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Firearm ownership and suicide: Has the time come to discuss uniformity of health and social assessments in aid of regulation? Reflection from a retrospective study on a forensic case series. 拥有枪支与自杀:是否到了讨论统一健康和社会评估以帮助监管的时候了?法医案例系列回顾性研究的反思。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2648
Alberto Blandino, Nicola Galante, Fabio Cuppone, Maddalena Giriodi, Guido Vittorio Travaini

Background: Firearm-related deaths are an issue of ongoing public interest, from a health and economic perspective. Worldwide, firearm prevalence in suicides varies widely, depending on multiple factors including the availability of weapons in each country. Although several studies have shown that national laws about gun ownership, reducing legal access to guns, decrease the risk of suicide by firearm, the current situation clashes with widely differing legislations.

Study design: Retrospective study on a forensic case series.

Methods: Autopsy reports assessed at the Section of Legal Medicine of Milan (Italy) from January 2014 to December 2023 were retrospectively documented. Only firearm suicides were considered. For each case, a close analysis of the criminal offence reports has been performed to obtain information about the gender and age of the victim, as well as the legal possession of firearms, psychiatric disorders, alcohol, and illicit drug abuse.

Results: Among all the 1,164 suicides assessed at the Section of Legal Medicine of Milan over a 10-year-period, 101 cases (8.7%) were firearm-related. The male to female ratio was therefore about 13:1. No seasonal trends were observed. Most of the individuals owned the firearm license. Of the entire dataset, 35.6% suffered from psychiatric disorders, 4% of alcohol abuse and 2% of drug addiction. Among the owners of a firearm license, 42.3% had psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions: Knowledge about firearm suicide and its relation to firearm legal possession is limited and current preventive laws should be reconsidered. Present administrative and clinical examinations required to obtain a firearm license in Italy and in some European territories are dealt with. The evaluation of the firearm-related risk of abuse is an essential but complex procedure, which requires not only clinic-anamnestic data but also in-deep psychiatric information. There is a need to develop and reinvigorate a debate that currently presents very heterogeneous solutions, but which would probably benefit from a common vision of the prevention strategies that can be implemented and enacted for the benefit of the entire community.

背景:从健康和经济角度来看,与枪支有关的死亡一直是公众关心的问题。在世界范围内,枪支自杀的发生率差异很大,这取决于多个因素,包括每个国家的武器供应情况。尽管多项研究表明,国家有关枪支所有权的法律减少了合法获得枪支的机会,从而降低了持枪自杀的风险,但目前的情况却与差异巨大的立法相冲突:研究设计:法医案例系列的回顾性研究:方法:回顾性记录 2014 年 1 月至 2023 年 12 月期间米兰(意大利)法医部评估的尸检报告。仅考虑了枪支自杀。对每个案例的刑事犯罪报告都进行了仔细分析,以获得有关受害者性别、年龄、合法持有枪支、精神障碍、酗酒和非法药物滥用的信息:米兰法医部在 10 年间评估了 1,164 起自杀案件,其中 101 起(8.7%)与枪支有关。因此,男女比例约为 13:1。没有观察到季节性趋势。大多数人都拥有枪支执照。在整个数据集中,35.6%的人患有精神疾病,4%的人酗酒,2%的人吸毒。在拥有持枪执照的人中,42.3%患有精神疾病:对持枪自杀及其与合法持有枪支之间关系的了解有限,应重新考虑现行的预防性法律。本文讨论了意大利和一些欧洲国家目前为获得持枪执照所要求的行政和临床检查。评估与枪支有关的滥用风险是一项重要但复杂的程序,不仅需要临床--异常数据,还需要深入的精神病学信息。有必要开展并重启一场辩论,这场辩论目前提出了非常不同的解决方案,但可能会受益于对预防战略的共同愿景,这些战略可以为整个社会的利益而实施和颁布。
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引用次数: 0
Primary care doctors retirements in the context of an ageing population in Italy. 意大利人口老龄化背景下初级保健医生的退休情况。
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2602
Zeno Dalla Valle, Carlo Signorelli, Cristina Renzi

Background: Ongoing shortages in primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians and increasing healthcare needs due to ageing of the population represent a great challenge for healthcare providers, managers, and policymakers. To support planning of primary healthcare resource allocation we analyzed the geographic distribution of primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians across Italian regions, accounting for area-specific number and age of the population. Additionally, we estimated the number of primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians expected to retire over the next 25 years, with a focus on the next five years.

