Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is collaborating with Waukesha Electric Systems (WES) to develop a high‐temperature superconducting (HTSC) utility power transformer with primary and secondary coils cooled by liquid nitrogen. Since the vacuum‐insulated cryogenic coil dewar surrounds the magnetic core limb and cannot form a shorted turn, non‐conductive materials are required. Two test vessels and a small prototype dewar have been fabricated by Scorpius Space Launch Company with epoxy/fiberglass composites, using their proprietary PRESSURMAXX vessel technology. The effects of pumping time, bakeout temperature, and cryogenic vessel temperature on vacuum outgassing rates have been investigated. Outgassing rates of the individual materials used in vessel construction have also been measured. The results will be scaled up to determine the required pumping capacity for a full‐size 25‐MVA commercial transformer dewar.
橡树岭国家实验室(ORNL)正在与Waukesha电气系统公司(WES)合作开发一种高温超导(HTSC)公用电力变压器，该变压器的一次线圈和二次线圈由液氮冷却。由于真空绝缘的低温杜瓦线圈环绕在磁芯边缘，不能形成短匝，因此需要非导电材料。Scorpius Space Launch Company使用其专有的PRESSURMAXX容器技术，用环氧树脂/玻璃纤维复合材料制造了两个测试容器和一个小型杜瓦瓶原型。研究了抽气时间、烘培温度和低温容器温度对真空放气速率的影响。还测量了船舶建造中使用的各种材料的放气率。结果将按比例放大，以确定全尺寸25 MVA商用杜瓦变压器所需的泵送能力。
{"title":"Vacuum Studies of a Prototype Composite Coil Dewar for HTSC Transformers","authors":"S. Schwenterly, Y. Zhang, E. Pleva, M. Rufer","doi":"10.1063/1.3422428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3422428","url":null,"abstract":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is collaborating with Waukesha Electric Systems (WES) to develop a high‐temperature superconducting (HTSC) utility power transformer with primary and secondary coils cooled by liquid nitrogen. Since the vacuum‐insulated cryogenic coil dewar surrounds the magnetic core limb and cannot form a shorted turn, non‐conductive materials are required. Two test vessels and a small prototype dewar have been fabricated by Scorpius Space Launch Company with epoxy/fiberglass composites, using their proprietary PRESSURMAXX vessel technology. The effects of pumping time, bakeout temperature, and cryogenic vessel temperature on vacuum outgassing rates have been investigated. Outgassing rates of the individual materials used in vessel construction have also been measured. The results will be scaled up to determine the required pumping capacity for a full‐size 25‐MVA commercial transformer dewar.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.3422428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58870769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Berryhill, D. Coffey, R. W. McGhee, E. Burkhardt
Cryomagnetics' new “C-Mag Optical” Magneto-Optic Property Measurement System is a versatile materials and device characterization system that allows the researcher to simultaneously control the applied magnetic field and temperature of a sample while studying its electrical and optic properties. The system integrates a totally liquid cryogen-free 6T superconducting split-pair magnet with a variable temperature sample space, both cooled using a single 4.2K pulse tube refrigerator. To avoid warming the magnet when operating a sample at elevated temperatures, a novel heat switch was developed. The heat switch allows the sample temperature to be varied from 10K to 300K while maintaining the magnet at 4.2K or below. In this paper, the design and performance of the overall magnet system and the heat switch will be presented. New concepts for the next generation system will also be discussed.
