Pub Date : 2008-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033169
J. Postgate
Starting from the Late Bronze to Iron Age stratigraphic sequence at Kilise Tepe in the Goksu valley, this contribution explores some of the difficulties encountered fixing it in time. One major problem centres round the cessation of Hittite political control: the historical sources suggest that this would have been in the early twelfth century, and both Level IIc and lid, which is datable to around 1170 BC on the basis ofLH IIIc Mycenaean ceramics, were destroyed about this time. Yet stratigraphy indicates that the major change in the material culture of Kilise Tepe occurred significantly earlier, at the initial foundation of the Level II Stele Building on a different alignment from the Level III architecture, which is characterized by recognizably 'Hittite' ceramics. As for later in the Iron Age, our assemblage of'White Painted IV' ceramics proves not to provide the chronological fixed point one might hope for, because of the uncertainties which affect the dating of similar wares on Cyprus and at Tarsus; and before this, although alongside developments in the locally produced wares we can see imports or imitations of other Eastern Mediterranean traditions, they too fail to provide fixed points in the absence of radiocarbon or dendrochronological precisions.
{"title":"The Chronology of the Iron Age seen from Kilise Tepe","authors":"J. Postgate","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033169","url":null,"abstract":"Starting from the Late Bronze to Iron Age stratigraphic sequence at Kilise Tepe in the Goksu valley, this contribution explores some of the difficulties encountered fixing it in time. One major problem centres round the cessation of Hittite political control: the historical sources suggest that this would have been in the early twelfth century, and both Level IIc and lid, which is datable to around 1170 BC on the basis ofLH IIIc Mycenaean ceramics, were destroyed about this time. Yet stratigraphy indicates that the major change in the material culture of Kilise Tepe occurred significantly earlier, at the initial foundation of the Level II Stele Building on a different alignment from the Level III architecture, which is characterized by recognizably 'Hittite' ceramics. As for later in the Iron Age, our assemblage of'White Painted IV' ceramics proves not to provide the chronological fixed point one might hope for, because of the uncertainties which affect the dating of similar wares on Cyprus and at Tarsus; and before this, although alongside developments in the locally produced wares we can see imports or imitations of other Eastern Mediterranean traditions, they too fail to provide fixed points in the absence of radiocarbon or dendrochronological precisions.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"166-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67819223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033163
Keith Devries
This paper is a further contribution to Gordion chronology. It examines a range of diagnostic archaeological features as defined by the sequence of deposits at Gordion, which support the new radiocarbon dates that place the Destruction Level well before the time of Midas. A range of artifacts, such as fibulae, are examined in detail and compared with those from neighbouring sites.
{"title":"The Age of Midas at Gordion and Beyond","authors":"Keith Devries","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033163","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a further contribution to Gordion chronology. It examines a range of diagnostic archaeological features as defined by the sequence of deposits at Gordion, which support the new radiocarbon dates that place the Destruction Level well before the time of Midas. A range of artifacts, such as fibulae, are examined in detail and compared with those from neighbouring sites.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"30-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67819422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033171
G. D. Summers
This paper considers the complexities of chronology, periodisation and terminology in the Iron Age of the Anatolian Plateau, and particularly of the central portion of the region which lays to the east and north of the Kizilirmak (the Red River). Cultural and historical trajectories in this highland area were not always parallel to those in adjacent areas, such as Phrygia or the lands of Tabal, and notably different to more distant regions, including for example Assyria, Urartu, Persia or Lydia. Further, terminologies which might seem less than fully appropriate have become inexorably embedded in archaeological literature. There appears to be no viable alternative to the current situation in which each major excavation develops its own site-specific terms and chronological schemes.
{"title":"Periodisation and Terminology in the Central Anatolian Iron Age : Archaeology, History and Audiences","authors":"G. D. Summers","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033171","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the complexities of chronology, periodisation and terminology in the Iron Age of the Anatolian Plateau, and particularly of the central portion of the region which lays to the east and north of the Kizilirmak (the Red River). Cultural and historical trajectories in this highland area were not always parallel to those in adjacent areas, such as Phrygia or the lands of Tabal, and notably different to more distant regions, including for example Assyria, Urartu, Persia or Lydia. Further, terminologies which might seem less than fully appropriate have become inexorably embedded in archaeological literature. There appears to be no viable alternative to the current situation in which each major excavation develops its own site-specific terms and chronological schemes.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"202-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67820373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033173
F. I. Andersen
{"title":"Advances in the Lexicography of Biblical Languages","authors":"F. I. Andersen","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"235-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67820382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033161
O. Cevik
Nomenclature and conflicting chronologies continue to bedevil the study of Iron Age cultures around the region of Lake Van. Presently, it is difficult to integrate the cultural trajectories of highland cultures as defined by researchers working in eastern Anatolia, northwest Iran and southern Caucasus. This paper presents the key data from the neighbouring regions in an attempt to highlight the problem and hopefully initiate discussion on how to resolve it.
