Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-105358
Jiatao Xie, Daohong Jiang
Mycoviruses are widely distributed among various kinds of fungi. Over the past 10 years, more novel mycoviruses have been discovered with the use of high-throughput sequencing techniques, and research on mycoviruses has made fantastic progress, promoting our understanding of the diversity, classification, evolution, and ecology of the entire virosphere. Mycoviruses affect the biological and ecological functions of their hosts, for example, by suppressing or improving hosts' virulence and reproduction ability, and subsequently affect the microbiological community where their hosts live; hence, we may develop mycoviruses to regulate the health of environments, plants, animals, and human beings. In this review, we introduce recently discovered mycoviruses from fungi of humans, animals, plants, and environments, and their diversity, evolution, and ecological characteristics. We also present the potential application of mycoviruses by describing the latest progress on using mycoviruses to control plant diseases. Finally, we discuss the main issues facing mycovirus research in the future.
{"title":"Understanding the Diversity, Evolution, Ecology, and Applications of Mycoviruses.","authors":"Jiatao Xie, Daohong Jiang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-105358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-105358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycoviruses are widely distributed among various kinds of fungi. Over the past 10 years, more novel mycoviruses have been discovered with the use of high-throughput sequencing techniques, and research on mycoviruses has made fantastic progress, promoting our understanding of the diversity, classification, evolution, and ecology of the entire virosphere. Mycoviruses affect the biological and ecological functions of their hosts, for example, by suppressing or improving hosts' virulence and reproduction ability, and subsequently affect the microbiological community where their hosts live; hence, we may develop mycoviruses to regulate the health of environments, plants, animals, and human beings. In this review, we introduce recently discovered mycoviruses from fungi of humans, animals, plants, and environments, and their diversity, evolution, and ecological characteristics. We also present the potential application of mycoviruses by describing the latest progress on using mycoviruses to control plant diseases. Finally, we discuss the main issues facing mycovirus research in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-092522
Emmeline van Roosmalen, Charissa de Bekker
Parasite manipulation of host behavior, as an effective strategy to establish transmission, has evolved multiple times across taxa, including fungi. Major strides have been made to propose molecular mechanisms that underlie manipulative parasite-host interactions including the manipulation of carpenter ant behavior by Ophiocordyceps. This research suggests that the secretion of parasite proteins and light-driven biological rhythms are likely involved in the infection and manipulation biology of Ophiocordyceps and other manipulating parasites. Here, we discuss research on Ophiocordyceps considering findings from other (fungal) parasites that either are relatively closely related (e.g., other insect- and plant-infecting Hypocreales) or also manipulate insect behavior (e.g., Entomophthorales). As such, this review aims to put forward this question: Are the mechanisms behind Ophiocordyceps manipulation and infection unique, or did they convergently evolve? From this discussion, we pose functional hypotheses about the infection biology of Ophiocordyceps that will need to be addressed in future studies.
{"title":"Mechanisms Underlying Ophiocordyceps Infection and Behavioral Manipulation of Ants: Unique or Ubiquitous?","authors":"Emmeline van Roosmalen, Charissa de Bekker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-092522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-092522","url":null,"abstract":"Parasite manipulation of host behavior, as an effective strategy to establish transmission, has evolved multiple times across taxa, including fungi. Major strides have been made to propose molecular mechanisms that underlie manipulative parasite-host interactions including the manipulation of carpenter ant behavior by Ophiocordyceps. This research suggests that the secretion of parasite proteins and light-driven biological rhythms are likely involved in the infection and manipulation biology of Ophiocordyceps and other manipulating parasites. Here, we discuss research on Ophiocordyceps considering findings from other (fungal) parasites that either are relatively closely related (e.g., other insect- and plant-infecting Hypocreales) or also manipulate insect behavior (e.g., Entomophthorales). As such, this review aims to put forward this question: Are the mechanisms behind Ophiocordyceps manipulation and infection unique, or did they convergently evolve? From this discussion, we pose functional hypotheses about the infection biology of Ophiocordyceps that will need to be addressed in future studies.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-101729
Ruth Y. Isenberg, Mark J. Mandel
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a near-ubiquitous signaling molecule that regulates the motility-to-sessility transition in many bacterial species. Among the phenotypes influenced by c-di-GMP are biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle, and virulence. The hallmark phenotypes regulated by c-di-GMP—biofilm formation and motility—are key determinants of host–bacterial interactions. A large body of research has identified the roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes in culture. While numerous studies have investigated roles for c-di-GMP during the establishment and maintenance of pathogenic host–bacterial associations, considerably less attention has been devoted to defining the roles of c-di-GMP during beneficial and commensal associations. This review describes the known roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes that contribute to host colonization, with a focus on knowledge gaps and future prospects for examining c-di-GMP during beneficial colonization.
