Topics in Current Chemistry最新文献

The agriculture sector faces significant challenges from weeds and pests, exacerbated by climate change. Traditional control methods have led to the emergence of difficult to manage resistant populations, threatening global food security. AgroDrug conjugates (AgDCs) offer a promising approach to enhance agrodrug bioavailability and systemic distribution within plant tissues. This can be accomplished by attaching agrodrugs to molecular carriers such as sugars or amino acids. AgDCs aim to improve targeting and efficiency, while reducing the environmental impact. This review seeks to deliver a thorough and critical analysis of the chemical architectures and underlying mechanisms of action of AgDCs as documented in current scientific literature. Moreover, we highlight advances and knowledge gaps in AgDC design, including metabolic stability, ecological safety, and field-scale performance. Addressing these challenges will be essential to unlock the full potential of AgDCs as next-generation tools for sustainable and resilient crop protection.

Nanozymes, enzyme-like nanomaterials (NMs), present a compelling alternative to natural enzymes due to their superior catalytic activity, stability, and low cost. Among them, cerium dioxide (CeO₂) NMs exhibit diverse catalytic activities, including oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, phosphatase, haloperoxidase, urease, uricase, DNase I, DNA photolyase, and ROS scavenging. The catalytic efficiency of CeO₂ nanozymes is largely influenced by oxygen vacancies, surface valence states, and the Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox cycle, which are crucial in enhancing their enzymatic functions. This review explores the different dimensional structures of CeO₂ nanozymes, such as zero dimensions (0D), one dimension (1D), two dimensions (2D), and three dimensions (3D). It outlines their synthesis methods, which include physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Additionally, it examines surface modification strategies like ion exchange, small molecule binding, and macromolecular capping, which can either promote or inhibit their catalytic activity. By providing a comprehensive overview of the development, synthesis methods, dimensional variations, and surface modifications of CeO₂ nanozymes, this review highlights their enzyme-mimicking properties and their application potential in biosensing technologies. Furthermore, it offers insights into future prospects, focusing on advancing their catalytic efficiency and expanding their use across different fields. The review emphasizes the need for continued research to enhance the practical applications of CeO₂ nanozymes, which hold significant promise for the future of biosensing and other catalytic processes.

As a result of the high pharmaceutical relevance of organofluorine compounds in drug discovery, the synthetic approach towards this class of derivatives has generated increasing interest in organic chemistry over the past decade. Metathesis, with the manipulation of the C = C double bonds, is considered to be a powerful tool in preparative organic chemistry to access various sophisticated and densely functionalized scaffolds with olefin bonds in their structure. The current paper is intended to describe, investigate, and analyze the most impactful advances and applications of metathesis with organofluorine molecular entities achieved since the outstanding review by Fustero, Haufe and others (Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 871 − 930, dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr500182a) published a decade ago.

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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered considerable interest and have been thoroughly investigated across various research disciplines. Consequently, substantial work has focused on creating MOF catalysts. This review provides a detailed examination of the use of different MOFs in organic synthesis and catalytic organic reactions. We aim for this study to offer insights that facilitate the development of new or enhanced MOFs, promoting their functional properties for practical applications.

In modern organic synthesis, the catalytic borrowing hydrogen methodology has emerged as a transformative strategy for the N-alkylation of amines with water as the only byproduct. Here, we have highlighted the recent developments over the period (approximately) from 2014 to 2024. We have discussed all the emerging catalytic systems, such as the use of non-metallic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and electrocatalysts using noble and non-noble metals, with an emphasis on advancements that expand reaction scope, improve selectivity, and enhance selectivity. Ultimately, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of catalytic N-alkylation processes, focusing on sustainable, efficient methodologies for a greener approach.

The potential to conduct palladium-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost reactions in biological systems opens unprecedented opportunities to probe and manipulate cellular processes. However, implementing such transformations remains challenging due to the stringent requirements imposed by biocompatibility. To date, Tsuji–Trost allylation has not yet been successfully demonstrated in living cells, and in vivo applications remain unrealized, primarily due to the presumed incompatibility between traditional organic chemistry and the complex aqueous environments of biological systems. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in this area over the past two decades. The successful execution of a Tsuji–Trost reaction in aqueous media requires careful consideration of several key factors, including the choice of catalyst, ligand, leaving group, and nucleophile, as well as the influence of water on reactivity and selectivity. In this review, we highlight the latest advancements in biocompatible palladium-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost-type reactions, with a particular focus on deprotection and allylation reactions conducted in aqueous environments and in living systems. Further development of in vivo Tsuji–Trost allylation is expected in the near future.