{"title":"NOVEL INTEGRATION OF A 6T CRYOGEN-FREE MAGNETO-OPTICAL SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE TEMPERATURE SAMPLE USING A SINGLE CRYOCOOLER","authors":"A. Berryhill, D. Coffey, R. W. McGhee, E. Burkhardt","doi":"10.1063/1.2908515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908515","url":null,"abstract":"Cryomagnetics' new “C-Mag Optical” Magneto-Optic Property Measurement System is a versatile materials and device characterization system that allows the researcher to simultaneously control the applied magnetic field and temperature of a sample while studying its electrical and optic properties. The system integrates a totally liquid cryogen-free 6T superconducting split-pair magnet with a variable temperature sample space, both cooled using a single 4.2K pulse tube refrigerator. To avoid warming the magnet when operating a sample at elevated temperatures, a novel heat switch was developed. The heat switch allows the sample temperature to be varied from 10K to 300K while maintaining the magnet at 4.2K or below. In this paper, the design and performance of the overall magnet system and the heat switch will be presented. New concepts for the next generation system will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The forced convection heat transfer coefficients were measured on two pairs of test plates all 6.0 mm in width and located face to face on inner walls of a rectangular duct. Each pair having length of 20 mm and 80 mm, respectively, was connected in series electrically. The rectangular duct was 420 mm in length and 5 mm×6 mm in inner cross section. The experiments were performed for inlet temperatures from 2.2 to 6.5 K, flow velocities from 0.1 to 5.6 m/s, and at a supercritical pressure of 2.8 atm. Comparison of the obtained Nusselt numbers with the former results with a single test plate showed the clear effect of a heated perimeter. Non-dimensional heat transfer equation including the effect of heated perimeter is presented.
{"title":"Effect of Heated Perimeter on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of he i at a Supercritical Pressure","authors":"D. Doi, M. Shiotsu, Y. Shirai, K. Hama","doi":"10.1063/1.2908464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908464","url":null,"abstract":"The forced convection heat transfer coefficients were measured on two pairs of test plates all 6.0 mm in width and located face to face on inner walls of a rectangular duct. Each pair having length of 20 mm and 80 mm, respectively, was connected in series electrically. The rectangular duct was 420 mm in length and 5 mm×6 mm in inner cross section. The experiments were performed for inlet temperatures from 2.2 to 6.5 K, flow velocities from 0.1 to 5.6 m/s, and at a supercritical pressure of 2.8 atm. Comparison of the obtained Nusselt numbers with the former results with a single test plate showed the clear effect of a heated perimeter. Non-dimensional heat transfer equation including the effect of heated perimeter is presented.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the CEC 2005 a paper with the title “Helium refrigerator design for pulsed heat load in Tokamaks” was presented. That paper highlighted the control requirements for cryogenic refrigerators to cope with the expected load variations of future nuclear fusion reactors. First dynamic computer simulations have been presented.In the mean time, the computer program is enhanced and a new series of process simulations are available. The new program considers not only the heat flows and the temperature variations within the heat exchangers, but also the variation of mass flows and pressure drops. The heat transfer numbers now are calculated in dependence of the flow speed and the gas properties. PI-controllers calculate the necessary position of specific valves for maintaining pressures, temperatures and the rotation speed of turbines.Still unsatisfactory is the fact, that changes in the process arrangement usually are attended by adjustments in the program code. It is the main objective of the next step of devel...
{"title":"RECENT PROGRESS IN DYNAMIC PROCESS SIMULATION OF CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATORS","authors":"A. Kuendig","doi":"10.1063/1.2908680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908680","url":null,"abstract":"At the CEC 2005 a paper with the title “Helium refrigerator design for pulsed heat load in Tokamaks” was presented. That paper highlighted the control requirements for cryogenic refrigerators to cope with the expected load variations of future nuclear fusion reactors. First dynamic computer simulations have been presented.In the mean time, the computer program is enhanced and a new series of process simulations are available. The new program considers not only the heat flows and the temperature variations within the heat exchangers, but also the variation of mass flows and pressure drops. The heat transfer numbers now are calculated in dependence of the flow speed and the gas properties. PI-controllers calculate the necessary position of specific valves for maintaining pressures, temperatures and the rotation speed of turbines.Still unsatisfactory is the fact, that changes in the process arrangement usually are attended by adjustments in the program code. It is the main objective of the next step of devel...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. Potratz, T. D. Abbott, M. Johnson, K. Albaugh
A large capacity Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler has been successfully developed by Praxair Inc. Performance testing of both the prototype and initial production models of the pulse tube cryocooler has verified a refrigeration capacity of 1kW at 77K using a 20kW dual-opposed pressure wave generator from CFIC Inc. These results were obtained using nitrogen subcooling test methods. The cryocooler design incorporates sophisticated geometry to successfully minimize streaming other and loss mechanisms which have limited the performance of previous large pulse tube cryocooler designs. The intended application of this unit is for the commercial HTS (High Temperature Superconductivity) market. The current design will be deployed for field testing in Columbus, OH where reliability performance will be measured in an operating HTS application.