{"title":"Cyclic Diguanylate in the Wild: Roles During Plant and Animal Colonization","authors":"Ruth Y. Isenberg, Mark J. Mandel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-101729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-101729","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a near-ubiquitous signaling molecule that regulates the motility-to-sessility transition in many bacterial species. Among the phenotypes influenced by c-di-GMP are biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle, and virulence. The hallmark phenotypes regulated by c-di-GMP—biofilm formation and motility—are key determinants of host–bacterial interactions. A large body of research has identified the roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes in culture. While numerous studies have investigated roles for c-di-GMP during the establishment and maintenance of pathogenic host–bacterial associations, considerably less attention has been devoted to defining the roles of c-di-GMP during beneficial and commensal associations. This review describes the known roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes that contribute to host colonization, with a focus on knowledge gaps and future prospects for examining c-di-GMP during beneficial colonization.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-014507
Wee Boon Tan, Shu-Sin Chng
Gram-negative bacteria build an asymmetric outer membrane (OM), with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids (PLs) occupying the outer and inner leaflets, respectively. This distinct lipid arrangement is widely conserved within the Bacteria domain and confers strong protection against physical and chemical insults. The OM is physically separated from the inner membrane and the cytoplasm, where most cellular resources are located; therefore, the cell faces unique challenges in the assembly and maintenance of this asymmetric bilayer. Here, we present a framework for how gram-negative bacteria initially establish and continuously maintain OM lipid asymmetry, discussing the state-of-the-art knowledge of specialized lipid transport machines that place LPS and PLs directly into their corresponding leaflets in the OM, prevent excess PL accumulation and mislocalization, and correct any lipid asymmetry defects. We critically assess current studies, or the lack thereof, and highlight important future directions for research on OM lipid transport, homeostasis, and asymmetry.
革兰氏阴性细菌具有不对称的外膜(OM),脂多糖(LPS)和磷脂(PL)分别占据外叶和内叶。这种独特的脂质排列方式在细菌领域内广泛保留,可有效抵御物理和化学损伤。外膜与内膜和细胞质在物理上是分离的,而大多数细胞资源都位于细胞质中;因此,细胞在组装和维护这种不对称双分子层时面临着独特的挑战。在此,我们提出了革兰氏阴性细菌如何最初建立并持续维持OM脂质不对称的框架,讨论了有关专门脂质运输机器的最新知识,这些机器可将LPS和PL直接放入OM中相应的小叶,防止PL过度积累和错位,并纠正任何脂质不对称缺陷。我们对目前的研究或缺乏研究的情况进行了批判性评估,并强调了有关 OM 脂质转运、平衡和不对称性的重要未来研究方向。
{"title":"How Bacteria Establish and Maintain Outer Membrane Lipid Asymmetry","authors":"Wee Boon Tan, Shu-Sin Chng","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-014507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-014507","url":null,"abstract":"Gram-negative bacteria build an asymmetric outer membrane (OM), with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids (PLs) occupying the outer and inner leaflets, respectively. This distinct lipid arrangement is widely conserved within the Bacteria domain and confers strong protection against physical and chemical insults. The OM is physically separated from the inner membrane and the cytoplasm, where most cellular resources are located; therefore, the cell faces unique challenges in the assembly and maintenance of this asymmetric bilayer. Here, we present a framework for how gram-negative bacteria initially establish and continuously maintain OM lipid asymmetry, discussing the state-of-the-art knowledge of specialized lipid transport machines that place LPS and PLs directly into their corresponding leaflets in the OM, prevent excess PL accumulation and mislocalization, and correct any lipid asymmetry defects. We critically assess current studies, or the lack thereof, and highlight important future directions for research on OM lipid transport, homeostasis, and asymmetry.","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-024055
Chun-Yang Li, Hai-Yan Cao, Rocky D Payet, Jonathan D Todd, Yu-Zhong Zhang
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one of Earth's most abundant organosulfur compounds with important roles in stress tolerance, chemotaxis, global carbon and sulfur cycling, and climate-active gas production. Diverse marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes produce DMSP via three known pathways (methylation, transamination, and decarboxylation) and metabolize DMSP via three further pathways (demethylation, cleavage, and oxidation). Over 20 key enzymes from these pathways have been identified to inform on the biodiversity and importance of DMSP cycling. The last dozen years have seen significant changes in our understanding of the enzymology and molecular mechanisms of these DMSP cycling enzymes through the application of biochemistry and structural biology. This has yielded more than 10 crystal structures and, in many cases, detailed explanations as to how and why organisms synthesis and metabolize DMSP. In this review, we describe recent progress in biochemical and mechanistic understandings of DMSP synthesis and metabolism, highlighting the important knowledge gleaned and current challenges that warrant further exploration.
