Reprocessable and recyclable self-healing rubber composites were fabricated by mixing natural rubber (NR) with carbon black (CB) filler in the presence of zinc thiolate (ZT) to form the ionic association in the rubber system. This work investigated and compared the unfilled and natural rubber filled with 5phr of carbon black. The recycling process was repeated three times, and the mechanical performance was measured each time. Tensile strength was increased by more than 430% for unfilled rubber and 520% for NR/5CB composites after the third recycling process. Tear strength was also increased with the number of the recycling process. According to a welding test ability, the developed materials showed potential for repair. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that as the recycling number increased, the white spot of ZT responsible for generating the ionic network reduced as more ZT was converted into Zn2+ salt bonding.
{"title":"Reprocessable and Recyclable Self-Healing Natural Rubber/Carbon Black Composite Based on Metal Thiolate Ionic Network","authors":"Noor Faezah Mohd Sani, Lai Mei Fen, R. K. Shuib","doi":"10.4028/p-xyvs0h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-xyvs0h","url":null,"abstract":"Reprocessable and recyclable self-healing rubber composites were fabricated by mixing natural rubber (NR) with carbon black (CB) filler in the presence of zinc thiolate (ZT) to form the ionic association in the rubber system. This work investigated and compared the unfilled and natural rubber filled with 5phr of carbon black. The recycling process was repeated three times, and the mechanical performance was measured each time. Tensile strength was increased by more than 430% for unfilled rubber and 520% for NR/5CB composites after the third recycling process. Tear strength was also increased with the number of the recycling process. According to a welding test ability, the developed materials showed potential for repair. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that as the recycling number increased, the white spot of ZT responsible for generating the ionic network reduced as more ZT was converted into Zn2+ salt bonding.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139865882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuur Syuhada Dzulkafly, Anson Teh Tian Loke, A. Azura
Cellulose is a natural polymer with good properties that have caught researchers' attention to utilize these natural resources' potential. Cellulose also has been widely used as an alternative filler to replace inorganic filler in polymer composites. This review discussed the extraction of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). This review focused on the OPEFB due to the emergence of palm oil plantations which creates a high amount of biomass, whereas OPEFB is one of the major contributors. The utilization of cellulose application in the polymer focused on alternative fillers in latex application. The postulate crosslink mechanism in latex films is also described to highlight the potential of OPEFB as fillers in latex application. The utilization of OPEFB cellulose has the potential to be explore as bio-fillers with also impact the crosslinks mechanism in latex system which can improved the properties in latex composites.
{"title":"Cellulose-Based Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as an Alternative Filler for Latex Application: A Review","authors":"Nuur Syuhada Dzulkafly, Anson Teh Tian Loke, A. Azura","doi":"10.4028/p-5dfzfb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-5dfzfb","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose is a natural polymer with good properties that have caught researchers' attention to utilize these natural resources' potential. Cellulose also has been widely used as an alternative filler to replace inorganic filler in polymer composites. This review discussed the extraction of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). This review focused on the OPEFB due to the emergence of palm oil plantations which creates a high amount of biomass, whereas OPEFB is one of the major contributors. The utilization of cellulose application in the polymer focused on alternative fillers in latex application. The postulate crosslink mechanism in latex films is also described to highlight the potential of OPEFB as fillers in latex application. The utilization of OPEFB cellulose has the potential to be explore as bio-fillers with also impact the crosslinks mechanism in latex system which can improved the properties in latex composites.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139862396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents an analytical investigation of the vibration of fluid-conveying pipes on viscoelastic foundations using the differential transform method. The effects of a new time dependent viscosity parameter in the modified Winkler viscoelastic foundation is studied and analyzed. The governing equation is a fourth-order partial differential equation with pinned-pinned boundary conditions, which required a special analytical method for solution. The differential transform method was applied to obtain the solution of the governing partial differential equation for the fluid-conveying pipes on viscoelastic foundations. The time-dependent viscosity parameter in the modified Winkler viscoelastic model was implemented and simulated to determine the behavior of the viscoelastic foundation. The obtained analytical solution was validated with Runge-Kutta order four numerical method. The effects of foundation stiffness , coefficient of foundation damping and the frequency mass ratio on the governing model equation were investigated. In addition, the bending and deflection of the pipe on a viscoelastic foundation are compared with those on an elastic foundation. The analytical and the numerical solutions are in good agreement. From the study, it is observed that an increase in the foundation stiffness results in increase in the pipe inherent frequencies. Furthermore, the vibration of the pipe on a viscoelastic foundation shows better control and reduction compared with its vibration on an elastic foundation.
