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Finite Element Analysis of Solid and Hollow Roller Bearings to Predict the Influence of Contact Factors on Cage Slip 对实心和空心滚子轴承进行有限元分析以预测接触因素对保持架滑移的影响
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-l4po7c
Selvaraj Arthanari, Chandru Manivannan, Senthilkumar Palanisamy, Parandaman Ponnan
This study examines the influence of contact factors such as bearing deformation, contact width and contact pressure on cage slide in cylindrical roller bearings. A cylindrical shaped roller bearing test setup is designed in order to determine the operating speed of bearing components under varying working circumstances. Solid and hollow roller bearings are analyzed using finite element technique, and the contact parameters are obtained. The cage slip obtained by experimental work is correlated with the contact parameters of hollow and solid shaped roller bearings. The specific load acting on solid rollers at various angular positions and the corresponding bearing deflection are obtained by FEA and the bearing run out is estimated. A new methodology is developed for deriving the contact mechanics of hollow roller to predict contact pressure and contact width from the roller deflection. The effect of hollowness on these parameters is derived and the corresponding cage slip is correlated. The effect of hollowness on bending and resultant stresses is obtained by numerical and analytical methods to correlate the stability of hollow roller bearing with the percentage of hollowness.
本研究探讨了轴承变形、接触宽度和接触压力等接触因素对圆柱滚子轴承保持架滑动的影响。设计了圆柱形滚子轴承测试装置,以确定轴承部件在不同工作环境下的运行速度。使用有限元技术分析了实心和空心滚子轴承,并获得了接触参数。实验工作获得的保持架滑移与空心和实心异形滚子轴承的接触参数相关联。通过有限元分析获得了不同角度位置上作用在实心滚子上的特定载荷和相应的轴承挠度,并估算了轴承的跳动。开发了一种推导空心滚子接触力学的新方法,可根据滚子挠度预测接触压力和接触宽度。得出了空心率对这些参数的影响,并与相应的保持架滑移相关联。通过数值和分析方法得出了空心率对弯曲应力和结果应力的影响,从而将空心滚子轴承的稳定性与空心率的百分比联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring of Building Services Using Artificial Intelligence 利用人工智能监测楼宇服务
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-wy7sos
R.S. Sharath, P. Madhan
We have proposed a building automation system to control the active systems such as lightning including artificial lighting on/off, air conditioners and safety features like earthquake alarm, fire alarm and gas alarm to make the building services more advanced.
我们提出了一个楼宇自动化系统来控制主动系统,如雷电,包括人工照明的开/关、空调以及地震报警、火灾报警和煤气报警等安全功能,使楼宇服务更加先进。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Extruded Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Filament Prepared for 3D Printing 为 3D 打印准备的挤出超高分子量聚乙烯 (UHMWPE) 纤维的表征
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-vnw3fs
B. Arifvianto, Candra Irawan, S. Suyitno, U. Salim, M. Mahardika
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has nowadays become a popular 3-dimensional (3D) printing technique for the fabrication of polymeric components with customized and complex-shape design, including biomedical implants. However, the use of this technique is often constrained by the limited number of polymeric materials that can be printed to form the final product. Despite excellent wear resistance and widely used as the acetabular component of a joint prosthesis, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is among such the rarely-found filament material in the market. In this research, preliminary work to fabricate UHMWPE filament for the FFF processing is carried out by using extrusion. The influences of extrusion temperature, addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and rotational speed of the extruder’s screw on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the extruded UHMWPE filament were determined. The result demonstrated no change in the chemical compositions of the filament due to the processing parameters applied, as noted from the FTIR spectra. The result of the tensile test showed that the highest tensile strength of UHMWPE filaments could reach 23.5 MPa.