{"title":"Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP): From Biochemistry to Global Ecological Significance.","authors":"Chun-Yang Li, Hai-Yan Cao, Rocky D Payet, Jonathan D Todd, Yu-Zhong Zhang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-024055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-024055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one of Earth's most abundant organosulfur compounds with important roles in stress tolerance, chemotaxis, global carbon and sulfur cycling, and climate-active gas production. Diverse marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes produce DMSP via three known pathways (methylation, transamination, and decarboxylation) and metabolize DMSP via three further pathways (demethylation, cleavage, and oxidation). Over 20 key enzymes from these pathways have been identified to inform on the biodiversity and importance of DMSP cycling. The last dozen years have seen significant changes in our understanding of the enzymology and molecular mechanisms of these DMSP cycling enzymes through the application of biochemistry and structural biology. This has yielded more than 10 crystal structures and, in many cases, detailed explanations as to how and why organisms synthesis and metabolize DMSP. In this review, we describe recent progress in biochemical and mechanistic understandings of DMSP synthesis and metabolism, highlighting the important knowledge gleaned and current challenges that warrant further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142131668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-121423
Edouard Evangelisti, Francine Govers
Filamentous plant pathogens threaten global food security and ecosystem resilience. In recent decades, significant strides have been made in deciphering the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions, especially the interplay between pathogens' molecular weaponry and hosts' defense machinery. Stemming from interdisciplinary investigations into the infection cell biology of filamentous plant pathogens, recent breakthrough discoveries have provided a new impetus to the field. These advances include the biophysical characterization of a novel invasion mechanism (i.e., naifu invasion) and the unraveling of novel effector secretion routes. On the plant side, progress includes the identification of components of cellular networks involved in the uptake of intracellular effectors. This exciting body of research underscores the pivotal role of logistics management by the pathogen throughout the infection cycle, encompassing the precolonization stages up to tissue invasion. More insight into these logistics opens new avenues for developing environmentally friendly crop protection strategies in an era marked by an imperative to reduce the use of agrochemicals.