{"title":"Stirling-Type Pulse Tube Cryocooler with 1KW of Refrigeration at 77K","authors":"S. A. Potratz, T. D. Abbott, M. Johnson, K. Albaugh","doi":"10.1063/1.2908581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908581","url":null,"abstract":"A large capacity Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler has been successfully developed by Praxair Inc. Performance testing of both the prototype and initial production models of the pulse tube cryocooler has verified a refrigeration capacity of 1kW at 77K using a 20kW dual-opposed pressure wave generator from CFIC Inc. These results were obtained using nitrogen subcooling test methods. The cryocooler design incorporates sophisticated geometry to successfully minimize streaming other and loss mechanisms which have limited the performance of previous large pulse tube cryocooler designs. The intended application of this unit is for the commercial HTS (High Temperature Superconductivity) market. The current design will be deployed for field testing in Columbus, OH where reliability performance will be measured in an operating HTS application.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Dauguet, G. Gistau-Baguer, M. Bonneton, J. Boissin, E. Fauve, Jean Bernhardt, J. Beauvisage, F. Andrieu
Fusion of Hydrogen to produce energy is one of the technologies under study to meet the mankind raising need in energy and as a substitute to fossil fuels for the future. This technology is under investigation for more than 30 years already, with, for example, the former construction of the experimental reactors Tore Supra, DIII-D and JET. With the construction of ITER to start, the next step to “fusion for energy” will be done. In these projects, an extensive use of cryogenic systems is requested. Air Liquide has been involved as cryogenic partner in most of former and presently constructed fusion reactors. In the present paper, a review of the cryogenic systems we delivered to Tore Supra, JET, IPR and KSTAR will be presented.
{"title":"CRYOGENICS FOR FUSION","authors":"P. Dauguet, G. Gistau-Baguer, M. Bonneton, J. Boissin, E. Fauve, Jean Bernhardt, J. Beauvisage, F. Andrieu","doi":"10.1063/1.2908540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908540","url":null,"abstract":"Fusion of Hydrogen to produce energy is one of the technologies under study to meet the mankind raising need in energy and as a substitute to fossil fuels for the future. This technology is under investigation for more than 30 years already, with, for example, the former construction of the experimental reactors Tore Supra, DIII-D and JET. With the construction of ITER to start, the next step to “fusion for energy” will be done. In these projects, an extensive use of cryogenic systems is requested. Air Liquide has been involved as cryogenic partner in most of former and presently constructed fusion reactors. In the present paper, a review of the cryogenic systems we delivered to Tore Supra, JET, IPR and KSTAR will be presented.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. S. Choi, T. Painter, D. L. Kim, B. Lee, H. Yang
The helium liquefaction system using a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler is developed. The main objective of this study is to confirm the feasibility of our recently proposed cryogenic design for a 21 T FT-ICR superconducting magnet system by the closed-loop concept without any replenishment of cryogen. Since the cold surface of a cryocooler is very limited, a cylindrical copper fin is thermally anchored to the first and second stage coldheads in order to extend the available heat transfer surface. A heat exchange tube is soldered on the outer surface of each cylindrical fin and heat exchange occurs between the tube and helium which is passing through the tube. The temperature distributions along the copper cylinder and heat exchanger are analyzed by the numerical method taking into account the fin efficiency of the extended surface. The effect of helium gas flow on the temperature distribution during cool-down process is also presented.