{"title":"Analytical Studies of Fluid Conveying Pipes on Viscoelastic Foundation Using Differential Transforms Method","authors":"O. Adeleye, A. Yinusa, Ihuoma V. Diwe","doi":"10.4028/p-ts7pbd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ts7pbd","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an analytical investigation of the vibration of fluid-conveying pipes on viscoelastic foundations using the differential transform method. The effects of a new time dependent viscosity parameter in the modified Winkler viscoelastic foundation is studied and analyzed. The governing equation is a fourth-order partial differential equation with pinned-pinned boundary conditions, which required a special analytical method for solution. The differential transform method was applied to obtain the solution of the governing partial differential equation for the fluid-conveying pipes on viscoelastic foundations. The time-dependent viscosity parameter in the modified Winkler viscoelastic model was implemented and simulated to determine the behavior of the viscoelastic foundation. The obtained analytical solution was validated with Runge-Kutta order four numerical method. The effects of foundation stiffness , coefficient of foundation damping and the frequency mass ratio on the governing model equation were investigated. In addition, the bending and deflection of the pipe on a viscoelastic foundation are compared with those on an elastic foundation. The analytical and the numerical solutions are in good agreement. From the study, it is observed that an increase in the foundation stiffness results in increase in the pipe inherent frequencies. Furthermore, the vibration of the pipe on a viscoelastic foundation shows better control and reduction compared with its vibration on an elastic foundation.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139865731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abu Dzar Johar, H. Mohamed, Z. Itam, N. Zahari, Z. C. Muda, A. Syamsir, S. Beddu, M. Zawawi, M. Zainoodin, Shaikh Muhammad Mubin, N. Kamal
Cenospheres are valuable material contained inside the fly ash. Its low weight, low density, and high strength made it very versatile and can be used in various fields. The way of separating the cenosphere from the fly ash consists of two categories, wet and dry separation. For wet separation, it involves submerging the fly ash inside a mixture made either by pure acetone, pure water, or a mixture of water and acetone with different mixing ratios before stirring the mixture. The cenospheres, floating on top of the mix due to low density, can be collected and dried. The dry separation technique involves putting the fly ash into a cyclone separator at a constant velocity. The fly ash will then move into the bottom of the cyclone. Particles can also be separated by diameter sizes by sieving. By manipulating various parameters, cenosphere yield may differ. This paper is written to help gain more understanding on cenosphere properties and its separation method.
{"title":"A Review on Methods of Cenosphere Separation from Fly Ash","authors":"Abu Dzar Johar, H. Mohamed, Z. Itam, N. Zahari, Z. C. Muda, A. Syamsir, S. Beddu, M. Zawawi, M. Zainoodin, Shaikh Muhammad Mubin, N. Kamal","doi":"10.4028/p-q3damx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-q3damx","url":null,"abstract":"Cenospheres are valuable material contained inside the fly ash. Its low weight, low density, and high strength made it very versatile and can be used in various fields. The way of separating the cenosphere from the fly ash consists of two categories, wet and dry separation. For wet separation, it involves submerging the fly ash inside a mixture made either by pure acetone, pure water, or a mixture of water and acetone with different mixing ratios before stirring the mixture. The cenospheres, floating on top of the mix due to low density, can be collected and dried. The dry separation technique involves putting the fly ash into a cyclone separator at a constant velocity. The fly ash will then move into the bottom of the cyclone. Particles can also be separated by diameter sizes by sieving. By manipulating various parameters, cenosphere yield may differ. This paper is written to help gain more understanding on cenosphere properties and its separation method.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139866046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. M. Salleh, Rohaya Othman, S. N. M. Sabri, Z. Mahim
The acetylene market is anticipated to be driven by the growing applications across numerous industries particularly chemical synthesis, oxy-acetylene welding, and metal cutting. Attributable to wide-range uses, acetylene witnesses stable growth in the global market. However, the production of acetylene results in increasing generation of carbide lime waste that is classified as a scheduled waste under Malaysian Environmental Quality Act: EQA 1974 (SW427) due to its high alkalinity. The rising amount of the waste has warranted the need for repurposing its usage to avert handling and disposal difficulties. In overcoming this crucial environmental issue, the carbide lime waste was transformed into a more marketable product so-called precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) via feasible carbonation, promoted using natural sucrose solution. During the carbonation process, stirring rate was manipulated (i.e 300, 500, 700 and 1000 rpm) in investigating its effects on the PCC formation. Increasing the mechanical disturbance resulted in significant time reduction from 28 minutes to only 9 minutes and particle refinement. The production of PCC with purity above 98% suggested that the carbide lime waste was successfully transformed into high-grade PCC, which not only may help in preserving environmental sustainability yet can also offer profitable return to industry.