Study design: Ecological study.

Methods: We gathered the list of Italian general practitioners and primary care paediatricians and combined them with the data from the National Federation of Medical Doctors, Surgeons and Dentists. Using data from the National Institutes of Statistics, we calculated the average number of patients per doctor for each region using the number of residents above and under 14 years of age for general practitioners and primary care paediatricians respectively. We also calculated the number of residents over-65 and over-75 years of age per general practitioner, as elderly patients typically have higher healthcare needs.

Results: On average the number of patients per general practitioner was 1,447 (SD: 190), while for paediatricians it was 1,139 (SD: 241), with six regions above the threshold of 1,500 patients per general practitioner and only one region under the threshold of 880 patients per paediatrician. We estimated that on average 2,228 general practitioners and 444 paediatricians are going to retire each year for the next five years, reaching more than 70% among the current workforce for some southern regions. The number of elderly patients per general practitioner varies substantially between regions, with two regions having >15% more patients aged over 65 years compared to the expected number.

Conclusions: over 65 years compared to the expected number. Conclusions. The study highlighted that some regions do not currently have the required primary care workforce, and the expec-ted retirements and the ageing of the population will exacerbate the pressure on the already over-stretched healthcare services. A response from healthcare administrations and policymakers is urgently required to allow equitable access to quality primary care across the country.

背景:初级保健医生/初级保健儿科医生持续短缺,而人口老龄化导致医疗保健需求不断增加,这对医疗保健提供者、管理者和政策制定者来说都是一个巨大的挑战。为了支持初级医疗保健资源分配规划,我们分析了意大利各地区初级保健医生/初级保健儿科医生的地理分布,并考虑了特定地区的人口数量和年龄。此外,我们还估算了未来 25 年内预计退休的初级保健医生/初级保健儿科医生的人数,重点是未来五年:研究设计:生态研究:我们收集了意大利全科医生和初级儿科医生的名单,并将其与全国医生、外科医生和牙医联合会的数据相结合。我们利用国家统计局的数据,分别根据全科医生和初级儿科医生的 14 岁以上和 14 岁以下居民人数,计算出每个地区每名医生的平均患者人数。我们还计算了每名全科医生所负责的 65 岁以上和 75 岁以上居民人数,因为老年患者通常有更高的医疗保健需求:平均每位全科医生负责的患者人数为 1,447 人(标清:190 人),而儿科医生负责的患者人数为 1,139 人(标清:241 人),其中有六个地区超过了每位全科医生负责 1,500 名患者的临界值,只有一个地区低于每位儿科医生负责 880 名患者的临界值。我们估计,在未来五年中,平均每年将有 2,228 名全科医生和 444 名儿科医生退休,在南部一些地区,退休人员占现有劳动力的 70% 以上。各地区每名全科医生负责的老年患者人数差别很大,有两个地区 65 岁以上的患者人数比预计人数多出 15%:该研究强调,一些地区目前没有所需的初级保健人员,而预期的退休和人口老龄化将加剧本已捉襟见肘的医疗保健服务的压力。迫切需要医疗管理部门和政策制定者采取应对措施,使全国各地都能公平地获得高质量的初级医疗服务。
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引用次数: 0
Influenza and Covid-19 Vaccination in 2023: a descriptive analysis in two Italian Research and Teaching Hospitals. Is the On-Site strategy effective? 2023 年流感和 Covid-19 疫苗接种:意大利两家研究和教学医院的描述性分析。现场战略是否有效?
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2606
Pier Mario Perrone, Simone Villa, Giuseppina Maria Raciti, Laura Clementoni, Valentina Vegro, Francesco Scovenna, Augusto Altavilla, Adriana Monica Tomoiaga, Valentina Beltrami, Ilaria Bruno, Marcello Vaccargiu, Elisa Astorri, Navpreet Tiwana, Matteo Letzgus, Peter Johannes Schulz, Fabrizio Ernesto Pregliasco, Silvana Castaldi

