Middela Mohith Venkatesh, B. Bakthavatchalam, Raghvendran Pala Raviramachandran, N. Shaik, Omar A. Hussein, Namdev Ashok Patil
Thermoelectric technology is one of the fast-developing technologies in the present days due to its excellent heat transfer and heat conversion capabalities. This uses the electromotive force produced by the temperature difference at each end of the device to produce electricity and vice versa. There are various applications developed based on this thermoelectric technology which includes thermoelectric coolers, thermoelectric generators, and thermoelectric air conditioners. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of thermoelectric (TE) technologies, starting with a complete summary of their working principles explaining the effects like Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects, as well as optimization techniques, applications, semi-conductor materials used, and potential future developments.
{"title":"Strategies on the Optimization of Thermoelectric Systems for Heat Transfer Applications: State of the Art Review","authors":"Middela Mohith Venkatesh, B. Bakthavatchalam, Raghvendran Pala Raviramachandran, N. Shaik, Omar A. Hussein, Namdev Ashok Patil","doi":"10.4028/p-e8dsn5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-e8dsn5","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoelectric technology is one of the fast-developing technologies in the present days due to its excellent heat transfer and heat conversion capabalities. This uses the electromotive force produced by the temperature difference at each end of the device to produce electricity and vice versa. There are various applications developed based on this thermoelectric technology which includes thermoelectric coolers, thermoelectric generators, and thermoelectric air conditioners. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of thermoelectric (TE) technologies, starting with a complete summary of their working principles explaining the effects like Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects, as well as optimization techniques, applications, semi-conductor materials used, and potential future developments.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139805065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current research focuses on the viability of rotating, single tubular brass electrodes undergoing shallow cryogenic treatment (at -140°C) before micro-drilling austenitic stainless steel SS316L with the electrical discharge machining process. In order to study and achieve a better rate of material removal and a lower rate of electrode wear, the Taguchi L18 experimental matrix representing the four variables, current, duty cycle, capacitance level, and gap voltage was examined. Regular tap water served as the dielectric fluid to uphold the sustainability concept of the machining experiments and an integrated hybrid approach incorporating CRITIC (criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation) weight determination method and MOORA (multi-objective optimization by the ratio analysis) was applied for decision making. The weight fractions (significance) for MRR and EWR were found to be 0.5532 and 0.4467, respectively and the MOORA method converted multiple objective parameters into a single objective function with weight fractions assigned to each of them. An ideal parameter combination highlighting the dominant significance of duty cycle, pulse current, capacitance level and gap voltage with corresponding values of 70%-18A-1-34V was obtained and the results were substantiated with relevant confirmation experiments. The highest MRR achieved is 10.0961 mm³/min and the lowest EWR is found to be 3.9640 mm³/min. Moreover, the electrode tip regions, the micro holes, and the surrounding workpiece surfaces were also thoughtfully scrutinized and contrasted using scanning electron micrographs (SEM), which validates the worth and significance of cryogenically frozen electrodes in successful micro-drilling of SS316L material.