{"title":"Transforming Carbide Lime Waste into Marketable PCC: Effect of Mechanical Disturbance","authors":"E. M. Salleh, Rohaya Othman, S. N. M. Sabri, Z. Mahim","doi":"10.4028/p-ycuq6s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ycuq6s","url":null,"abstract":"The acetylene market is anticipated to be driven by the growing applications across numerous industries particularly chemical synthesis, oxy-acetylene welding, and metal cutting. Attributable to wide-range uses, acetylene witnesses stable growth in the global market. However, the production of acetylene results in increasing generation of carbide lime waste that is classified as a scheduled waste under Malaysian Environmental Quality Act: EQA 1974 (SW427) due to its high alkalinity. The rising amount of the waste has warranted the need for repurposing its usage to avert handling and disposal difficulties. In overcoming this crucial environmental issue, the carbide lime waste was transformed into a more marketable product so-called precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) via feasible carbonation, promoted using natural sucrose solution. During the carbonation process, stirring rate was manipulated (i.e 300, 500, 700 and 1000 rpm) in investigating its effects on the PCC formation. Increasing the mechanical disturbance resulted in significant time reduction from 28 minutes to only 9 minutes and particle refinement. The production of PCC with purity above 98% suggested that the carbide lime waste was successfully transformed into high-grade PCC, which not only may help in preserving environmental sustainability yet can also offer profitable return to industry.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139804175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Boopalamani, P. Ayswariya, S. P. Raj, P. Yagnitha, N. Sarrvesh, Abhishek Jha
With the increasing population, the demand for food products is increasing day by day. The agriculture sector is adapting to technological reforms of traditional processes to maintain a proper balance between the demand-supply relationship. The intervention of the technology is resulting in the enhanced productivity of the agricultural process, and at the same time, it is also helping in the workload management of the farmers. In the last two decades, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have emerged as indispensable tools in modern agricultural processes. Drones and allied smart technologies are being used for a variety of applications in this sector. This work presents a comprehensive survey of drones in the agriculture sector. The latest trends in the usage of drones from agricultural viewpoints are discussed. The work emphasizes the drone’s architectures, sensor integration, and availability in the open market. Furthermore, the challenges associated with this technology are also outlined.
{"title":"A Survey of Drones in Agriculture Sector","authors":"J. Boopalamani, P. Ayswariya, S. P. Raj, P. Yagnitha, N. Sarrvesh, Abhishek Jha","doi":"10.4028/p-xcmkl4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-xcmkl4","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing population, the demand for food products is increasing day by day. The agriculture sector is adapting to technological reforms of traditional processes to maintain a proper balance between the demand-supply relationship. The intervention of the technology is resulting in the enhanced productivity of the agricultural process, and at the same time, it is also helping in the workload management of the farmers. In the last two decades, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have emerged as indispensable tools in modern agricultural processes. Drones and allied smart technologies are being used for a variety of applications in this sector. This work presents a comprehensive survey of drones in the agriculture sector. The latest trends in the usage of drones from agricultural viewpoints are discussed. The work emphasizes the drone’s architectures, sensor integration, and availability in the open market. Furthermore, the challenges associated with this technology are also outlined.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139803362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. R. Saleman, Ridhwan Jumaidin, Al Amin Mohamed Sultan, U. Azlan, Muhammad Zulfattah Zakaria
Water treatment sludge (WTS) is a by-product produced in the process of water treatment plants (WTP). It is estimated that an ordinary WTP produces over 10,000 tonnes of WTS per day, which has become a major concern in the management of WTS. Numerous previous studies have been accomplished to determine a safe disposal method and the potential reuse of WTS. In most investigations, material characterisation was the adopted method. It is known that each WTP produces different chemical composition of WTS according to raw water intake and the treatment process. The aim of this paper is to examine the chemical composition of WTS in the WTP at Melaka. The WTS sample is collected from WTP after the pressing process, where large amounts of water have been removed. The sample is tested using the Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The SEM-EDX results revealed that by weight percentage (%), WTS contains zirconium (Zr) (28 to 46%), oxygen (28 to 40%) and carbon (7 to 26%). Aluminium and silicon have weight percentages ranging from 7 to 8%. The outcomes are then confirmed by XRD, which showed the high intensity of Zr and α-Zr at approximately 35.3 and 36.1. of 2θ. Based on these findings, the suitable and potential reuse of WTS would be the extraction of Zr. However, further research is required to verify the consistency of Zr in WTS.