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This review explores recent advances in biocompatible Tsuji–Trost-type reactions, with emphasis on mechanistic insights and the transition from conventional benchtop protocols to biological applications.

Gas sensing is vital for environmental monitoring, safety, and healthcare. This review highlights the role of noncovalent interactions, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and electrostatic forces in enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of metal-coordinated complexes (MCCs) in gas sensors. These reversible interactions enable rapid, real-time detection through measurable changes in properties. For example, hydrogen bonding in amino-functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) enhances the detection of ammonia, and π–π stacking in phthalocyanine films aids in identifying aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene. Open metal sites in frameworks allow electrostatic gas binding, affecting electrical resistance, while perturbing the coordination sphere in porphyrins enables optical sensing. This review encompasses MCC platforms, ranging from Schiff base complexes to 3D MOFs and 2D materials, and highlights their tunable properties for gases such as VOCs, CO₂, SO₂, and CH₄, as well as other gases. Despite the advantages of reversibility and quick response, challenges include environmental stability and complex interactions. Future directions involve integrating machine learning for data analysis and developing durable hybrid materials to improve sensing performance technology.

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This review examines how noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking, contribute to enhanced gas sensing in metal-coordinated complexes (MCCs), boosting sensitivity and selectivity. It compares MCCs based on Schiff bases, phthalocyanines, and frameworks with covalent systems, and discusses the challenges in understanding mechanisms and integrating device development

Quantum dots (QDs) were initially explored for their unique optical and electronic properties in photocatalysis, where they demonstrated remarkable efficiency in facilitating selective oxidation, reduction, and carbon–carbon (C–C) bond formation under mild conditions. In particular, their strong absorption in the visible-light region enables efficient harnessing of solar energy, making them ideal candidates for visible-light-driven transformations. Over time, their potential has expanded beyond photocatalysis, and QDs have increasingly been utilized as catalysts in organic synthesis, offering energy-efficient alternatives to traditional methods. Their size-dependent bandgap and high surface area make them versatile tools for driving chemical reactions in a sustainable manner. Recent studies have also highlighted their ability to mediate single-electron transfer (SET) processes, which enhance both reaction efficiency and selectivity. Moreover, QDs have been incorporated into artificial photosystems, improving charge transfer mechanisms and broadening their catalytic applications. In this review, we present the recent advancements in the use of quantum dots in organic synthesis, focusing on their growing role as catalysts in a wide range of transformations. We also explore their potential in sustainable chemistry and the expanding applications of nanotechnology-driven, visible-light-mediated chemical processes.

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Spirooxindole compounds have attracted considerable research interest due to their distinctive structural features and remarkable biological properties. In recent years, a wide range of synthetic strategies has been developed to construct spirooxindoles, particularly those featuring a spiro-carbon Linked to diverse Heterocyclic or carbocyclic frameworks, further enhancing their importance. Given the breadth of these synthetic approaches, a comprehensive review is crucial to providing a systematic overview of the field and facilitate access to various methodologies. This review provides a thorough analysis of current developments in spirooxindole synthesis, covering research published from 2020 to 2024. The classification is organized into four main sections based on the size of the ring attached to the spiro-carbon: three-membered, five-membered, six-membered, and seven-membered rings. These rings may be carbocyclic or may contain one or two heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, further influencing the diversity of synthetic strategies and the properties of the resulting spirooxindoles.

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The present energy-intensive and feedstock-dependent Haber–Bosch (H–B) process is being replaced with an electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (E-NRR) to produce ammonia (NH₃), powered by renewable electricity. The main obstacles to the NRR are the integral inertness of the N₂ molecule and competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although transition metal-based electrocatalysts can overcome the kinetic restriction of N≡N activation via the back-donation method, the d-orbital electrons of transition metal atoms promote the creation of a metal–H bond, which increases the undesired HER. The electrocatalytic NRR activity has increased in recent years owing to carbon-based materials with easily tunable electrical structures. As a result, it is essential to evaluate the latest advances in theoretical and experimental aspects of carbon-based catalysts (CBCs) for NRR. This review focuses on the use of various CBCs and the modifications done to them for their effective use in the E-NRR, providing a comprehensive understanding of the use of CBCs for the E-NRR and aids further research in the field with the aim of making the E-NRR more efficient.