研制了采用两级脉冲管制冷机的氦液化系统。本研究的主要目的是通过闭环概念确认我们最近提出的21 T FT-ICR超导磁体系统低温设计的可行性，而无需补充任何冷冻剂。由于低温冷却器的冷表面是非常有限的，一个圆柱形的铜翅片热锚定在第一级和第二级冷头，以扩大可用的传热表面。在每个圆柱形翅片的外表面焊接热交换管，热交换管与穿过管的氦气之间进行热交换。在考虑扩展面翅片效率的情况下，采用数值方法分析了沿铜筒和换热器的温度分布。分析了冷却过程中氦气流量对温度分布的影响。
{"title":"HELIUM-LIQUEFACTION BY A CRYOCOOLER IN CLOSED-LOOP COOLING SYSTEM FOR 21 T FT-ICR MAGNETS","authors":"Y. S. Choi, T. Painter, D. L. Kim, B. Lee, H. Yang","doi":"10.1063/1.2908570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908570","url":null,"abstract":"The helium liquefaction system using a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler is developed. The main objective of this study is to confirm the feasibility of our recently proposed cryogenic design for a 21 T FT-ICR superconducting magnet system by the closed-loop concept without any replenishment of cryogen. Since the cold surface of a cryocooler is very limited, a cylindrical copper fin is thermally anchored to the first and second stage coldheads in order to extend the available heat transfer surface. A heat exchange tube is soldered on the outer surface of each cylindrical fin and heat exchange occurs between the tube and helium which is passing through the tube. The temperature distributions along the copper cylinder and heat exchanger are analyzed by the numerical method taking into account the fin efficiency of the extended surface. The effect of helium gas flow on the temperature distribution during cool-down process is also presented.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908570","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Henry, F. Michel, P. Roussel, P. Reynaud, J. Journeaux, J. Maréchal, D. Balaguer, C. Roux, M. Matsukawa, Kiyoshi Yoshida
In the framework of the ITER Broader Approach, CEA is carrying out the procurement of the Cryogenic System to the JA-EU Satellite Tokamak JT-60SA, which should be operated in Japan at JAEA, Naka in 2014. According to the Conceptual Design Report, JT-60SA is to operate for periods of at least 6 months per year, with major shutdown periods in between for maintenance and further installation upgrades. For this operation scenario, the cryoplant and the cryodistribution have to cope with different heat loads which depend on the different JT-60SA operating states. The cryoplant consists of one 4.5 K refrigerator and one 80 K helium loop, each pre-cooled by LN2. These cryogenic subsystems have to operate simultaneously in order to remove the heat loads from the superconducting magnets, 80 K shields and the divertor cryopumps.The first part of this study is based on the Process Flow Diagram (PFD) and presents the current design status of the JT-60SA cryogenic system. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the cryoplant normal operation modes including the regeneration mode of the divertor cryopumps.Thanks to this analysis, the architecture of the present PFD is proposed in order to match the technical specifications of the cryoplant with the JT-60SA operation requirements.
{"title":"THE JT-60SA CRYOPLANT CURRENT DESIGN STATUS","authors":"D. Henry, F. Michel, P. Roussel, P. Reynaud, J. Journeaux, J. Maréchal, D. Balaguer, C. Roux, M. Matsukawa, Kiyoshi Yoshida","doi":"10.1063/1.2908583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908583","url":null,"abstract":"In the framework of the ITER Broader Approach, CEA is carrying out the procurement of the Cryogenic System to the JA-EU Satellite Tokamak JT-60SA, which should be operated in Japan at JAEA, Naka in 2014. According to the Conceptual Design Report, JT-60SA is to operate for periods of at least 6 months per year, with major shutdown periods in between for maintenance and further installation upgrades. For this operation scenario, the cryoplant and the cryodistribution have to cope with different heat loads which depend on the different JT-60SA operating states. The cryoplant consists of one 4.5 K refrigerator and one 80 K helium loop, each pre-cooled by LN2. These cryogenic subsystems have to operate simultaneously in order to remove the heat loads from the superconducting magnets, 80 K shields and the divertor cryopumps.The first part of this study is based on the Process Flow Diagram (PFD) and presents the current design status of the JT-60SA cryogenic system. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the cryoplant normal operation modes including the regeneration mode of the divertor cryopumps.Thanks to this analysis, the architecture of the present PFD is proposed in order to match the technical specifications of the cryoplant with the JT-60SA operation requirements.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Panchal, D. Sonara, B. Sarkar, R. Bhattacharya, R. Panchal, R. Patel, J. Tank, Manoj Singh, A. Sahu, Y. Saxena
Two-temperature regimes have been envisaged for the SST-1 machine, 80 K on the thermal shield and 4.5 K on the superconducting magnet system. The aim of temperature measurement is two folds (i) to monitor the temperature distribution as well as process parameters (ii) to achieve controlled cool down from 300 K to 4.5 K and 80 K. Temperature sensors have been mounted on cold surfaces at required locations to ease the operation during cool down and steady state. Techniques employed for temperature measurement and controls are based on continuous resistance measurement. Cernox™ sensors (Lakeshore made) and PT-102 have been used for the temperature measurement at 4.5 K and 80 K surfaces respectively. The data acquisition system (DAS) has been indigenously developed using 4-20 mA current loop temperature transmitter, which provided better functioning in terms of flexibility. The control functioning has been designed and developed using programmable logic controller with direct interfacing of the transmitter. T...