{"title":"Characterisation of Water Treatment Sludge (WTS) at a Water Treatment Plant in Melaka","authors":"A. R. Saleman, Ridhwan Jumaidin, Al Amin Mohamed Sultan, U. Azlan, Muhammad Zulfattah Zakaria","doi":"10.4028/p-bsxzp1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-bsxzp1","url":null,"abstract":"Water treatment sludge (WTS) is a by-product produced in the process of water treatment plants (WTP). It is estimated that an ordinary WTP produces over 10,000 tonnes of WTS per day, which has become a major concern in the management of WTS. Numerous previous studies have been accomplished to determine a safe disposal method and the potential reuse of WTS. In most investigations, material characterisation was the adopted method. It is known that each WTP produces different chemical composition of WTS according to raw water intake and the treatment process. The aim of this paper is to examine the chemical composition of WTS in the WTP at Melaka. The WTS sample is collected from WTP after the pressing process, where large amounts of water have been removed. The sample is tested using the Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The SEM-EDX results revealed that by weight percentage (%), WTS contains zirconium (Zr) (28 to 46%), oxygen (28 to 40%) and carbon (7 to 26%). Aluminium and silicon have weight percentages ranging from 7 to 8%. The outcomes are then confirmed by XRD, which showed the high intensity of Zr and α-Zr at approximately 35.3 and 36.1. of 2θ. Based on these findings, the suitable and potential reuse of WTS would be the extraction of Zr. However, further research is required to verify the consistency of Zr in WTS.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139804114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tremendous exhaustion of resources, a surprising price increase of petroleum fuel and worldwide ecological issues implement to find renewable fuel for compression ignition engine. Non-edible vegetable oils have proven consensus to opt as a replacement for diesel fuel due to comparable properties and less-pollutant characteristics. Using Unmixed Untreated Non-edible Vegetable Oil (UUNVO) in the CI engine matches the needs of a sustainable future and restricts the intensifying cost involved in biodiesel production. This paper aims to review the influence of various UUNVO (Karanja, Jatropha, Neem, Linseed, Mahua and Rubber Seed etc.) on the important performance parameters and emission level of diesel engine. UUNVO can be fuelled to the unmodified CI engine. However, the viscosity of UUNVO is reasonably higher compare to diesel fuel at room temperature, which deteriorates the engine performance and exhaust emission. Minor changes in the injection line for preheating the UUNVO and operating parameters are the way to improve it. It can clearly understand here that preheated UUNVOs typically increase NOx emissions and decrease PM, HC, and CO emissions level compared to standard diesel. UUNVO can substitute diesel fuel completely for short-duration operation. With the long-duration operation, UUNVO produces problems like poor engine performance, injector chocking, and erosion of piston crown, rings, cylinder liner, and other internal parts, and degradation of the lubricant. Problems raised due to durability can be minimized by controlling operational parameters.