{"title":"Periodisation Criteria for Iron Age Chronology in Eastern Anatolia and Neighbouring Regions","authors":"O. Cevik","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033161","url":null,"abstract":"Nomenclature and conflicting chronologies continue to bedevil the study of Iron Age cultures around the region of Lake Van. Presently, it is difficult to integrate the cultural trajectories of highland cultures as defined by researchers working in eastern Anatolia, northwest Iran and southern Caucasus. This paper presents the key data from the neighbouring regions in an attempt to highlight the problem and hopefully initiate discussion on how to resolve it.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67819398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033170
Lynn E. Roller
The chronology of Phrygian sculpture has always been difficult to determine with certainty because of the lack of historical data or secure archaeological contexts in Phrygia. This paper examines the chronology of Phrygian sculpture during the Early Phrygian period, integrating data based on the new, higher chronology of the Gordion Destruction Level with that drawn from datable orthostate reliefs from Neo-Hittite centers in southeastern Anatolia, which exerted a strong influence on early Phrygian visual representations. It can be shown that material from the late ninth century BCE Gordion Destruction Level corresponds well with the chronology Neo-Hittite relief sculpture. Archaeological evidence from Gordion also supports an eighth century date for the introduction of the anthropomorphic image of the Phrygian Mother goddess. The paper urges caution in proposing a sequence of chronological development for Phrygian sculpture from subsequent periods when archaeological or historical data are absent.
{"title":"Early Phrygian Sculpture : Refining the Chronology","authors":"Lynn E. Roller","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033170","url":null,"abstract":"The chronology of Phrygian sculpture has always been difficult to determine with certainty because of the lack of historical data or secure archaeological contexts in Phrygia. This paper examines the chronology of Phrygian sculpture during the Early Phrygian period, integrating data based on the new, higher chronology of the Gordion Destruction Level with that drawn from datable orthostate reliefs from Neo-Hittite centers in southeastern Anatolia, which exerted a strong influence on early Phrygian visual representations. It can be shown that material from the late ninth century BCE Gordion Destruction Level corresponds well with the chronology Neo-Hittite relief sculpture. Archaeological evidence from Gordion also supports an eighth century date for the introduction of the anthropomorphic image of the Phrygian Mother goddess. The paper urges caution in proposing a sequence of chronological development for Phrygian sculpture from subsequent periods when archaeological or historical data are absent.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"188-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67820312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033172
D. Ussishkin
This paper summarises the Iron Age chronology of ancient Israel. The written data are few. In addition to the historical parts of the Old Testament there are some external references to events in the country and a few inscriptions were recovered in the excavations. The chronological framework of the Iron Age is primarily based on data from four sites - Megiddo, Lachish, Samaria and Jerusalem. Four related problems are also dicussed: The date of the Philistine migration and settlement; The campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I/Shishak; the foundation of Samaria and Jezreel; and the archaeology of Jerusalem during the Iron Age and its implications. Finally, the current scholarly debate on the chronology of the tenth-ninth centuries and the application of the 14 C dating method for establishing the chronology of this period are discussed.
{"title":"The Chronology of the Iron Age in Israel : The Current State of Research","authors":"D. Ussishkin","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033172","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarises the Iron Age chronology of ancient Israel. The written data are few. In addition to the historical parts of the Old Testament there are some external references to events in the country and a few inscriptions were recovered in the excavations. The chronological framework of the Iron Age is primarily based on data from four sites - Megiddo, Lachish, Samaria and Jerusalem. Four related problems are also dicussed: The date of the Philistine migration and settlement; The campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I/Shishak; the foundation of Samaria and Jezreel; and the archaeology of Jerusalem during the Iron Age and its implications. Finally, the current scholarly debate on the chronology of the tenth-ninth centuries and the application of the 14 C dating method for establishing the chronology of this period are discussed.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"218-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67820376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033168
F. J. Kreppner
The complete ground plan (5400 m 2 ) of the so-called Red House has been excavated at Tall Sheikh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu on the Habur River in Northern Mesopotamia. Cuneiform tablets can date the period in which the Red House was in use to the reign of the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Large quantities of pottery were found on the floors covered by the destruction debris. Pottery from go rooms has provided insight into a wide range of forms and their functions, which occurred simultaneously. The analysis of the stratigraphic sequence covering a time span from the late Neo-Assyrian period (seventh century BC) to the turn of the sixth to the fifth century BC clearly demonstrates that there is continuity in both wares and forms. This result calls for a re-evaluation of Iron Age chronology based on pottery periodisation, especially the differentiation of Neo-Assyrian and 'Post-Assyrian' pottery.