如今,熔融长丝制造(FFF)已成为一种流行的三维(3D)打印技术,用于制造具有定制和复杂形状设计的聚合物部件,包括生物医学植入物。然而,这种技术的使用往往受到可打印形成最终产品的聚合物材料数量有限的限制。尽管超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)具有优异的耐磨性,并被广泛用作关节假体的髋臼部件,但它却是市场上极少见的长丝材料之一。在这项研究中,利用挤出法制造用于 FFF 加工的超高分子量聚乙烯长丝进行了初步工作。研究人员测定了挤出温度、聚乙二醇(PEG)添加量和挤出机螺杆转速对挤出超高分子量聚乙烯长丝的物理、化学和机械性能的影响。傅立叶变换红外光谱显示,所使用的加工参数没有改变长丝的化学成分。拉伸测试结果表明,超高分子量聚乙烯长丝的最高拉伸强度可达 23.5 兆帕。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of Pedestrian LOS for Crosswalks at Intersections - A Case Study in Shivamogga City 确定十字路口人行横道的行人 LOS - Shivamogga 市案例研究
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-ituxj0
S.N. Neeraj, H. Sagar, U. Arun, M.S. Anusha
The main objective of this research is to identify the variables that affect the level of service (Los) of pedestrians at intersections both (signalized and unsignalized) in shivamogga city. Based on the experiences of the pedestrians at the individual in intersections. A walker’s questionnaire survey was done to gather level of service of pedestrians in terms of protection, comfort, and convenience for every crossing at signalized & unsignalized intersections. Additionally, a video graphic method was employed to scan each crosswalk at the chosen three signalized and two unsignalized intersections. Pedestrian crossing time, pedestrian waiting time, pedestrian holding area, roadway width, and crosswalk surface condition were the key variables taken into account for the construction of the model. For each crossing, a considerable number of pedestrian ratings were collected, these ratings were used as the dependent variables in the analysis. In order to estimate the pedestrian level of service for each intersection's crosswalk, a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis utilizing SPSS software is used to construct a pedestrian Los model.
本研究的主要目的是确定影响希瓦莫加市十字路口(信号灯和非信号灯)行人服务水平(Los)的变量。根据行人在交叉路口的个人经验。对行人进行了问卷调查,以收集行人在有信号灯和无信号灯交叉路口每次过马路时的保护、舒适度和便利性方面的服务水平。此外,还采用视频图示法对所选的三个信号灯路口和两个非信号灯路口的人行横道进行了扫描。行人过街时间、行人等待时间、行人滞留区、道路宽度和人行横道表面状况是构建模型时考虑的关键变量。对于每个交叉口,我们都收集了大量的行人评分,这些评分被用作分析中的因变量。为了估算每个十字路口人行横道的行人服务水平,利用 SPSS 软件进行了逐步多元线性回归分析,以构建行人 Los 模型。
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引用次数: 0
Finite Element Analysis of Castellated Beams with Different Web Openings 采用不同腹板开孔的浇注梁的有限元分析
Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-feucb8
Priya A. Jacob, S. Aiswarya, Basil Johny, Blesson Joy, Tijo Chacko Thomas
Due to the recent developments in design optimization techniques and advanced construction technologies, uses of castellated beams have become very popular. Castellated beams because of their high strength to weight ratio and low maintenance and painting cost have effectively replaced built-up girders in light to medium constructions for medium to long spans. Longitudinal cuts in the form of openings along the web of castellated beams also results in stronger and stiffer beams than their parent beams without any increase in the self-weight. In this study, attempts are made to compare the behavior of castellated beams with their parent beams. Studies on effect of different web openings on deflection are carried out using finite element analysis.
由于近年来设计优化技术和先进施工技术的发展,浇注梁的使用已变得非常普遍。浇注梁具有强度重量比高、维护和油漆成本低的特点,因此在中长跨度的轻型和中型建筑中,浇注梁已经有效地取代了叠合梁。在不增加自重的情况下,沿浇注梁腹板开孔的纵向切口也会使梁的强度和刚度高于母梁。在本研究中,我们尝试比较了浇注梁与其母梁的行为。使用有限元分析法研究了不同腹板开孔对挠度的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Cellulose-Based Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as an Alternative Filler for Latex Application: A Review 纤维素基油棕空果束作为乳胶应用的替代填料:综述
Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-5dfzfb
Nuur Syuhada Dzulkafly, Anson Teh Tian Loke, A. Azura
Cellulose is a natural polymer with good properties that have caught researchers' attention to utilize these natural resources' potential. Cellulose also has been widely used as an alternative filler to replace inorganic filler in polymer composites. This review discussed the extraction of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). This review focused on the OPEFB due to the emergence of palm oil plantations which creates a high amount of biomass, whereas OPEFB is one of the major contributors. The utilization of cellulose application in the polymer focused on alternative fillers in latex application. The postulate crosslink mechanism in latex films is also described to highlight the potential of OPEFB as fillers in latex application. The utilization of OPEFB cellulose has the potential to be explore as bio-fillers with also impact the crosslinks mechanism in latex system which can improved the properties in latex composites.