资源的大量消耗、石油燃料价格的惊人上涨以及全球范围内的生态问题，都促使人们寻找用于压燃式发动机的可再生燃料。事实证明，非食用植物油具有可比性和低污染的特点，可以作为柴油的替代品。在 CI 发动机中使用未经混合处理的非食用植物油（UUNVO）符合可持续发展的未来需求，并限制了生物柴油生产中不断增加的成本。本文旨在综述各种 UUNVO（卡兰札、麻风树、印楝、亚麻籽、马花籽和橡胶籽等）对柴油发动机重要性能参数和排放水平的影响。UUNVO 可用于未改装的 CI 发动机。但是，在室温下，UUNVO 的粘度比柴油高，会降低发动机性能和废气排放。对用于预热 UUNVO 的喷射管路和操作参数进行微小改动是改善其性能的方法。从这里可以清楚地了解到，与标准柴油相比，预热过的 UUNVO 通常会增加氮氧化物的排放，而降低 PM、HC 和 CO 的排放水平。在短时间运行时，UUNVO 可以完全替代柴油。在长时间运行时，UUNVO 会产生发动机性能不佳、喷油器堵塞、活塞冠、活塞环、气缸套和其他内部零件腐蚀以及润滑油降解等问题。通过控制运行参数，可以最大限度地减少因耐用性引起的问题。
{"title":"Review on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine Fueling Non-Edible Vegetable Oil","authors":"Kamta Prasad Tiwari, Ram Narayan Singh","doi":"10.4028/p-cykid1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-cykid1","url":null,"abstract":"The tremendous exhaustion of resources, a surprising price increase of petroleum fuel and worldwide ecological issues implement to find renewable fuel for compression ignition engine. Non-edible vegetable oils have proven consensus to opt as a replacement for diesel fuel due to comparable properties and less-pollutant characteristics. Using Unmixed Untreated Non-edible Vegetable Oil (UUNVO) in the CI engine matches the needs of a sustainable future and restricts the intensifying cost involved in biodiesel production. This paper aims to review the influence of various UUNVO (Karanja, Jatropha, Neem, Linseed, Mahua and Rubber Seed etc.) on the important performance parameters and emission level of diesel engine. UUNVO can be fuelled to the unmodified CI engine. However, the viscosity of UUNVO is reasonably higher compare to diesel fuel at room temperature, which deteriorates the engine performance and exhaust emission. Minor changes in the injection line for preheating the UUNVO and operating parameters are the way to improve it. It can clearly understand here that preheated UUNVOs typically increase NOx emissions and decrease PM, HC, and CO emissions level compared to standard diesel. UUNVO can substitute diesel fuel completely for short-duration operation. With the long-duration operation, UUNVO produces problems like poor engine performance, injector chocking, and erosion of piston crown, rings, cylinder liner, and other internal parts, and degradation of the lubricant. Problems raised due to durability can be minimized by controlling operational parameters.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139806037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The civil construction area is one of the activities with the highest consumption of raw materials, presenting a large generation of waste. The use of EPS polymer (expanded polystyrene), in addition to being technological, has a low environmental impact by reducing the use of traditional concrete inputs, in addition to being 100% recyclable, cost-effective. The study enabled the elaboration of the composite based on concrete with different contents of recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) added (0.20; 0.10 and 0.05%, in % weight/weight). The use of this material allowed the partial replacement of standard sand in the composite aggregate, obtaining an environmentally sustainable material, with low specific mass, thermal resistance with insulating, hydrophobic properties that allow low water absorption, with a low impact manufacturing process. This addition of EPS to the fresh concrete mixture showed a reduction in water penetration, making the construction material more hydrophobic, minimizing infiltration problems, reducing the physical process of absorption. The specimens for the concentration of 0.10% (weight/weight) showed better axial mechanical performance, with an average of 11.4 kgf, 52% in gain of reinforcement effect, in relation to the concentration of 0.20% (weight/weight). For this concentration of 0.20 (weight/weight), the EPS beads obtained greater homogeneity in the dispersion in the cementitious matrix, promoting better impact absorption during mechanical efforts. The absorption test was carried out for 10 and 20 minutes, and with that the percentage of water absorbed for each composite was verified. The specimens prepared with higher contents of styrofoam (0.20% and 0.10%), with 0.98 and 1.29%, respectively, of absorbed water, showed a more hydrophobic character due to the higher percentage of presence of pearls. EPS, making the material less permeable to water. The absorption results were quite satisfactory, showing values below 20%, as recommended in the NBR 8491 standard.