{"title":"Experimental Analysis of Cryogenic-Treated Single Tubular Electrodes in Micro-EDM Using CRITIC-MOORA Based Integrated Approach","authors":"Nivin Vincent, F. R. John","doi":"10.4028/p-ria4fs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ria4fs","url":null,"abstract":"The current research focuses on the viability of rotating, single tubular brass electrodes undergoing shallow cryogenic treatment (at -140°C) before micro-drilling austenitic stainless steel SS316L with the electrical discharge machining process. In order to study and achieve a better rate of material removal and a lower rate of electrode wear, the Taguchi L18 experimental matrix representing the four variables, current, duty cycle, capacitance level, and gap voltage was examined. Regular tap water served as the dielectric fluid to uphold the sustainability concept of the machining experiments and an integrated hybrid approach incorporating CRITIC (criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation) weight determination method and MOORA (multi-objective optimization by the ratio analysis) was applied for decision making. The weight fractions (significance) for MRR and EWR were found to be 0.5532 and 0.4467, respectively and the MOORA method converted multiple objective parameters into a single objective function with weight fractions assigned to each of them. An ideal parameter combination highlighting the dominant significance of duty cycle, pulse current, capacitance level and gap voltage with corresponding values of 70%-18A-1-34V was obtained and the results were substantiated with relevant confirmation experiments. The highest MRR achieved is 10.0961 mm³/min and the lowest EWR is found to be 3.9640 mm³/min. Moreover, the electrode tip regions, the micro holes, and the surrounding workpiece surfaces were also thoughtfully scrutinized and contrasted using scanning electron micrographs (SEM), which validates the worth and significance of cryogenically frozen electrodes in successful micro-drilling of SS316L material.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139863865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joy Sukumar Patnala, A. B. K. Rao, Sanjay K Darvekar
Several advancements in the field of parallel manipulators have taken place in recent days as they offer many advantages over serial manipulators in terms of accuracy, agility, stiffness, speed, etc. The Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs) with lower Degree of Freedom (DoF) joints are being explored for a variety of industrial applications and, in particular, machining applications as these offer more accuracy, high machining capability, and more stiffness. This research work focuses on the modeling, kinematics, workspace and dexterity analyses of a 3DoF Translational PKM having coplanar rails along the Cartesian axes: -X, +X, +Y. Actuation of sliders, independently along the respective rails, offer the tool platform pure translational motion. Fixed length links are used to connect the sliders and tool platform. The PKM under study is modeled in CATIA. Inverse kinematics and workspace analysis are carried out using the performance indices, namely, Workspace Volume Index (WVI) and Global Condition Index (GCI). Attempts are also made to find the optimal dimensions of the PKM through multi-objective optimization using Genetic Algorithms in MATLAB. The methodology presented is helpful to predict the PKM's performance capability while the results obtained are helpful for the development of a physical prototype necessary for further experimental investigations.
{"title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of a Three Degree-of-Freedom Translational Parallel Kinematic Machine with Coplanar Rails","authors":"Joy Sukumar Patnala, A. B. K. Rao, Sanjay K Darvekar","doi":"10.4028/p-m2sh5b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-m2sh5b","url":null,"abstract":"Several advancements in the field of parallel manipulators have taken place in recent days as they offer many advantages over serial manipulators in terms of accuracy, agility, stiffness, speed, etc. The Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs) with lower Degree of Freedom (DoF) joints are being explored for a variety of industrial applications and, in particular, machining applications as these offer more accuracy, high machining capability, and more stiffness. This research work focuses on the modeling, kinematics, workspace and dexterity analyses of a 3DoF Translational PKM having coplanar rails along the Cartesian axes: -X, +X, +Y. Actuation of sliders, independently along the respective rails, offer the tool platform pure translational motion. Fixed length links are used to connect the sliders and tool platform. The PKM under study is modeled in CATIA. Inverse kinematics and workspace analysis are carried out using the performance indices, namely, Workspace Volume Index (WVI) and Global Condition Index (GCI). Attempts are also made to find the optimal dimensions of the PKM through multi-objective optimization using Genetic Algorithms in MATLAB. The methodology presented is helpful to predict the PKM's performance capability while the results obtained are helpful for the development of a physical prototype necessary for further experimental investigations.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139863942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madhanagopal Manoharan, Sudalai Perumal, Arivendhan Ajithram, S. D. Kumar, J. Ekanthamoorthy
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-conventional thermal energy based erosive process, which primarily applied for machining hard materials. Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface roughness are the response parameters used to characterize the dielectric nature of the machined surface in EDM process. Addition of ingredients in the dielectric fluid improves the properties of fluid for better machining of the samples. The dielectric fluid medium plays a key role in controlling the electrical discharge and heat absorption, thereby removes the debris and cools the work piece during the machining process. In the current study, comprehensive work is done by investigating the effect of different dielectric fluid medium on machining parameters of EDM process with the addition of different powders in the dielectric fluid, which results in high precise and better topography in the machined part surface. Addition of powders such as Titanium (Ti), Silicon (Si), Graphite (Gr), Copper (Cu) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) in dielectric fluid increases the convection property in the work piece tool interaction with increase in the micro-hardness of material. This work analyses the performance study of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of Monel 400 alloys, which can be improved by adding metallic powder into the dielectric medium. Material Removal Rate (MRR) is measured in the samples machined out of EDM process. In addition, Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array is formulated for conducting machining in a sequential order to understand the implications of machined process parameters on the material removal rate over different dielectric mediums. It is found that the Aluminium oxide, graphite powder mix with EDM oil gives better material removal rate and less machining time. Furthermore, the introduction of Cu powders in the dielectric fluid provides better machinability response parameters. But it is preferable to parts with high slenderness ratio especially holes.