纤维素是一种天然聚合物,具有良好的特性,这引起了研究人员对利用这些天然资源潜力的关注。纤维素还被广泛用作聚合物复合材料的替代填料,以取代无机填料。本综述讨论了从油棕空果束(OPEFB)中提取纤维素的问题。由于棕榈油种植园的出现产生了大量的生物质,而油棕空果穗是其中的主要贡献者之一,因此本综述将重点放在油棕空果穗上。纤维素在聚合物中的应用侧重于乳胶应用中的替代填料。此外,还介绍了乳胶膜中的假定交联机制,以突出 OPEFB 作为乳胶应用填料的潜力。使用 OPEFB 纤维素具有作为生物填料的潜力,同时还能影响乳胶系统中的交联机制,从而改善乳胶复合材料的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Engineering Systems, Equipment and Robotics 工程系统、设备和机器人技术
Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.4028/b-5jmwpe
V. Jayakumar, K. A. Razak
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Long Used Machine Oil on the Tribological Behaviour of Cu-Based Gear Materials 长期使用的机油对铜基齿轮材料摩擦学行为的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-dgl3xv
Samiul Kaiser, Asif Ahmed, Raisa Sharmila, Mohammad Salim Kaiser
A wear test was performed under the long-used machine oil sliding environment on Cu-based alloys Al-bronze and α-brass. A pin-on-disc wear testing method was applied where normal pressure of 0.255 to 2.55 MPa and a constant sliding speed of 0.641 m/s were considered. For the assessment dry and fresh machine oil sliding environments were also conducted. The results from the experiment demonstrated that the wear rate and friction coefficient in dry sliding condition were much greater for their direct contact but lower under machine oil due to the reduced roughness by the sealing effect as oil forms a thin lubricating film between the contact surfaces. Used oil displayed some degree of higher wear rate along with friction coefficient due to heavy and harmful chemical compounds in it. Al-bronze performed the better wear properties with lower wear rate and coefficient of friction for all the environments as it achieved the strength through different intermetallic formations. In case of α-brass, it had little effect on wear characteristics. Examined by optical microscopy and SEM analysis, worn surfaces showed that Al-bronze improved wear resistance through mild and smooth abrasive grooves filled with oxides in dry sliding conditions. In case of oil sliding environment, smooth surfaces were created by the resistance of the oil film to the direct contact between the surfaces. Used oil sliding conditions reduced the surface smoothness of the Cu and Cu-based alloys for the presence of damaging chemical compounds.