Introduction: Vaccinations represent an extremely effective tool for the prevention of certain infectious diseases - such as influenza and COVID-19 -, particularly for those categories at risk due to both their frail condition or professional exposure, such as healthcare workers. The aim of this study is to describe the course of the anti-influenza and anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign at two Research Hospitals in Milan, Italy.

Study design: Multicentre, cross-sectional study.

Methods: For the 2023-24 vaccination campaign, the two facilities opted for two different approaches. At the Hospital A, two dif-ferent strategies for vaccinating healthcare workers were implemented: a fixed-site vaccination clinic and two mobile vaccination groups run by Public Health residents of the University of Milan. At the Hospital B, on the other hand, a single fixed-site outpatient clinic run by Public Health residents of the University of Milan was used. On the occasion of the campaign, a survey was also carried out using anonymous online questionnaires to investigate healthcare workers attitudes towards vaccination.

Results: A total of 1,937 healthcare workers were vaccinated: 756 were immunized against influenza only, 99 against COVID-19 only, and 1,082 against both. The results show a substantial difference in vaccination adherence among medical and nursing staff compared to other professional categories. In particular, the category with the highest vaccination adhesion turned out to be that of medical doctors with 55.7% adhesion while, on the contrary, the category with the lowest adhesion turned out to be that of auxiliary personnel characterized by 7.4% adhesion. At the same time, the comparison between the two hospital facilities showed a double adherence rate by the staff of Hospital A as regards both the flu vaccine (40.6% and 20.1%) and the anti-COVID-19 vaccine (26.4% and 12.3%). Finally, the survey showed that the attitude towards influenza vaccination is lower among auxiliary staff in terms of both knowledge and vaccination attitude.

Conclusions: The results of the study show a vaccination adherence in line with that of previous years, although lower than the values recommended by the principal national and international Organizations. The analysis of the differences between the two facilities and the surveys carried out will allow for the implementation of targeted interventions to increase adherence in future campaigns.

导言:接种疫苗是预防某些传染病(如流感和 COVID-19)的极为有效的工具,尤其是对于那些因身体虚弱或职业暴露而面临风险的人群,如医护人员。本研究旨在描述意大利米兰两家研究医院开展的抗流感和抗 COVID-19 疫苗接种活动的过程:研究设计:多中心横断面研究:在 2023-24 年的疫苗接种活动中,两家医院选择了两种不同的方法。在 A 医院,对医护人员实施了两种不同的疫苗接种策略:一个固定地点疫苗接种诊所和两个由米兰大学公共卫生学院居民组成的流动疫苗接种小组。而在 B 医院,则采用了由米兰大学公共卫生学院住院医师开设的单一固定门诊。在活动期间,还通过匿名在线问卷调查了医护人员对疫苗接种的态度:共有 1,937 名医护人员接种了疫苗:结果:共有 1,937 名医护人员接种了疫苗:756 人只接种了流感疫苗,99 人只接种了 COVID-19 疫苗,1,082 人同时接种了两种疫苗。结果显示,与其他专业类别相比,医护人员在坚持接种疫苗方面存在很大差异。其中,接种率最高的职业类别是医生,接种率为 55.7%;相反,接种率最低的职业类别是辅助人员,接种率为 7.4%。同时,两家医院设施的对比显示,A 医院员工对流感疫苗(40.6% 和 20.1%)和抗 COVID-19 疫苗(26.4% 和 12.3%)的接种率均为双倍。最后,调查显示,辅助人员对流感疫苗接种的态度在知识和接种态度两方面都较低:研究结果表明,虽然接种率低于主要国家和国际组织的建议值,但与前几年的接种率一致。通过分析两个机构之间的差异和所开展的调查,可以在今后的活动中实施有针对性的干预措施,以提高接种率。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of bullet holes in mummified corpse. 鉴定木乃伊尸体上的弹孔。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2024.5101
K S Bisogni, F Magli, I A Galassi