{"title":"INSTRUMENTATION, DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROLS FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT OF COLD SURFACES AT 4.5 K AND 80 K OF SST-1 MACHINE","authors":"P. Panchal, D. Sonara, B. Sarkar, R. Bhattacharya, R. Panchal, R. Patel, J. Tank, Manoj Singh, A. Sahu, Y. Saxena","doi":"10.1063/1.2908698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908698","url":null,"abstract":"Two-temperature regimes have been envisaged for the SST-1 machine, 80 K on the thermal shield and 4.5 K on the superconducting magnet system. The aim of temperature measurement is two folds (i) to monitor the temperature distribution as well as process parameters (ii) to achieve controlled cool down from 300 K to 4.5 K and 80 K. Temperature sensors have been mounted on cold surfaces at required locations to ease the operation during cool down and steady state. Techniques employed for temperature measurement and controls are based on continuous resistance measurement. Cernox™ sensors (Lakeshore made) and PT-102 have been used for the temperature measurement at 4.5 K and 80 K surfaces respectively. The data acquisition system (DAS) has been indigenously developed using 4-20 mA current loop temperature transmitter, which provided better functioning in terms of flexibility. The control functioning has been designed and developed using programmable logic controller with direct interfacing of the transmitter. T...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Campisi, F. Casagrande, M. Champion, M. Crofford, M. Howell, Y. Kang, Sang-Ho Kim, Z. Kursun, P. Ladd, D. Stout, W. Strong
At the Spallation Neutron Source, the first fully operational pulsed superconducting linac has been active for about two years. During this period, stable beam operation at 4.4 K has been achieved with beam for repetition rates up to 15 Hz and 30 Hz at 2.1 K. At the lower temperature 60 Hz RF pulses have been also used. Full beam energy has been achieved at 15 Hz and short beam pulses. Most of the time the superconducting cavities are operated at somewhat lower gradients to improve reliability. A large amount of data has been collected on the pulsed behavior of cavities and SRF modules at various repetition rates and at various temperatures. This experience will be of great value in determining future optimizations of SNS as well in guiding in the design and operation of future pulsed superconducting linacs. This paper describes the details of the cryogenic system and RF properties of the SNS superconducting linac.
{"title":"OPERATION OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING LINAC AT THE SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE","authors":"I. Campisi, F. Casagrande, M. Champion, M. Crofford, M. Howell, Y. Kang, Sang-Ho Kim, Z. Kursun, P. Ladd, D. Stout, W. Strong","doi":"10.1063/1.2908525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908525","url":null,"abstract":"At the Spallation Neutron Source, the first fully operational pulsed superconducting linac has been active for about two years. During this period, stable beam operation at 4.4 K has been achieved with beam for repetition rates up to 15 Hz and 30 Hz at 2.1 K. At the lower temperature 60 Hz RF pulses have been also used. Full beam energy has been achieved at 15 Hz and short beam pulses. Most of the time the superconducting cavities are operated at somewhat lower gradients to improve reliability. A large amount of data has been collected on the pulsed behavior of cavities and SRF modules at various repetition rates and at various temperatures. This experience will be of great value in determining future optimizations of SNS as well in guiding in the design and operation of future pulsed superconducting linacs. This paper describes the details of the cryogenic system and RF properties of the SNS superconducting linac.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58364993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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