在长期使用的机油滑动环境下,对铜基合金青铜和α-黄铜进行了磨损测试。采用针盘磨损测试方法,法向压力为 0.255 至 2.55 兆帕,恒定滑动速度为 0.641 米/秒。为了进行评估,还进行了干燥和新鲜机油的滑动环境试验。实验结果表明,在干滑动条件下,两者直接接触的磨损率和摩擦系数要大得多,但在机油条件下,由于机油在接触面之间形成了一层薄薄的润滑膜,其密封效果降低了粗糙度,因此磨损率和摩擦系数要小得多。废油中含有大量有害的化学物质,因此磨损率和摩擦系数在一定程度上较高。在所有环境下,铝青铜的磨损性能都较好,磨损率和摩擦系数都较低,因为它通过不同的金属间形成达到了较高的强度。而α-黄铜对磨损特性的影响很小。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析,磨损表面显示,在干燥的滑动条件下,α-青铜通过充满氧化物的温和而光滑的磨沟提高了耐磨性。在油滑动环境下,由于油膜对表面之间直接接触的阻力,形成了光滑的表面。在使用油的滑动条件下,由于存在破坏性化合物,铜和铜基合金的表面光滑度降低。
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引用次数: 0
Strategies on the Optimization of Thermoelectric Systems for Heat Transfer Applications: State of the Art Review 传热应用热电系统优化策略:最新技术综述
Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-e8dsn5
Middela Mohith Venkatesh, B. Bakthavatchalam, Raghvendran Pala Raviramachandran, N. Shaik, Omar A. Hussein, Namdev Ashok Patil
Thermoelectric technology is one of the fast-developing technologies in the present days due to its excellent heat transfer and heat conversion capabalities. This uses the electromotive force produced by the temperature difference at each end of the device to produce electricity and vice versa. There are various applications developed based on this thermoelectric technology which includes thermoelectric coolers, thermoelectric generators, and thermoelectric air conditioners. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of thermoelectric (TE) technologies, starting with a complete summary of their working principles explaining the effects like Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects, as well as optimization techniques, applications, semi-conductor materials used, and potential future developments.
热电技术因其出色的传热和热转换能力而成为当今快速发展的技术之一。它利用设备两端的温差产生的电动势来发电,反之亦然。基于热电技术开发的各种应用包括热电冷却器、热电发电机和热电空调。本文对热电(TE)技术进行了全面分析,首先对其工作原理进行了全面总结,解释了塞贝克效应、珀尔帖效应和汤姆逊效应等效应,以及优化技术、应用、使用的半导体材料和未来的潜在发展。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Three Degree-of-Freedom Translational Parallel Kinematic Machine with Coplanar Rails 带共面导轨的三自由度平移并联运动机械的多目标优化
Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.4028/p-m2sh5b
Joy Sukumar Patnala, A. B. K. Rao, Sanjay K Darvekar
Several advancements in the field of parallel manipulators have taken place in recent days as they offer many advantages over serial manipulators in terms of accuracy, agility, stiffness, speed, etc. The Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs) with lower Degree of Freedom (DoF) joints are being explored for a variety of industrial applications and, in particular, machining applications as these offer more accuracy, high machining capability, and more stiffness. This research work focuses on the modeling, kinematics, workspace and dexterity analyses of a 3DoF Translational PKM having coplanar rails along the Cartesian axes: -X, +X, +Y. Actuation of sliders, independently along the respective rails, offer the tool platform pure translational motion. Fixed length links are used to connect the sliders and tool platform. The PKM under study is modeled in CATIA. Inverse kinematics and workspace analysis are carried out using the performance indices, namely, Workspace Volume Index (WVI) and Global Condition Index (GCI). Attempts are also made to find the optimal dimensions of the PKM through multi-objective optimization using Genetic Algorithms in MATLAB. The methodology presented is helpful to predict the PKM's performance capability while the results obtained are helpful for the development of a physical prototype necessary for further experimental investigations.
并联机械手在精度、灵活性、刚度、速度等方面比串联机械手具有许多优势,因此近年来在并联机械手领域取得了一些进展。具有较低自由度(DoF)关节的并联机械手(PKM)正被用于各种工业应用,特别是机械加工应用,因为这些机械手具有更高的精度、更强的加工能力和更大的刚度。这项研究工作的重点是对沿笛卡尔轴(-X、+X、+Y)共面导轨的 3DoF 横向 PKM 进行建模、运动学、工作空间和灵巧性分析。滑块沿各自的轨道独立驱动,为工具平台提供纯平移运动。滑块和工具平台之间采用固定长度的链接连接。所研究的 PKM 在 CATIA 中建模。使用性能指数,即工作空间体积指数(WVI)和全局状态指数(GCI),进行了逆运动学和工作空间分析。此外,还尝试使用 MATLAB 中的遗传算法,通过多目标优化找到 PKM 的最佳尺寸。所提出的方法有助于预测 PKM 的性能能力,而获得的结果则有助于开发进一步实验研究所需的物理原型。
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引用次数: 0
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Applied Mechanics and Materials
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