Background: The evaluation of the cause of death in a forensic context is often challenging especially when the corpse is in a severely altered state (decomposed, skeletonized, charred, dismembered, etc.), thus making it difficult to obtain an overview of the features and/or lesions suggestive of the dynamics leading to death.

Case report: In this case, the corpse was partly in a state of saponification and partly in a state of mummification with signs of skeletonization. The head, trunk, arms and upper legs were mummified and almost completely dehydrated.

Conclusion: The use of special techniques such as the rehydration of bodies is an ancient practice. Parts of skin in different states of decomposition with the use of rehydration solution represents a useful procedure for the study of some damaging modalities, being able to identify damaged areas characterized by compression/dehydration effects, hidden by the advanced transformative state of the corpse, highlighting very damaged, in which skin normality can no longer be restored.

背景:在法医鉴定中,对死因的评估往往具有挑战性,特别是当尸体处于严重改变的状态(腐烂、骨骼化、烧焦、肢解等)时,因此很难获得导致死亡的动态特征和/或病变的总体情况:在这个案例中,尸体部分处于皂化状态,部分处于木乃伊化状态,有骸骨化迹象。头部、躯干、手臂和上肢呈木乃伊状,几乎完全脱水:结论:使用尸体补水等特殊技术是一种古老的做法。使用补水溶液对处于不同腐烂状态的部分皮肤进行研究,是研究某些破坏模式的有用程序,能够识别以压缩/脱水效应为特征的受损区域,这些区域被尸体的高级转化状态所掩盖,凸显出非常严重的损坏,其中的皮肤再也无法恢复正常。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide wipes for surface disinfection in healthcare facilities. 过氧化氢湿巾对医疗机构表面消毒的效果。
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2621
Marco Lopuzzo, Maria Teresa Montagna, Francesco Triggiano, Giuseppina Caggiano

Introduction: The correct method of surface disinfection in hospitals is an essential tool in the fight against the spread of healthcare-associated infections caused by multi-resistant microorganisms. Currently, there are many disinfectants on the market that can be used against different microorganisms. However, the effectiveness of different active molecules is controversial in the literature.

Study design: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wipes based on hydrogen peroxide (1.0 %) and highly specific plant-based surfactants, contained in H2O2TM (Hi-speed H2O2TM) products, against some hospital-associated microorganisms.

Methods: The effectiveness of the wipes was tested against nosocomial and control strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida parapsilosis. Specifically, in vitro activity was assessed using three different techniques: stainless steel surface testing, surface diffusion testing and well diffusion test.

Results: The three different methods tested confirm the wipes' good effectiveness against the most common multi-resistant bacteria and against fungi.

Conclusions: These data show that the tested wipes could be a valid adjunct to the disinfection process and could assist in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections.