{"title":"Roadmap to Success: How Oomycete Plant Pathogens Invade Tissues and Deliver Effectors.","authors":"Edouard Evangelisti, Francine Govers","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-121423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-121423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Filamentous plant pathogens threaten global food security and ecosystem resilience. In recent decades, significant strides have been made in deciphering the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions, especially the interplay between pathogens' molecular weaponry and hosts' defense machinery. Stemming from interdisciplinary investigations into the infection cell biology of filamentous plant pathogens, recent breakthrough discoveries have provided a new impetus to the field. These advances include the biophysical characterization of a novel invasion mechanism (i.e., naifu invasion) and the unraveling of novel effector secretion routes. On the plant side, progress includes the identification of components of cellular networks involved in the uptake of intracellular effectors. This exciting body of research underscores the pivotal role of logistics management by the pathogen throughout the infection cycle, encompassing the precolonization stages up to tissue invasion. More insight into these logistics opens new avenues for developing environmentally friendly crop protection strategies in an era marked by an imperative to reduce the use of agrochemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-103400
Betül Kaçar
For more than 3.5 billion years, life experienced dramatic environmental extremes on Earth. These include shifts from oxygen-less to overoxygenated atmospheres and cycling between hothouse conditions and global glaciations. Meanwhile, an ecological revolution took place. Earth evolved from one dominated by microbial life to one containing the plants and animals that are most familiar today. Many key cellular features evolved early in the history of life, collectively defining the nature of our biosphere and underpinning human survival. Recent advances in molecular and evolutionary biology have profoundly deepened our understanding of the origin and evolution of microbes across deep time. However, the incorporation of molecular genetics, population biology, and evolutionary biology approaches into the study of Precambrian biota remains a significant challenge. This review synthesizes our current knowledge of early microbial life with an emphasis on ancient metabolisms. It also outlines the foundations of an emerging interdisciplinary area that integrates microbiology, paleobiology, and evolutionary synthetic biology to reconstruct ancient biological innovations.
{"title":"Reconstructing Early Microbial Life.","authors":"Betül Kaçar","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-103400","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-103400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For more than 3.5 billion years, life experienced dramatic environmental extremes on Earth. These include shifts from oxygen-less to overoxygenated atmospheres and cycling between hothouse conditions and global glaciations. Meanwhile, an ecological revolution took place. Earth evolved from one dominated by microbial life to one containing the plants and animals that are most familiar today. Many key cellular features evolved early in the history of life, collectively defining the nature of our biosphere and underpinning human survival. Recent advances in molecular and evolutionary biology have profoundly deepened our understanding of the origin and evolution of microbes across deep time. However, the incorporation of molecular genetics, population biology, and evolutionary biology approaches into the study of Precambrian biota remains a significant challenge. This review synthesizes our current knowledge of early microbial life with an emphasis on ancient metabolisms. It also outlines the foundations of an emerging interdisciplinary area that integrates microbiology, paleobiology, and evolutionary synthetic biology to reconstruct ancient biological innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-024605
Xinhai Chen, Dominique Missiakas
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal of the skin and nares of humans as well as the causative agent of infections associated with significant mortality. The acquisition of antibiotic resistance traits complicates the treatment of such infections and has prompted the development of monoclonal antibodies. The selection of protective antigens is typically guided by studying the natural antibody responses to a pathogen. What happens when the pathogen masks these antigens and subverts adaptive responses, or when the pathogen inhibits or alters the effector functions of antibodies? S. aureus is constantly exposed to its human host and has evolved all these strategies. Here, we review how anti-S. aureus targets have been selected and how antibodies have been engineered to overcome the formidable immune evasive activities of this pathogen. We discuss the prospects of antibody-based therapeutics in the context of disease severity, immune competence, and history of past infections.
{"title":"Novel Antibody-Based Protection/Therapeutics in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.","authors":"Xinhai Chen, Dominique Missiakas","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-024605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-041222-024605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a commensal of the skin and nares of humans as well as the causative agent of infections associated with significant mortality. The acquisition of antibiotic resistance traits complicates the treatment of such infections and has prompted the development of monoclonal antibodies. The selection of protective antigens is typically guided by studying the natural antibody responses to a pathogen. What happens when the pathogen masks these antigens and subverts adaptive responses, or when the pathogen inhibits or alters the effector functions of antibodies? <i>S. aureus</i> is constantly exposed to its human host and has evolved all these strategies. Here, we review how anti-<i>S. aureus</i> targets have been selected and how antibodies have been engineered to overcome the formidable immune evasive activities of this pathogen. We discuss the prospects of antibody-based therapeutics in the context of disease severity, immune competence, and history of past infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-112123-100908
Chungyu Chang, Nicholas A Ramirez, Aadil H Bhat, Minh T Nguyen, Poonam Kumari, HyLam Ton-That, Asis Das, Hung Ton-That
A unique class of multimeric proteins made of covalently linked subunits known as pili, or fimbriae, are assembled and displayed on the gram-positive bacterial cell surface by a conserved transpeptidase enzyme named pilus-specific sortase. Sortase-assembled pili are produced by a wide range of gram-positive commensal and pathogenic bacteria inhabiting diverse niches such as the human oral cavity, gut, urogenital tract, and skin. These surface appendages serve many functions, such as molecular adhesins, immunomodulators, and virulence determinants, that significantly contribute to both the commensal and pathogenic attributes of producer microbes. Intensive genetic, biochemical, physiological, and structural studies have been devoted to unveiling the assembly mechanism and functions, as well as the utility of these proteins in vaccine development and other biotechnological applications. We provide a comprehensive review of these topics and discuss the current status and future prospects of the field.