{"title":"Investigation on Influence of Die Electric Medium in Electrical Discharge Machining of Monel 400 Alloy","authors":"Madhanagopal Manoharan, Sudalai Perumal, Arivendhan Ajithram, S. D. Kumar, J. Ekanthamoorthy","doi":"10.4028/p-hbh0yr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-hbh0yr","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-conventional thermal energy based erosive process, which primarily applied for machining hard materials. Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface roughness are the response parameters used to characterize the dielectric nature of the machined surface in EDM process. Addition of ingredients in the dielectric fluid improves the properties of fluid for better machining of the samples. The dielectric fluid medium plays a key role in controlling the electrical discharge and heat absorption, thereby removes the debris and cools the work piece during the machining process. In the current study, comprehensive work is done by investigating the effect of different dielectric fluid medium on machining parameters of EDM process with the addition of different powders in the dielectric fluid, which results in high precise and better topography in the machined part surface. Addition of powders such as Titanium (Ti), Silicon (Si), Graphite (Gr), Copper (Cu) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) in dielectric fluid increases the convection property in the work piece tool interaction with increase in the micro-hardness of material. This work analyses the performance study of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of Monel 400 alloys, which can be improved by adding metallic powder into the dielectric medium. Material Removal Rate (MRR) is measured in the samples machined out of EDM process. In addition, Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array is formulated for conducting machining in a sequential order to understand the implications of machined process parameters on the material removal rate over different dielectric mediums. It is found that the Aluminium oxide, graphite powder mix with EDM oil gives better material removal rate and less machining time. Furthermore, the introduction of Cu powders in the dielectric fluid provides better machinability response parameters. But it is preferable to parts with high slenderness ratio especially holes.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139864541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madhanagopal Manoharan, Sudalai Perumal, Arivendhan Ajithram, S. D. Kumar, J. Ekanthamoorthy
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-conventional thermal energy based erosive process, which primarily applied for machining hard materials. Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface roughness are the response parameters used to characterize the dielectric nature of the machined surface in EDM process. Addition of ingredients in the dielectric fluid improves the properties of fluid for better machining of the samples. The dielectric fluid medium plays a key role in controlling the electrical discharge and heat absorption, thereby removes the debris and cools the work piece during the machining process. In the current study, comprehensive work is done by investigating the effect of different dielectric fluid medium on machining parameters of EDM process with the addition of different powders in the dielectric fluid, which results in high precise and better topography in the machined part surface. Addition of powders such as Titanium (Ti), Silicon (Si), Graphite (Gr), Copper (Cu) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) in dielectric fluid increases the convection property in the work piece tool interaction with increase in the micro-hardness of material. This work analyses the performance study of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of Monel 400 alloys, which can be improved by adding metallic powder into the dielectric medium. Material Removal Rate (MRR) is measured in the samples machined out of EDM process. In addition, Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array is formulated for conducting machining in a sequential order to understand the implications of machined process parameters on the material removal rate over different dielectric mediums. It is found that the Aluminium oxide, graphite powder mix with EDM oil gives better material removal rate and less machining time. Furthermore, the introduction of Cu powders in the dielectric fluid provides better machinability response parameters. But it is preferable to parts with high slenderness ratio especially holes.