导言:正确的医院表面消毒方法是防止多重耐药微生物引起的医疗相关感染传播的重要手段。目前,市场上有许多可用于对付不同微生物的消毒剂。然而,不同活性分子的有效性在文献中存在争议:研究目的:本研究旨在评估基于过氧化氢(1.0%)和高度特异性植物表面活性剂的湿巾(H2O2 TM(Hi-speed H2O2 TM)产品中包含)对一些医院相关微生物的有效性:方法:针对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐碳青霉烯类假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶、烟曲霉和副丝状念珠菌的鼻腔菌株和对照菌株,测试了湿巾的有效性。具体而言,体外活性评估采用了三种不同的技术:不锈钢表面测试、表面扩散测试和井扩散测试:结果:三种不同的测试方法证实了湿巾对最常见的多重耐药细菌和真菌的良好效果:这些数据表明,经测试的湿巾可作为消毒过程的有效辅助工具,有助于预防医疗相关感染。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on emergency and elective surgery. A retrospective observational analysis in Apulia, southern Italy. COVID-19 大流行对急诊和择期手术的影响。意大利南部阿普利亚的回顾性观察分析。
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2612
Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Antonio Daleno, Donato Rizzi, Giovanni Migliore, Silvio Tafuri

Introduction: In Italy, at the beginning of the COVID19 pandemic, only emergency and life-saving elective surgical procedures were allowed with obvious limitations in terms of numbers of operable cases. The aim of our study is to evaluate the performance of surgical activities by Apulian healthcare facilities (Southern Italy) under the pandemic emergency pressure.

Methods: The surgical procedures in study were identified via the Apulian regional archive of hospital discharge forms. We used the ICD9 codes in order to define the elective and urgency surgeries in analysis, and we extended our search to all procedures performed from 2019 to 2021.

Results: The number of all procedures decreased from 2019 to 2020; the reduction was higher for elective surgery (-43.7%) than urgency surgery (-15.5%). In 2021, an increase compared to 2020 was recorded for all procedures; nevertheless, elective surgeries registered a further slightly decrease compared to 2019 (-12.4%), while a slightly increase was observed for urgency surgeries (+3.5%). No particular variation was observed considering sex and age at surgery of the patients, and days of hospitalization from 2019 to 2021.

Conclusions: The impact of COVID19 on Apulian regional health system has been extremely shocked and has required the implementation of strategies aimed at containing the infection and guaranteeing health services as far as possible. A new paradigm of hospital care for SARS-COV-2 patients in the post-emergency phase in Italy is needed, in order to optimize the resources available and to guarantee high standards of quality and efficiency for citizens.

导言:在意大利,COVID19 大流行之初,只允许进行急诊手术和挽救生命的择期手术,在可手术病例数量方面受到明显限制。我们的研究旨在评估阿普利亚医疗机构(意大利南部)在大流行病紧急压力下的外科手术情况:研究中的外科手术是通过阿普利亚地区的出院表档案确定的。我们使用 ICD9 编码来定义分析中的择期手术和紧急手术,并将搜索范围扩大到 2019 年至 2021 年期间实施的所有手术:结果:从2019年到2020年,所有手术的数量都有所下降;择期手术的下降幅度(-43.7%)高于急诊手术(-15.5%)。2021 年,与 2020 年相比,所有手术的数量都有所增加;然而,与 2019 年相比,择期手术的数量又略有减少(-12.4%),而急诊手术的数量则略有增加(+3.5%)。从患者的性别、手术时的年龄以及住院天数来看,2019 年至 2021 年没有特别的变化:COVID19对阿普利亚地区医疗系统的影响极为惊人,需要实施旨在遏制感染和尽可能保障医疗服务的战略。在意大利,急诊后阶段的SARS-COV-2患者住院治疗需要一种新的模式,以优化可用资源,保证为公民提供高质量和高效率的服务。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring future perspectives and pipeline progression in vaccine research and development. 探索疫苗研发的未来前景和管道进展。
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2614
Riccardo Vecchio, Leandro Gentile, Silvio Tafuri, Claudio Costantino, Anna Odone

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on vaccines' Research and Development, on vaccines' market, and on immunization programmes and policies. The need to promptly respond to the health emergency boostered resources' al-location and innovation, while new technologies were made available. Regulatory procedures were revised and expedited, and global production and distribution capacities significantly increased. Aim of this review is to outline the trajectory of research in vaccinology and vaccines' pipeline, highlighting major challenges and opportunities, and projecting future perspectives in vaccine preventables diseases' prevention and control.

