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Creation of an alternate reality: The organization and propaganda activities of the government of national salvation from 1941 until 1944 创造另一种现实:1941年至1944年救国政府的组织和宣传活动
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253185m
Marijana Mraović
The complexity and rise of the awareness of the importance of propaganda in the Second World War, alongside improvements in the means of mass communication, influenced the emergence of institutional propaganda actions of the wartime collaborationist regime in the territory of occupied Serbia. The paper is primarily based on archive material from the Military Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia. It also includes an analysis of the methods and models of the propaganda collaborationist administration and its representatives in the period of the Council of Commissars, as well as the ?Government of National Salvation? during the entire period of occupation. It describes the formation and work of the Section for State Propaganda and its connection with the German propaganda machine, in addition to highlighting some peculiarities of the propaganda placed in the public of the occupied Serbia.
第二次世界大战期间宣传的复杂性和对宣传重要性认识的提高,加上大众传播手段的改进,影响了战时通敌主义政权在被占领塞尔维亚领土上的制度性宣传行动的出现。本文主要基于塞尔维亚共和国国防部军事档案馆的档案资料。本文还分析了宣传通敌主义政府及其代表在人民委员会时期和救国政府时期的方法和模式。在整个占领期间。它描述了国家宣传科的组成和工作,以及它与德国宣传机器的联系,此外还强调了在被占领的塞尔维亚公众中进行宣传的一些特点。
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引用次数: 0
The opening of the Italian legation in Belgrade in 1879 and relations between Serbs and Italians in the 19th century 1879年意大利在贝尔格莱德设立公使馆,以及19世纪塞尔维亚人和意大利人的关系
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253079a
A. D'alessandri
This essay focuses on the opening of the Italian diplomatic Legation in Belgrade in 1879 after the Serbia?s independence. This new beginning of the Serbian-Italian political relations is seen in the framework of the reorientation of the Italian foreign policy after the fall of the French Second Empire and the rise of the Imperial Germany. A great role in this process was played by Count Giuseppe Tornielli Brusati di Vergano, former Secretary General of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Italian Kingdom. He was entrusted to open the Italian Legation in Belgrade and in Bucharest, thus inaugurating a new phase of the Italian action in South-eastern Europe and the Eastern affairs. This question is analyzed in a broader chronological space such as the long tradition of cultural and political exchanges between Serbs and Italians during the epoch of the national Risorgimento.
本文主要探讨1879年塞尔维亚战争结束后,意大利在贝尔格莱德设立外交公使馆。年代独立。塞尔维亚-意大利政治关系的这一新开端是在法兰西第二帝国衰亡和德意志帝国崛起后意大利外交政策重新定位的框架中看到的。意大利王国外交部长前秘书长朱塞佩·托尔尼埃利·布鲁萨蒂·迪·维尔加诺伯爵在这一进程中发挥了重要作用。他受命在贝尔格莱德和布加勒斯特开设了意大利公使馆,从而开启了意大利在东南欧和东方事务中的行动的一个新阶段。这个问题是在更广泛的时间空间中分析的,例如在国家复兴时期塞尔维亚人和意大利人之间的文化和政治交流的悠久传统。
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引用次数: 0
Yugoslav-Italian foreign trade relations 1919-1939 and the Yugoslav industry: The import of textile products from Italy 南斯拉夫-意大利对外贸易关系1919-1939年和南斯拉夫工业:从意大利进口纺织品
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253167r
Jelena Rafailovic
Yugoslav-Italian relations between two world wars, besides the diplomatic-political, also had a very significant economic aspect. Italy was one of the most important foreign trade partners of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and this paper will explore the trade exchange between the two countries, especially the import of materials necessary for the textile industry, which substantially contributed to the positive balance of trade. Beside a quantitative analysis of statistical data regarding foreign trade, the paper also looks at the impact of political and economic events on the trade relations between the two countries, as well as the relation between the industrialization of Yugoslavia and changes in foreign trade.