{"title":"Investigation on Influence of Die Electric Medium in Electrical Discharge Machining of Monel 400 Alloy","authors":"Madhanagopal Manoharan, Sudalai Perumal, Arivendhan Ajithram, S. D. Kumar, J. Ekanthamoorthy","doi":"10.4028/p-hbh0yr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-hbh0yr","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-conventional thermal energy based erosive process, which primarily applied for machining hard materials. Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface roughness are the response parameters used to characterize the dielectric nature of the machined surface in EDM process. Addition of ingredients in the dielectric fluid improves the properties of fluid for better machining of the samples. The dielectric fluid medium plays a key role in controlling the electrical discharge and heat absorption, thereby removes the debris and cools the work piece during the machining process. In the current study, comprehensive work is done by investigating the effect of different dielectric fluid medium on machining parameters of EDM process with the addition of different powders in the dielectric fluid, which results in high precise and better topography in the machined part surface. Addition of powders such as Titanium (Ti), Silicon (Si), Graphite (Gr), Copper (Cu) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) in dielectric fluid increases the convection property in the work piece tool interaction with increase in the micro-hardness of material. This work analyses the performance study of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of Monel 400 alloys, which can be improved by adding metallic powder into the dielectric medium. Material Removal Rate (MRR) is measured in the samples machined out of EDM process. In addition, Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array is formulated for conducting machining in a sequential order to understand the implications of machined process parameters on the material removal rate over different dielectric mediums. It is found that the Aluminium oxide, graphite powder mix with EDM oil gives better material removal rate and less machining time. Furthermore, the introduction of Cu powders in the dielectric fluid provides better machinability response parameters. But it is preferable to parts with high slenderness ratio especially holes.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139804804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. M. Salleh, Rohaya Othman, S. N. M. Sabri, Z. Mahim
The acetylene market is anticipated to be driven by the growing applications across numerous industries particularly chemical synthesis, oxy-acetylene welding, and metal cutting. Attributable to wide-range uses, acetylene witnesses stable growth in the global market. However, the production of acetylene results in increasing generation of carbide lime waste that is classified as a scheduled waste under Malaysian Environmental Quality Act: EQA 1974 (SW427) due to its high alkalinity. The rising amount of the waste has warranted the need for repurposing its usage to avert handling and disposal difficulties. In overcoming this crucial environmental issue, the carbide lime waste was transformed into a more marketable product so-called precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) via feasible carbonation, promoted using natural sucrose solution. During the carbonation process, stirring rate was manipulated (i.e 300, 500, 700 and 1000 rpm) in investigating its effects on the PCC formation. Increasing the mechanical disturbance resulted in significant time reduction from 28 minutes to only 9 minutes and particle refinement. The production of PCC with purity above 98% suggested that the carbide lime waste was successfully transformed into high-grade PCC, which not only may help in preserving environmental sustainability yet can also offer profitable return to industry.