Study design: Narrative review.

Methods: We comprehensively consulted key biomedical databases including "Medline" and "Embase", preprint platforms, including"MedRxiv" and "BioRxiv", clinical trial registries, selected grey literature sources and scientific reports. Further data and insights were collected from experts in the field. We first reflect on the impact that the COVID-19 had on vaccines' Research and Development, regulatory frameworks, and market, we then present updated figures of vaccines pipeline, by different technologies, comparatively highlighting advantages and disadvantages. We conclude summarizing future perspectives in vaccines' development and immunizations strategies, outlining key challenges, knowledge gaps and opportunities for prevention strategies.

Results: COVID-19 vaccines' development has been largely supported by public funding. New technologies and expetited autho-rization and distribution processes allowed to control the pandemic, leading vaccines' market to grow exponentially. In the post-pandemic era investments in prevention are projected to decrease but advancements in technology offer great potential to future immunization strategies. As of 2023, the vaccine pipeline include almost 1,000 candidates, at different Research and Development phase, including innovative recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines and viral vector vaccines. Vaccines' technology platforms development varies by disease. Overall, vaccinology is progressing towards increasingly safe and effective products that are easily manufacturable and swiftly convertible.

Conclusions: Vaccine research is rapidly evolving, emerging technologies and new immunization models offer public health new tools and large potential to fight vaccines preventables diseases, with promising new platforms and broadened target populations. Real-life data analysis and operational research is needed to evaluate how such potential is exploited in public health practice to improve population health.

导言:COVID-19 大流行对疫苗研发、疫苗市场以及免疫计划和政策产生了深远影响。迅速应对卫生紧急情况的需要促进了资源分配和创新,同时也提供了新技术。监管程序得到了修订和加快,全球生产和分销能力显著提高。本综述旨在概述疫苗学和疫苗管道的研究轨迹,强调主要挑战和机遇,并预测疫苗可预防疾病预防和控制的未来前景:研究设计:叙述性综述:我们全面查阅了主要生物医学数据库(包括 "Medline "和 "Embase")、预印本平台(包括 "MedRxiv "和 "BioRxiv")、临床试验登记簿、部分灰色文献来源和科学报告。我们还从该领域的专家那里收集了更多的数据和见解。我们首先反思了 COVID-19 对疫苗研发、监管框架和市场的影响,然后按不同技术列出了疫苗管线的最新数据,并比较强调了其优缺点。最后,我们总结了疫苗开发和免疫战略的未来前景,概述了预防战略面临的主要挑战、知识差距和机遇:结果:COVID-19 疫苗的开发在很大程度上得到了公共资金的支持。新技术和简化的授权和分发流程控制了大流行,使疫苗市场成倍增长。在大流行后的时代,用于预防的投资预计将减少,但技术的进步为未来的免疫战略提供了巨大潜力。截至 2023 年,疫苗管线包括近 1000 种处于不同研发阶段的候选疫苗,其中包括创新重组蛋白疫苗、核酸疫苗和病毒载体疫苗。疫苗技术平台的发展因疾病而异。总体而言,疫苗学正朝着越来越安全有效、易于生产和快速转化的产品方向发展:疫苗研究发展迅速,新兴技术和新的免疫模式为公共卫生提供了新的工具和巨大潜力,以对抗可通过疫苗预防的疾病,新平台前景广阔,目标人群扩大。需要进行实际数据分析和操作研究,以评估如何在公共卫生实践中利用这些潜力来改善人口健康。
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引用次数: 0
Trust in Conventional Healthcare and Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in South Tyrol, Italy: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. 意大利南蒂罗尔对传统医疗保健的信任和对补充与替代医学的利用:基于人口的横断面调查。
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2605
Verena Barbieri, Stefano Lombardo, Timon Gärtner, Giuliano Piccoliori, Adolf Engl, Christian J Wiedermann

Background: This study explored the link between trust in conventional healthcare and consultations with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) providers in South Tyrol, Italy's linguistically diverse region.

