altruistic behavior dedicated to providing fixed nitrogen for neighboring vegetative cells. Heterocyst development is also a process of one-dimensional pattern formation, as heterocysts are semiregularly intercalated among vegetative cells. Morphogens form gradients along the filament and interact with each other in a fashion that fits well into the Turing model, a mathematical framework to explain biological pattern formation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"The Making of a Heterocyst in Cyanobacteria.","authors":"Xiaoli Zeng, Cheng‐Cai Zhang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-093442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-093442","url":null,"abstract":"Heterocyst differentiation that occurs in some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, provides a unique model for prokaryotic developmental biology. Heterocyst cells are formed in response to combined-nitrogen deprivation and possess a microoxic environment suitable for nitrogen fixation following extensive morphological and physiological reorganization. A filament of Anabaena is a true multicellular organism, as nitrogen and carbon sources are exchanged among different cells and cell types through septal junctions to ensure filament growth. Because heterocysts are terminally differentiated cells and unable to divide, their activity is an altruistic behavior dedicated to providing fixed nitrogen for neighboring vegetative cells. Heterocyst development is also a process of one-dimensional pattern formation, as heterocysts are semiregularly intercalated among vegetative cells. Morphogens form gradients along the filament and interact with each other in a fashion that fits well into the Turing model, a mathematical framework to explain biological pattern formation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46601576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-111021-053553
J. Teschler, C. Nadell, K. Drescher, F. Yildiz
Biofilms are a widely observed growth mode in which microbial communities are spatially structured and embedded in a polymeric extracellular matrix. Here, we focus on the model bacterium Vibrio cholerae and summarize the current understanding of biofilm formation, including initial attachment, matrix components, community dynamics, social interactions, molecular regulation, and dispersal. The regulatory network that orchestrates the decision to form and disperse from biofilms coordinates various environmental inputs. These cues are integrated by several transcription factors, regulatory RNAs, and second-messenger molecules, including bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). Through complex mechanisms, V. cholerae weighs the energetic cost of forming biofilms against the benefits of protection and social interaction that biofilms provide. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Mechanisms Underlying Vibrio cholerae Biofilm Formation and Dispersion.","authors":"J. Teschler, C. Nadell, K. Drescher, F. Yildiz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-111021-053553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-111021-053553","url":null,"abstract":"Biofilms are a widely observed growth mode in which microbial communities are spatially structured and embedded in a polymeric extracellular matrix. Here, we focus on the model bacterium Vibrio cholerae and summarize the current understanding of biofilm formation, including initial attachment, matrix components, community dynamics, social interactions, molecular regulation, and dispersal. The regulatory network that orchestrates the decision to form and disperse from biofilms coordinates various environmental inputs. These cues are integrated by several transcription factors, regulatory RNAs, and second-messenger molecules, including bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). Through complex mechanisms, V. cholerae weighs the energetic cost of forming biofilms against the benefits of protection and social interaction that biofilms provide. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45005972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-040820-124627
U. Gophna, Neta Altman-Price
Archaea remains the least-studied and least-characterized domain of life despite its significance not just to the ecology of our planet but also to the evolution of eukaryotes. It is therefore unsurprising that research into horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in archaea has lagged behind that of bacteria. Indeed, several archaeal lineages may owe their very existence to large-scale HGT events, and thus understanding both the molecular mechanisms and the evolutionary impact of HGT in archaea is highly important. Furthermore, some mechanisms of gene exchange, such as plasmids that transmit themselves via membrane vesicles and the formation of cytoplasmic bridges that allows transfer of both chromosomal and plasmid DNA, may be archaea specific. This review summarizes what we know about HGT in archaea, and the barriers that restrict it, highlighting exciting recent discoveries and pointing out opportunities for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Horizontal Gene Transfer in Archaea-From Mechanisms to Genome Evolution.","authors":"U. Gophna, Neta Altman-Price","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-040820-124627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-040820-124627","url":null,"abstract":"Archaea