{"title":"Transforming Carbide Lime Waste into Marketable PCC: Effect of Mechanical Disturbance","authors":"E. M. Salleh, Rohaya Othman, S. N. M. Sabri, Z. Mahim","doi":"10.4028/p-ycuq6s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ycuq6s","url":null,"abstract":"The acetylene market is anticipated to be driven by the growing applications across numerous industries particularly chemical synthesis, oxy-acetylene welding, and metal cutting. Attributable to wide-range uses, acetylene witnesses stable growth in the global market. However, the production of acetylene results in increasing generation of carbide lime waste that is classified as a scheduled waste under Malaysian Environmental Quality Act: EQA 1974 (SW427) due to its high alkalinity. The rising amount of the waste has warranted the need for repurposing its usage to avert handling and disposal difficulties. In overcoming this crucial environmental issue, the carbide lime waste was transformed into a more marketable product so-called precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) via feasible carbonation, promoted using natural sucrose solution. During the carbonation process, stirring rate was manipulated (i.e 300, 500, 700 and 1000 rpm) in investigating its effects on the PCC formation. Increasing the mechanical disturbance resulted in significant time reduction from 28 minutes to only 9 minutes and particle refinement. The production of PCC with purity above 98% suggested that the carbide lime waste was successfully transformed into high-grade PCC, which not only may help in preserving environmental sustainability yet can also offer profitable return to industry.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139864036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurul Hidayah Ramli, Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor, Liew Xian Yun, K. A. Razak
Heavy metal elements are elements with comparatively high density and are dangerous even in a minimal quantity as they can persist in the environment. The electrochemical sensor can play an essential role in detecting heavy metals. However, the electrochemical sensor has drawbacks, such as low sensitivity and a high detection limit. Bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) can improve the sensitivity and lower the detection limit of an electrochemical sensor by modifying the working electrode. In this study, BiNPs produced by the hydrothermal method were drop-casted on the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated with polyethene terephthalate (PET) film (BiNPs/ITO-PET). The effect of the hydrothermal reaction was studied by varying the hydrothermal reaction period (5, 6, 7, and 8 h). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the phase presence, and the morphology of BiNPs was characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The BiNPs/ITO-PET electrode was subjected to electrochemical characterization using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the detection of Pb(II) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The BiNPs/ITO-PET electrode showed good electrochemical performance in detecting Pb(II).
{"title":"Bismuth Nanoparticles Modified Indium Tin Oxide-Coated with Polyethene Terephthalate Electrode Using Hydrothermal Method for Pb Detection","authors":"Nurul Hidayah Ramli, Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor, Liew Xian Yun, K. A. Razak","doi":"10.4028/p-31dghs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-31dghs","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal elements are elements with comparatively high density and are dangerous even in a minimal quantity as they can persist in the environment. The electrochemical sensor can play an essential role in detecting heavy metals. However, the electrochemical sensor has drawbacks, such as low sensitivity and a high detection limit. Bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) can improve the sensitivity and lower the detection limit of an electrochemical sensor by modifying the working electrode. In this study, BiNPs produced by the hydrothermal method were drop-casted on the indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated with polyethene terephthalate (PET) film (BiNPs/ITO-PET). The effect of the hydrothermal reaction was studied by varying the hydrothermal reaction period (5, 6, 7, and 8 h). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the phase presence, and the morphology of BiNPs was characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The BiNPs/ITO-PET electrode was subjected to electrochemical characterization using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the detection of Pb(II) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The BiNPs/ITO-PET electrode showed good electrochemical performance in detecting Pb(II).","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Nizam, E. Dyartanti, Agus Purwanto, F. Adriyanto, Anif Jamaluddin, C. Apribowo, H. S. E. A. Gustiana, Sony Adyatama, Rizal Mujaddid Irsyad, Geovani Rahmad Illahi, Hilwan Hafidzsyah, Muhammad Farrel Akhsya
The development of lithium batteries as an energy storage system is getting higher equal to the development of eco-friendly energy needs. However, lithium batteries have disadvantages in electrical and temperature interference. Series and parallel configuration causes voltage imbalance and leads to degradation performance of the battery. The focus of the research is the development of BMS with voltage monitoring and balancing features for the 12-series battery pack configuration. Monitoring can be done by observing electrical parameters, are cell voltage and battery temperature. The results of the simulation and modeling of BMS and Lithium-ion Battery show that the flat-zone voltage on the LFP UNS battery is in the 10-90% SoC range (generally SoC 20-80%), and the characteristics of lithium battery are current affects the battery voltage curve (high current causes a high voltage drop), while temperature affects the internal resistance (low temperature causes an increase in internal resistance). The BMS hardware monitoring test shows the accuracy and precision of the voltage sensor at 99.7064% and 99.9998%, while the temperature sensor performs the accuracy and precision of 95.4909% and 100%, respectively. The passive balancing method with Switched Shunt Resistor shows a nominal balancing current of about 170mA with a 20mV voltage drop.