Methods: A representative cross-sectional survey of 1,388 South Tyrolean adults assessed trust in conventional healthcare, general practitioners, and complementary and alternative medicine consultation frequencies and their determinants using chi-square tests and Kendall-Tau-b correlations.

Results: Seventy percent trusted the traditional healthcare system, with general practitioners as the primary trusted professionals. Trust is correlated with higher education and linguistic compatibility. A 5% subgroup, mostly women and multilinguals with lower education levels, showed uncertain trust. Over 80% had seen a general practitioner in the last year, while distrust was correlated with complementary and alternative medicine consultations. German and Ladin speakers, with higher education levels, were notably inclined towards complementary and alternative medicine consultations.

Conclusions: Trust in South Tyrolean healthcare varied according to education level and language. While general practitioners remain central, there is a marked shift towards complementary and alternative medicine among specific groups.

研究背景本研究探讨了意大利语言多样化地区南蒂罗尔人对传统医疗保健的信任与向补充和替代医学(CAM)提供者咨询之间的联系:对 1,388 名南蒂罗尔成年人进行了一项具有代表性的横断面调查,通过秩方检验和 Kendall-Tau-b 相关性评估了对传统医疗保健、全科医生以及补充和替代医学咨询频率的信任度及其决定因素:结果显示:70%的人信任传统医疗系统,其中全科医生是最值得信任的专业人员。信任度与高学历和语言兼容性相关。5%的亚群表现出不确定的信任,其中大部分是女性和教育水平较低的多语言者。超过 80% 的人在去年看过全科医生,而不信任则与补充和替代医学咨询有关。讲德语和拉 丁语、受教育程度较高的人明显倾向于接受补充和替代医学咨询:结论:对南蒂罗尔医疗保健的信任因教育水平和语言而异。虽然全科医生仍然是核心,但在特定群体中,人们明显倾向于补充和替代医学。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 Immunity in the Cohort of IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Employees after BNT162b2 Vaccination: A Retrospective Observational Study. BNT162b2 疫苗接种后 IRCCS San Raffaele 医院员工群体的 COVID-19 免疫力:回顾性观察研究。
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2615
Manuele Stocchi, Pietro Melodia, Alessandra Lucini, Rebecca De Lorenzo, Carola Pozzi, Patrizia Rovere-Querini, Anna Odone, Cristina Renzi, Carlo Signorelli

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic represents the most severe health and socioeconomic crisis of our century. It began with the first reports in China, in the Wuhan region in December 2019, and quickly spread worldwide, causing a new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Among the population most at risk of infection and developing severe forms of the disease are the elderly and healthcare workers, who are more exposed to infected individuals. On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration approved the emergency use of the BNT162b2 vaccine, the first mRNA vaccine in history. Since then, the total number of vaccine doses administered has exceeded 12 billion. Italy was the first European country to be affected by the pandemic, recording the highest number of total COVID-19 cases (25,695,311) and, after the first 70 days, had the highest crude mortality rate (141.0 per 100,000). In this study, we analyze the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan before and after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine.

Study design: Retrospective observational cohort study.

Methods: The study analyzed the immunization status of 858 employees of the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan, including doctors, healthcare workers, and administrative staff. The analysis is based on previous studies on the same cohort and is integrated with extrapolation and additional analysis of data from the Preventive Medicine Service's Biobank dataset of the same hospital to estimate the infection rate, duration of the disease, and antibody levels recorded in the personnel before and after receiving the double BNT162b2 vaccination.

Results: The analysis confirms the positive impact achieved by the introduction of mRNA vaccination in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and increasing antibody levels in healthcare workers. Although the BNT162b2 vaccination may not provide complete protection against SARS-CoV-2, it appears to be able to reduce the number of infections, particularly the more severe and symptomatic forms often detected in individuals with various risk factors and comorbidities, making them more vulnerable. Healthcare workers, who have extensive contact with patients and record the greatest decrease in the infection rates, represent the population that receives the most benefit from vaccination.