{"title":"The Collapse of the Assyrian Empire and the Continuity of Ceramic Culture: The Case of the Red House at Tall Sheikh Hamad","authors":"F. J. Kreppner","doi":"10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033168","url":null,"abstract":"The complete ground plan (5400 m 2 ) of the so-called Red House has been excavated at Tall Sheikh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu on the Habur River in Northern Mesopotamia. Cuneiform tablets can date the period in which the Red House was in use to the reign of the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Large quantities of pottery were found on the floors covered by the destruction debris. Pottery from go rooms has provided insight into a wide range of forms and their functions, which occurred simultaneously. The analysis of the stratigraphic sequence covering a time span from the late Neo-Assyrian period (seventh century BC) to the turn of the sixth to the fifth century BC clearly demonstrates that there is continuity in both wares and forms. This result calls for a re-evaluation of Iron Age chronology based on pottery periodisation, especially the differentiation of Neo-Assyrian and 'Post-Assyrian' pottery.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"45 1","pages":"147-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67819543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022823
A. Rubin
The origins of the third person preformatives I- and n- in the Eastern Aramaic dialects and in Biblical Aramaic have never been satisfactorily explained. In this paper, we will re-examine all of the evidence as we survey four centuries of previous attempts to tackle this issue. Though we will conclude that the current prevailing theory is in fact the correct one, we will demonstrate for the first time exactly why it is correct (and why other theories cannot be correct) and explain why this development took place in these dialects. We will also consider a similar development in Tigre in order to lend further support to our conclusions.
{"title":"On the Third Person Preformative l-/n-in Aramaic, and an Ethiopic Parallel","authors":"A. Rubin","doi":"10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022823","url":null,"abstract":"The origins of the third person preformatives I- and n- in the Eastern Aramaic dialects and in Biblical Aramaic have never been satisfactorily explained. In this paper, we will re-examine all of the evidence as we survey four centuries of previous attempts to tackle this issue. Though we will conclude that the current prevailing theory is in fact the correct one, we will demonstrate for the first time exactly why it is correct (and why other theories cannot be correct) and explain why this development took place in these dialects. We will also consider a similar development in Tigre in order to lend further support to our conclusions.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67818449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-31DOI: 10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022824
Shamir Yona
The evidence we present here leads to the inescapable conclusion that the Aramaic proverbs of Ahiqar embody the rhetorical patterns and stylistic devices that constitute the literary legacy of the ancient Near East. Moreover, careful attention to the rhetorical patterns employed in a given aphorism is vital to uncovering the precise meaning of the aphorism. In addition, as we show, identification of the rhetorical pattern of a given aphorism frequently enables one to make the correct choice among the various suggestions that have been offered to fill in the lacunae in the damaged portions of the Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar recovered from Elephantine. In other words, the identification and analysis of the rhetorical patterns in the Proverbs of Ahiqar is not ancillary to the study of the corpus but central to the determination of the content and message of the wisdom of Ahiqar.
{"title":"Shared Stylistic Patterns in the Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar and Hebrew Wisdom","authors":"Shamir Yona","doi":"10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022824","url":null,"abstract":"The evidence we present here leads to the inescapable conclusion that the Aramaic proverbs of Ahiqar embody the rhetorical patterns and stylistic devices that constitute the literary legacy of the ancient Near East. Moreover, careful attention to the rhetorical patterns employed in a given aphorism is vital to uncovering the precise meaning of the aphorism. In addition, as we show, identification of the rhetorical pattern of a given aphorism frequently enables one to make the correct choice among the various suggestions that have been offered to fill in the lacunae in the damaged portions of the Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar recovered from Elephantine. In other words, the identification and analysis of the rhetorical patterns in the Proverbs of Ahiqar is not ancillary to the study of the corpus but central to the determination of the content and message of the wisdom of Ahiqar.","PeriodicalId":80328,"journal":{"name":"Abr-Nahrain : an annual under the auspices of the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne","volume":"44 1","pages":"29-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/ANES.44.0.2022824","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67818526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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