Topics in Current Chemistry最新文献

Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) have garnered significant attention for their distinctive properties and potential integration into cutting-edge photoelectric devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in EMF synthesis, highlighting the novel “self-driven carbon atom implantation” approach that sheds new light on the underlying mechanisms of EMF formation. The discussion delves into pivotal challenges related to yield optimization and purification processes, addressing current limitations and the imperative need for scalable synthesis and improved stability. Furthermore, the review explores the burgeoning applications of EMFs in photoelectric energy conversion, focusing on their capacity to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Their unique electronic structures and tunable energy levels are highlighted as key factors contributing to improved charge separation and overall performance. In conclusion, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on interdisciplinary research avenues essential for harnessing the full potential of EMFs. It underscores the need for collaborative efforts across materials science, chemistry, and nanotechnology to overcome existing hurdles and to integrate EMFs into next-generation energy conversion technologies, thereby paving the way for more efficient and sustainable energy solutions.

Targeted drug delivery systems effectively solve the problem of off-target toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs by combining chemotherapeutic drugs with antibodies or peptides, thereby promoting drug targeting to the tumor site and bringing further hope for cancer treatment. The development of stimulus-responsive smart linkage technologies has led to the emergence of drug conjugates. Linkage technologies play a crucial role in the design, synthesis, and in vivo circulation of drug conjugates, as they determine the release of cytotoxic drugs from the conjugates and their subsequent therapeutic efficacy. This article reviews some of the smart linkage strategies used in designing drug conjugates, with a focus on the tumor microenvironment and exogenous stimuli as conditions influencing controlled drug release. This review introduces linker classifications and cleavage mechanisms, discusses modular linkers that promote the efficient synthesis of conjugates, and discusses the differences between linkage strategies. Furthermore, this article focuses on the implementation of self-assembly in drug conjugates, which is currently of great interest. Related concepts are introduced and relevant examples of their applications are provided. Furthermore, a comprehensive discourse is presented on the challenges that may arise in the research and clinical implementation of diverse linkage strategies, along with the associated enhancement measures. Finally, the factors that should be considered when designing linkage strategies for drug conjugates are summarized, offering strategies and ideas for scientists involved in drug conjugate research. It is particularly noteworthy that appropriate linkage strategies allow for the intracellular release of drugs after internalization of the conjugates, thereby maximizing their tumor cell-killing effect.

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In the last decade, the use of bioorthogonal chemistry toward medical applications has increased tremendously. Besides being useful for the production of pharmaceuticals, the efficient, nontoxic reactions open possibilities for the development of therapies that rely on in vivo chemistry between two bioorthogonal components. Here we discuss the latest developments in bioorthogonal chemistry, with a focus on their use in living organisms, the translation from model systems to humans, and the challenges encountered during preclinical development. We aim to provide the reader a broad presentation of the current state of the art and demonstrate the numerous possibilities that bioorthogonal reactions have for clinical use, now and in the near future.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an abundant and readily available carbon source. Its transformation into high-added-value chemicals is a beneficial strategy, which mitigates greenhouse gas emissions and provides new raw material sources for the chemical industry. Among these chemicals, the aromatic carboxylic acids and derivatives have broad applications in medicine, pesticides, and materials science. Therefore, the carboxylation of C(sp²)-X (X = metal, halide, H, O, or S) bonds with CO₂ to efficiently construct aromatic carboxylic acids and their derivatives is a synthetic strategy of significance. This review highlights the recent progress in constructing carboxylic acids and derivatives through the carboxylation of C(sp²)-X bonds with CO₂ including literature published from 2000 to December 2024.

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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly crystalline polymers that possess exceptional porosity and surface area, making them a subject of significant research interest. COF materials are synthesized by chemically linking organic molecules in a repetitive arrangement, creating a highly effective porous crystalline structure that adsorbs and retains gases. They are highly effective in removing impurities, such as CO₂, because of their desirable characteristics, such as durability, high reactivity, stable porosity, and increased surface area. This study offers a background overview, encompassing a concise discussion of the current issue of excessive carbon emissions, and a synopsis of the materials most frequently used for CO₂ collection. This review provides a detailed overview of COF materials, particularly emphasizing their synthesis methods and applications in carbon capture. It presents the latest research findings on COFs synthesized using various covalent bond formation techniques. Moreover, it discusses emerging trends and future prospects in this particular field.

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Cancer is a disease that claims millions of lives each year, often because early symptoms go unnoticed, a situation which severely impacts society. Point-of-care biosensors using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have the power to transform cancer biomarker detection due to their exceptional structural and conductive properties. This review discusses the electrochemical sensor’s design and development of electroactive MOF materials with mechanistic insights. It highlights recent advancements in utilizing MOF composites to effectively detect cancer biomarkers in real samples. The emphasis on the critical application of MOFs in breast cancer biomarker detection presents its importance for women’s health. The review thoroughly examines the adjustable structures, porosity, and fabrication capabilities of MOFs in identifying cancer biomarkers. It provides a detailed analysis of methods to enhance the sensitivity and applicability of MOF composites for cancer detection. Furthermore, the review explores strategies to boost sensor performance, tackles existing challenges head-on, and outlines promising prospects. It emphasizes the urgent need for advanced cancer detection tools and aims to motivate researchers to develop innovative solutions.