{"title":"Modular Battery Management System Concept for Medium-High Voltage System","authors":"Muhammad Nizam, E. Dyartanti, Agus Purwanto, F. Adriyanto, Anif Jamaluddin, C. Apribowo, H. S. E. A. Gustiana, Sony Adyatama, Rizal Mujaddid Irsyad, Geovani Rahmad Illahi, Hilwan Hafidzsyah, Muhammad Farrel Akhsya","doi":"10.4028/p-z4mvyk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-z4mvyk","url":null,"abstract":"The development of lithium batteries as an energy storage system is getting higher equal to the development of eco-friendly energy needs. However, lithium batteries have disadvantages in electrical and temperature interference. Series and parallel configuration causes voltage imbalance and leads to degradation performance of the battery. The focus of the research is the development of BMS with voltage monitoring and balancing features for the 12-series battery pack configuration. Monitoring can be done by observing electrical parameters, are cell voltage and battery temperature. The results of the simulation and modeling of BMS and Lithium-ion Battery show that the flat-zone voltage on the LFP UNS battery is in the 10-90% SoC range (generally SoC 20-80%), and the characteristics of lithium battery are current affects the battery voltage curve (high current causes a high voltage drop), while temperature affects the internal resistance (low temperature causes an increase in internal resistance). The BMS hardware monitoring test shows the accuracy and precision of the voltage sensor at 99.7064% and 99.9998%, while the temperature sensor performs the accuracy and precision of 95.4909% and 100%, respectively. The passive balancing method with Switched Shunt Resistor shows a nominal balancing current of about 170mA with a 20mV voltage drop.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ku Esyra Hani Ku Ishak, Ooi Wei Jie, Khairul Yusra Khairul Anuar, Suhaina Ismail, Mohd Syazwan Mohd Halim
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the major environmental problems the mining and mineral processing industries face. Treatment of AMD involves active and passive treatment. In the long term, passive treatment is the most effective way to treat acid mine drainage, but it can be expensive. if handled properly. Therefore, the study of flow rate in a passive treatment system is one of the important ways to identify optimum hydraulic retention time to ensure the maximum percentage of heavy metal removal can be achieved while keeping the cost to a minimum level. This study focused on developing and comparing the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model and Artificial Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model to predict the outlet flow rate of the passive treatment system column based on three parameters inlet flow time, thickness of peat soil bed, and inlet flow rate. The RSM model was created by Design-Expert software whereas MATLAB created the ANFIS model with 80% of data used for the model training and 20% of the data for model testing. The models' performances were compared in terms of statistical errors (AAPE, RMSE, R2, STD, minimum error, and maximum error). It was found the ANFIS model has performed better in predicting the outlet flowrate with R2 value of 0.99 RSM model with the value of 0.97. The inlet flow rate was an insignificant parameter affecting the outlet flow rate of the passive treatment column. From the 3-D surface response plot, the highest outlet flow rate is predicted to be 524 mL/min.