remains the least-studied and least-characterized domain of life despite its significance not just to the ecology of our planet but also to the evolution of eukaryotes. It is therefore unsurprising that research into horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in archaea has lagged behind that of bacteria. Indeed, several archaeal lineages may owe their very existence to large-scale HGT events, and thus understanding both the molecular mechanisms and the evolutionary impact of HGT in archaea is highly important. Furthermore, some mechanisms of gene exchange, such as plasmids that transmit themselves via membrane vesicles and the formation of cytoplasmic bridges that allows transfer of both chromosomal and plasmid DNA, may be archaea specific. This review summarizes what we know about HGT in archaea, and the barriers that restrict it, highlighting exciting recent discoveries and pointing out opportunities for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49131809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-111355
Luyan Z. Ma, Di Wang, Yiwei Liu, Zhenyu Zhang, D. Wozniak
Microbial communities enmeshed in a matrix of macromolecules, termed as biofilms, are the natural setting of bacteria. Exopolysaccharide is a critical matrix component of biofilms. Here, we focus on biofilm matrix exopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This opportunistic pathogen can adapt to a wide range of environments and can form biofilms or aggregates in a variety of surfaces or environments, such as the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis, catheters, wounds, and contact lenses. The ability to synthesize multiple exopolysaccharides is one of the advantages that facilitate bacterial survival in different environments. P. aeruginosa can produce several exopolysaccharides, including alginate, Psl, Pel, and lipopolysaccharide. In this review, we highlight the roles of each exopolysaccharide in P. aeruginosa biofilm development and how bacteria coordinate the biosynthesis of multiple exopolysaccharides and bacterial motility. In addition, we present advances in antibiofilm strategies targeting matrix exopolysaccharides, with a focus on glycoside hydrolases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Regulation of Biofilm Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","authors":"Luyan Z. Ma, Di Wang, Yiwei Liu, Zhenyu Zhang, D. Wozniak","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-111355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-111355","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial communities enmeshed in a matrix of macromolecules, termed as biofilms, are the natural setting of bacteria. Exopolysaccharide is a critical matrix component of biofilms. Here, we focus on biofilm matrix exopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This opportunistic pathogen can adapt to a wide range of environments and can form biofilms or aggregates in a variety of surfaces or environments, such as the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis, catheters, wounds, and contact lenses. The ability to synthesize multiple exopolysaccharides is one of the advantages that facilitate bacterial survival in different environments. P. aeruginosa can produce several exopolysaccharides, including alginate, Psl, Pel, and lipopolysaccharide. In this review, we highlight the roles of each exopolysaccharide in P. aeruginosa biofilm development and how bacteria coordinate the biosynthesis of multiple exopolysaccharides and bacterial motility. In addition, we present advances in antibiofilm strategies targeting matrix exopolysaccharides, with a focus on glycoside hydrolases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47433836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041020-022206
Zhenrun J. Zhang, C. Lehmann, Cody G Cole, E. Pamer
Extensive research has elucidated the influence of the gut microbiota on human health and disease susceptibility and resistance. We review recent clinical and laboratory-based experimental studies associating the gut microbiota with certain human diseases. We also highlight ongoing translational advances that manipulate the gut microbiota to treat human diseases and discuss opportunities and challenges in translating microbiome research from and to the bedside. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Translating Microbiome Research From and To the Clinic.","authors":"Zhenrun J. Zhang, C. Lehmann, Cody G Cole, E. Pamer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041020-022206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041020-022206","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive research has elucidated the influence of the gut microbiota on human health and disease susceptibility and resistance. We review recent clinical and laboratory-based experimental studies associating the gut microbiota with certain human diseases. We also highlight ongoing translational advances that manipulate the gut microbiota to treat human diseases and discuss opportunities and challenges in translating microbiome research from and to the bedside. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45819018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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