{"title":"Biogenesis and Functionality of Sortase-Assembled Pili in Gram-Positive Bacteria.","authors":"Chungyu Chang, Nicholas A Ramirez, Aadil H Bhat, Minh T Nguyen, Poonam Kumari, HyLam Ton-That, Asis Das, Hung Ton-That","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-112123-100908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-112123-100908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A unique class of multimeric proteins made of covalently linked subunits known as pili, or fimbriae, are assembled and displayed on the gram-positive bacterial cell surface by a conserved transpeptidase enzyme named pilus-specific sortase. Sortase-assembled pili are produced by a wide range of gram-positive commensal and pathogenic bacteria inhabiting diverse niches such as the human oral cavity, gut, urogenital tract, and skin. These surface appendages serve many functions, such as molecular adhesins, immunomodulators, and virulence determinants, that significantly contribute to both the commensal and pathogenic attributes of producer microbes. Intensive genetic, biochemical, physiological, and structural studies have been devoted to unveiling the assembly mechanism and functions, as well as the utility of these proteins in vaccine development and other biotechnological applications. We provide a comprehensive review of these topics and discuss the current status and future prospects of the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-102707
Célia Souque, Indra González Ojeda, Michael Baym
Tackling the challenge created by antibiotic resistance requires understanding the mechanisms behind its evolution. Like any evolutionary process, the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is driven by the underlying variation in a bacterial population and the selective pressures acting upon it. Importantly, both selection and variation will depend on the scale at which resistance evolution is considered (from evolution within a single patient to the host population level). While laboratory experiments have generated fundamental insights into the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance evolution, the technological advances in whole genome sequencing now allow us to probe antibiotic resistance evolution beyond the lab and directly record it in individual patients and host populations. Here we review the evolutionary forces driving antibiotic resistance at each of these scales, highlight gaps in our current understanding of AMR evolution, and discuss future steps toward evolution-guided interventions.
要应对抗生素耐药性带来的挑战,就必须了解其进化背后的机制。与任何进化过程一样,抗菌药耐药性(AMR)的进化也是由细菌种群的潜在变异和作用于细菌种群的选择压力所驱动的。重要的是,选择和变异都取决于考虑耐药性进化的规模(从单个病人体内的进化到宿主群体水平)。虽然实验室实验已经让我们对抗生素耐药性进化的机制有了基本的了解,但现在全基因组测序技术的进步让我们能够超越实验室,直接记录单个患者和宿主群体的抗生素耐药性进化。在此,我们回顾了在这些尺度上驱动抗生素耐药性的进化力量,强调了我们目前对 AMR 进化认识的差距,并讨论了未来以进化为指导的干预措施。
{"title":"From Petri Dishes to Patients to Populations: Scales and Evolutionary Mechanisms Driving Antibiotic Resistance.","authors":"Célia Souque, Indra González Ojeda, Michael Baym","doi":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-102707","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-102707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tackling the challenge created by antibiotic resistance requires understanding the mechanisms behind its evolution. Like any evolutionary process, the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is driven by the underlying variation in a bacterial population and the selective pressures acting upon it. Importantly, both selection and variation will depend on the scale at which resistance evolution is considered (from evolution within a single patient to the host population level). While laboratory experiments have generated fundamental insights into the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance evolution, the technological advances in whole genome sequencing now allow us to probe antibiotic resistance evolution beyond the lab and directly record it in individual patients and host populations. Here we review the evolutionary forces driving antibiotic resistance at each of these scales, highlight gaps in our current understanding of AMR evolution, and discuss future steps toward evolution-guided interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7946,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}