{"title":"Evaluation of Mechanical Properties with the Use of EPS Polymer for the Preparation of Sustainable Composite Based on Concrete","authors":"D. F. dos Santos","doi":"10.4028/p-gr00jv","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-gr00jv","url":null,"abstract":"The civil construction area is one of the activities with the highest consumption of raw materials, presenting a large generation of waste. The use of EPS polymer (expanded polystyrene), in addition to being technological, has a low environmental impact by reducing the use of traditional concrete inputs, in addition to being 100% recyclable, cost-effective. The study enabled the elaboration of the composite based on concrete with different contents of recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) added (0.20; 0.10 and 0.05%, in % weight/weight). The use of this material allowed the partial replacement of standard sand in the composite aggregate, obtaining an environmentally sustainable material, with low specific mass, thermal resistance with insulating, hydrophobic properties that allow low water absorption, with a low impact manufacturing process. This addition of EPS to the fresh concrete mixture showed a reduction in water penetration, making the construction material more hydrophobic, minimizing infiltration problems, reducing the physical process of absorption. The specimens for the concentration of 0.10% (weight/weight) showed better axial mechanical performance, with an average of 11.4 kgf, 52% in gain of reinforcement effect, in relation to the concentration of 0.20% (weight/weight). For this concentration of 0.20 (weight/weight), the EPS beads obtained greater homogeneity in the dispersion in the cementitious matrix, promoting better impact absorption during mechanical efforts. The absorption test was carried out for 10 and 20 minutes, and with that the percentage of water absorbed for each composite was verified. The specimens prepared with higher contents of styrofoam (0.20% and 0.10%), with 0.98 and 1.29%, respectively, of absorbed water, showed a more hydrophobic character due to the higher percentage of presence of pearls. EPS, making the material less permeable to water. The absorption results were quite satisfactory, showing values below 20%, as recommended in the NBR 8491 standard.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139803565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current research focuses on the viability of rotating, single tubular brass electrodes undergoing shallow cryogenic treatment (at -140°C) before micro-drilling austenitic stainless steel SS316L with the electrical discharge machining process. In order to study and achieve a better rate of material removal and a lower rate of electrode wear, the Taguchi L18 experimental matrix representing the four variables, current, duty cycle, capacitance level, and gap voltage was examined. Regular tap water served as the dielectric fluid to uphold the sustainability concept of the machining experiments and an integrated hybrid approach incorporating CRITIC (criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation) weight determination method and MOORA (multi-objective optimization by the ratio analysis) was applied for decision making. The weight fractions (significance) for MRR and EWR were found to be 0.5532 and 0.4467, respectively and the MOORA method converted multiple objective parameters into a single objective function with weight fractions assigned to each of them. An ideal parameter combination highlighting the dominant significance of duty cycle, pulse current, capacitance level and gap voltage with corresponding values of 70%-18A-1-34V was obtained and the results were substantiated with relevant confirmation experiments. The highest MRR achieved is 10.0961 mm³/min and the lowest EWR is found to be 3.9640 mm³/min. Moreover, the electrode tip regions, the micro holes, and the surrounding workpiece surfaces were also thoughtfully scrutinized and contrasted using scanning electron micrographs (SEM), which validates the worth and significance of cryogenically frozen electrodes in successful micro-drilling of SS316L material.
{"title":"Experimental Analysis of Cryogenic-Treated Single Tubular Electrodes in Micro-EDM Using CRITIC-MOORA Based Integrated Approach","authors":"Nivin Vincent, F. R. John","doi":"10.4028/p-ria4fs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ria4fs","url":null,"abstract":"The current research focuses on the viability of rotating, single tubular brass electrodes undergoing shallow cryogenic treatment (at -140°C) before micro-drilling austenitic stainless steel SS316L with the electrical discharge machining process. In order to study and achieve a better rate of material removal and a lower rate of electrode wear, the Taguchi L18 experimental matrix representing the four variables, current, duty cycle, capacitance level, and gap voltage was examined. Regular tap water served as the dielectric fluid to uphold the sustainability concept of the machining experiments and an integrated hybrid approach incorporating CRITIC (criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation) weight determination method and MOORA (multi-objective optimization by the ratio analysis) was applied for decision making. The weight fractions (significance) for MRR and EWR were found to be 0.5532 and 0.4467, respectively and the MOORA method converted multiple objective parameters into a single objective function with weight fractions assigned to each of them. An ideal parameter combination highlighting the dominant significance of duty cycle, pulse current, capacitance level and gap voltage with corresponding values of 70%-18A-1-34V was obtained and the results were substantiated with relevant confirmation experiments. The highest MRR achieved is 10.0961 mm³/min and the lowest EWR is found to be 3.9640 mm³/min. Moreover, the electrode tip regions, the micro holes, and the surrounding workpiece surfaces were also thoughtfully scrutinized and contrasted using scanning electron micrographs (SEM), which validates the worth and significance of cryogenically frozen electrodes in successful micro-drilling of SS316L material.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139804119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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