This paper presents a review of the biological importance and occurrence of plant cutin, the main lipid biopolymer in higher plants. Its chemical composition and structure are reviewed and a short laboratory practical exercise on the extraction, purification and qualitative analysis of fruit cutin is presented.
A method for the isolation of plant protoplasts is presented that uses inexpensive sources of enzymes. It is suitable for student use in Biotechnology.
A laboratory class was designed for the study of the ecology of amylolytic bacteria in soil, although other sources may be equally suitable for this purpose. Groups of three students carried out the following: (a) preparation and sterilization of medium and plates, (b) collection and preparation of soil samples, spreading the samples on the plates, (c) incubation of the plates at 37 degrees C overnight, a further 1 h incubation at 60 degrees C to observe amylolytic activity due to thermophilic bacteria, and (d) interpretation and discussion of the results. These tasks are accomplished in two periods of 4h on consecutive days. No sophisticated instruments are required for these experiments, which can be carried out in three classes of 4h each. On the first day the students prepare culture media, buffers and reagents, as well as collect and grow soil samples. The second day is spent for both taxonomic identification of colonies and the HAI determination.
Although it may be asked how effective glycolysis is in retaining the chemical energy in the bonds of glucose during its breakdown in the formation of ATP, the reasons for the coupled pathway of glycolysis having evolved as it has are probably as much as a consequence of the need to find reactions that can lead to formation of phosphoryl groups able to transfer to ADP as to the overall thermodynamics of the pathway. It is not meaningful to talk of optimization of energy coupling solely in terms of free energy changes.
The author is making for the Millennium a model of Escherichia coli at 2x10(6) with emphasis on its interior composition. At this magnification molecules come into view and metabolic pathways are demonstrable as tangible systems of metabolites and enzymes interacting with one another. The model is intended to have value both for public understanding of science and in teaching of microbiology and biochemistry.
A problem-based approach to teaching biochemistry to veterinary students is described which aims to encourage the finding and learning of biochemical information that is relevant to real-life veterinary problems.
This paper presents a review of the biological importance and occurrence of plant cutin, the main lipid biopolymer in higher plants. Its chemical composition and structure are reviewed and a short laboratory practical exercise on the extraction, purification and qualitative analysis of fruit cutin is presented.
Apparent equilibrium constants K′ of biochemical reactions at pH 7 and standard apparent reduction potentials of half reactions at pH 7 can be calculated using a table of standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation ΔfG′0 at pH 7. A table is provided for 136 reactants at 25°C, pH 7, and ionic strengths of 0, 0.10, and 0.25 M. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the table.
Most textbooks still show the oxidation of succinate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle resulting in the reduction of FADH(2). Such a presentation does not reflect the reaction catalysed by the enzyme in vivo or in vitro, does not simplify the treatment of the reaction, and is unnecessarily misleading and confusing.
The author is making for the Millennium a model of Escherichia coli at 2×106 with emphasis on its interior composition. At this magnification molecules come into view and metabolic pathways are demonstrable as tangible systems of metabolites and enzymes interacting with one another. The model is intended to have value both for public understanding of science and in teaching of microbiology and biochemistry.
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