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The paper discusses cancer’s impact, electrochemical sensing with MOFs, and recent advances in detecting biomarkers in real samples. It focuses on using MOFs for breast cancer detection in women, highlighting their potential in identifying cancer biomarkers. It also explores strategies to enhance sensor capacity, address challenges, and outline prospects to inspire researchers to develop advanced cancer detection tools.

Since the discovery of Schiff bases over one and a half centuries ago, there has been tremendous research activity in the design of various Schiff bases and examination of their diverse structures and versatile applications. This family of compounds has continued to captivate many research groups due to the simplicity of their synthesis through the condensation of amines with carbonyl compounds. While conventional synthesis has been the most widely used, green synthetic methodologies have been also explored for this reaction, including sonication, microwave-assisted, natural acid-catalyzed and mechanochemical syntheses as well as utilizing ionic liquid solvents or deep eutectic solvents. Schiff bases have been utilized as excellent ligands for coordination to transition metals and late transition metals (lanthanides and actinides). These Schiff base compounds can be mono-, di-, or polydentate ligands. The aim of this review is to examine the biological applications of Schiff base complexes over the past decade with particular focus on their antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Schiff base complexes have been found effective in combating bacterial and fungal infections with numerous examples in the literature. The review addressed this area by focusing on the very recent examples while using tables to summarize the vast breadth of research according to the metallic moieties. Viruses have continued to be a target of many researchers in light of their continuous mutations and impact on human health, and therefore some examples of Schiff base complexes with antiviral activity are described. Cancer continues to be among the leading causes of death worldwide. In this article, the use of Schiff base complexes for, and the mechanisms associated with, their anticancer activity are highlighted. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or intercalation with DNA base pairs leading to cell cycle arrest were the main mechanisms described. While there have been some efforts made to use Schiff base complexes as antidiabetic or anti-inflammatory agents, there are limited examples when compared with antimicrobial and anticancer studies. The conclusion of this review highlights the emerging areas of research and future perspectives with an emphasis on the potential uses of Schiff bases in the treatment of infectious and noninfectious diseases.

The Petasis reaction has introduced significant advancements through the use of various catalysts, solvents, methodologies, and substrates in diverse areas of chemistry, including medicinal, organic, combinatorial, biochemical, and heterocyclic chemistry. It is a prominent method for synthesizing compounds such as α-amino acids, β-amino alcohols, Aza-beta-lactams, alkylaminophenols, α-arylglycines, 2H-chromenes, aminophenols, and hydrazide alcohols. With the increasing demand for medicines, drugs, industrial products, insecticides, and pesticides, the Petasis reaction has become an indispensable and versatile tool. This review explores the range of reaction components, key mechanisms, and reaction conditions associated with the Petasis reaction. Additionally, the paper delves into the potential future directions of this reaction and highlights its various applications.

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BCP (bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane) is an ideal saturated carbon bioisostere, instead of the traditional benzene group, which has been extensively developed. As a novel building block, BCP could be directly involved in a variety of synthetic methods and widely used in the last-stage modification of drugs, attracting much attention from organic chemists and pharmacists. Radical-type cross-coupling reactions involving BCP enable the simultaneous formation of multiple chemical bonds (e.g., C−C, C−N, C−B, C−S, and C−Si) through metal catalysis, photocatalysis, metal-photo synergistic catalysis, and other catalytic systems. Various radical precursors have been explored, facilitating cross-coupling reactions that directly incorporate BCP. This review highlights these state-of-the-art radical couplings of BCP since 2017, organized by reaction components with emphasis on the scope of substrates, reaction mechanisms, and synthetic applications.

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Carbazoles are nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycles, having widespread applications in the field of photovoltaics. Carbazole-based photosensitizers have tunable features for absorption on semi-conductor (tellurium dioxide or zinc oxide) layers to create sufficient push–pull force in the conversion of sunlight into electrical energy, thus presenting as promising heterocyclic donor candidates to be used in dye-sensitized solar cells. For the synthesis of these dyes, various structural designs are available, namely, D-A, D-π-A, D-D-π-A, D-A-π-A, A-π-D-π-A-π-A, and D2-π-A that all involve incorporating carbazole as a donor (D), along with spacer (π-extender) moieties, such as thiophene, phenol, ethynylene, nitromethane, azine, thiadiazole, or acetonitrile. Additionally, acceptors (A) employed in the designs include cyanoacrylic acids, carboxylic acids, malononitrile, rhodanine-3-acetic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, or 4-amino salicylic acid. This comprehensive review explores the synthesis and photovoltaic performances of numerous carbazole-based photosensitizers tailored for dye-sensitized solar cells, covering the period of 2019–2023.