{"title":"Comparison of Artificial Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Model in Predicting the Outlet Flow Rate of Passive Treatment System Column","authors":"Ku Esyra Hani Ku Ishak, Ooi Wei Jie, Khairul Yusra Khairul Anuar, Suhaina Ismail, Mohd Syazwan Mohd Halim","doi":"10.4028/p-4q7mqr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4q7mqr","url":null,"abstract":"Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the major environmental problems the mining and mineral processing industries face. Treatment of AMD involves active and passive treatment. In the long term, passive treatment is the most effective way to treat acid mine drainage, but it can be expensive. if handled properly. Therefore, the study of flow rate in a passive treatment system is one of the important ways to identify optimum hydraulic retention time to ensure the maximum percentage of heavy metal removal can be achieved while keeping the cost to a minimum level. This study focused on developing and comparing the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model and Artificial Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model to predict the outlet flow rate of the passive treatment system column based on three parameters inlet flow time, thickness of peat soil bed, and inlet flow rate. The RSM model was created by Design-Expert software whereas MATLAB created the ANFIS model with 80% of data used for the model training and 20% of the data for model testing. The models' performances were compared in terms of statistical errors (AAPE, RMSE, R2, STD, minimum error, and maximum error). It was found the ANFIS model has performed better in predicting the outlet flowrate with R2 value of 0.99 RSM model with the value of 0.97. The inlet flow rate was an insignificant parameter affecting the outlet flow rate of the passive treatment column. From the 3-D surface response plot, the highest outlet flow rate is predicted to be 524 mL/min.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The melting process in the glass industry is an energy-intensive process that uses fossil fuels to maintain melting temperatures between 1600°C and 1700°C. The process is carried out in the Glass Furnace. Obtained the high temperature also of flue gas is around 1350 °C – 1500 °C. Hence with the high temperature is potential to heat recovery in the form of combustion air pre-heating using a regenerator to increase the efficiency in Glass Furnace. This phenomenon gave rise to an idea to create a modelling mathematic to know the optimum process in Glass Furnace. Many studies on Glass furnace regenerator have been carried out but only for one cyclic of heat transfer in regenerator. Therefore, in this study, dynamic modeling of the regenerator will be made, namely a mathematical model that describes quantitatively the dynamic behavior during the process of reversing the direction between the regenerators, which will later explain the effect of air flow rate and the selection of the optimal transition time value for the demonstration, regenerator work and regenerator heat stability, by observing the dynamic behavior of the regenerator temperature profile using the FlexPDE software version 7. The simulation results show that the longer the switching time of regenerator is linier to inclining temperature in the regenerator with the optimum switching time (ST) at 10 minutes. The regenerator heat stability greatly influenced by air flow rate and heat propagation by heat transfer convection. However, the dimension selection of the regenerator plays a crucial role in heat utilization in glass furnaces.
{"title":"Dynamic Modeling Simulation of Regenerator for Glass Furnace Applications","authors":"Andar Kusnanto, Teguh Kurniawan, A. B. Pitaloka","doi":"10.4028/p-scu8ko","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-scu8ko","url":null,"abstract":"The melting process in the glass industry is an energy-intensive process that uses fossil fuels to maintain melting temperatures between 1600°C and 1700°C. The process is carried out in the Glass Furnace. Obtained the high temperature also of flue gas is around 1350 °C – 1500 °C. Hence with the high temperature is potential to heat recovery in the form of combustion air pre-heating using a regenerator to increase the efficiency in Glass Furnace. This phenomenon gave rise to an idea to create a modelling mathematic to know the optimum process in Glass Furnace. Many studies on Glass furnace regenerator have been carried out but only for one cyclic of heat transfer in regenerator. Therefore, in this study, dynamic modeling of the regenerator will be made, namely a mathematical model that describes quantitatively the dynamic behavior during the process of reversing the direction between the regenerators, which will later explain the effect of air flow rate and the selection of the optimal transition time value for the demonstration, regenerator work and regenerator heat stability, by observing the dynamic behavior of the regenerator temperature profile using the FlexPDE software version 7. The simulation results show that the longer the switching time of regenerator is linier to inclining temperature in the regenerator with the optimum switching time (ST) at 10 minutes. The regenerator heat stability greatly influenced by air flow rate and heat propagation by heat transfer convection. However, the dimension selection of the regenerator plays a crucial role in heat utilization in glass furnaces.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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