Conclusions: The evidence suggests that vaccinations are essential in protecting high-risk groups, such as healthcare workers, from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Providing adequate vaccination coverage to healthcare workers limits the spread of infections and decreases the severity of disease manifestations, while also reducing their duration.

导言:COVID-19 大流行是本世纪最严重的健康和社会经济危机。它始于 2019 年 12 月中国武汉地区的首次报告,并迅速蔓延至全球,引发了新的严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)。其中,老年人和医护人员是最有可能感染和患上重症的人群,因为他们更容易接触到感染者。2020 年 12 月 11 日,美国食品和药物管理局批准紧急使用 BNT162b2 疫苗,这是历史上第一种 mRNA 疫苗。从那时起,疫苗接种总量已超过 120 亿剂。意大利是第一个受到大流行影响的欧洲国家,COVID-19 总病例数最多(25,695,311 例),在最初的 70 天后,粗死亡率最高(141.0/100,000)。在这项研究中,我们分析了米兰圣拉斐尔科学研究所的医护人员在接种 BNT162b2 疫苗前后的 SARS-CoV-2 感染率:研究设计:回顾性观察队列研究:研究分析了米兰圣拉斐尔科学研究所 858 名员工(包括医生、医护人员和行政人员)的免疫状况。分析以之前对同一群体的研究为基础,并结合了预防医学服务部对同一医院生物库数据集的推断和补充分析,以估算感染率、病程和接种 BNT162b2 双联疫苗前后人员的抗体水平:结果:分析证实了引入 mRNA 疫苗接种在降低医护人员 SARSCoV- 2 感染率和提高抗体水平方面的积极影响。尽管接种 BNT162b2 疫苗可能无法完全预防 SARS-CoV-2 的感染,但它似乎能够减少感染的数量,尤其是在有各种危险因素和合并症的人群中发现的较严重和无症状的感染,这使他们更容易受到感染。医护人员与病人接触广泛,感染率下降幅度最大,是接种疫苗受益最大的人群:证据表明,接种疫苗对于保护医护人员等高危人群免受 SARS-CoV-2 感染至关重要。为医护人员提供足够的疫苗接种覆盖率可以限制感染的传播,降低疾病表现的严重程度,同时缩短病程。
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引用次数: 0
Japanese Encephalitis can be devastating. 日本脑炎可能具有毁灭性。
IF 2 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2024.2616
Pier Luigi Lopalco, Luigi Roberto Biasio

Abstract: Japanese encephalitis, caused by the JE virus transmitted by mosquitoes, is the most common type of epidemic encephalitis in Asia. It is endemic in most of South and Southeast Asia, but the number of cases can vary greatly between areas. While many infections do not lead to disease, the symptomatic cases can be very severe and life-threatening. It mainly affects children, whereas adults are generally immune to the disease due to either being infected in childhood or receiving vaccination. However, individuals who are not immune, such as travelers from non-endemic countries, are susceptible to the disease when exposed to the virus for the first time, regardless of age. Without antiviral treatment options, vaccination is the only strategy to establish effective protection against Japanese encephalitis.

摘要:由蚊子传播的日本脑炎病毒引起的日本脑炎是亚洲最常见的流行性脑炎类型。它在南亚和东南亚的大部分地区流行,但不同地区的病例数量可能相差很大。虽然许多感染不会导致疾病,但有症状的病例可能非常严重并危及生命。这种疾病主要影响儿童,而成年人由于在童年时受到感染或接种过疫苗,一般对这种疾病有免疫力。然而,没有免疫力的人,如来自非流行国家的旅行者,在首次接触病毒时,无论年龄大小,都很容易感染这种疾病。在没有抗病毒治疗方案的情况下,接种疫苗是有效预防日本脑炎的唯一策略。
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引用次数: 0
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Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita
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