两次世界大战期间南斯拉夫与意大利的关系,除了外交政治关系外,还有非常重要的经济方面。意大利是南斯拉夫王国最重要的对外贸易伙伴之一,本文将探讨两国之间的贸易交流,特别是纺织工业所需材料的进口,这大大促进了贸易的正平衡。除了对外贸易统计数据的定量分析外,本文还研究了政治和经济事件对两国贸易关系的影响,以及南斯拉夫工业化与对外贸易变化之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Three votive plaques from Upper Moesia 来自上摩西亚的三个祈祷板
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253007n
D. Nikolic
The article proposes a new reading and interpretation of three inscriptions engraved on small bronze plaques in the shape of tabula ansata from the Danubian limes in Upper Moesia - two from Pincum and one from Viminacium, associating the inscribed objects with the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus. The revised inscriptions also provide new data on the Roman units stationed on the Upper Moesian Danube bank, as two of the dedicators are identified as members of the ala Flaviana.
这篇文章提出了一种新的解读和解释,在上莫西亚的多瑙河石灰中,有三个雕刻在小铜板上的tabula ansata形状的铭文,其中两个来自Pincum,一个来自Viminacium,将铭文与朱庇特·多里切诺斯的崇拜联系起来。修订后的铭文还提供了驻扎在多瑙河上游的罗马部队的新数据,因为其中两名奉献者被确定为ala Flaviana的成员。
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引用次数: 1
The Venice biennale and art in Belgrade in the 1950s. A contribution to the study of the artistic dialogue between Italy and Serbia 威尼斯双年展和50年代贝尔格莱德的艺术。对意大利和塞尔维亚艺术对话研究的贡献
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253227e
Ana Eres
Throughout the twentieth century the International Art Exhibition Venice Biennale was seen as a major event by the art world of Belgrade and, more broadly, of Serbia and Yugoslavia. After the Second World War this biggest and most important international show of contemporary art provided Belgrade?s artists and art critics with an opportunity to acquaint themselves with the latest developments on the international art scene. At the same time, it was used as a platform for the leading figures of Belgrade?s artistic and cultural-policy establishment to create, through the exhibitions mounted in the national pavilion, an image of the country?s artistic contemporaneity aimed at achieving its desired standing in the West. The attitude of Belgrade?s art scene to the Venice Biennale went through a particularly interesting phase in the 1950s. Its transformations offer an opportunity to observe, analyse and expand the knowledge about the changes that marked that turbulent decade in the history of Serbian art, which went a long way from dogmatically exclusive socialist realism to the institutionalization of a high-modernist language as the dominant model. Based on the reconstruction of Yugoslavia?s sustained participation in the Venice Biennale (1950-60), this paper analyses the models of the representation of Serbian art in the international context of the Biennale within a broader context of the intensification of Serbian-Italian artistic contacts during the period under study.
在整个二十世纪,威尼斯国际艺术双年展被视为贝尔格莱德艺术界的重大事件,更广泛地说,是塞尔维亚和南斯拉夫。第二次世界大战后,这个规模最大、最重要的国际当代艺术展为贝尔格莱德提供了什么?让美国艺术家和艺术评论家有机会了解国际艺术舞台的最新发展。与此同时,它也被用作贝尔格莱德主要人物的平台。美国的艺术和文化政策机构,通过国家馆的展览,创造了一个国家的形象。中国的当代艺术旨在实现其在西方的理想地位。贝尔格莱德的态度?20世纪50年代,美国参加威尼斯双年展的艺术界经历了一个特别有趣的阶段。它的转变提供了一个机会来观察、分析和扩展关于塞尔维亚艺术史上动荡的十年的变化的知识,从教条的排他性的社会主义现实主义到作为主导模式的高度现代主义语言的制度化,这段时间走了很长的路。基于南斯拉夫的重建?随着塞尔维亚持续参与威尼斯双年展(1950-60),本文在研究期间塞尔维亚-意大利艺术接触加强的更广泛背景下,分析了双年展国际背景下塞尔维亚艺术的表现模式。
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引用次数: 0
Belgrade 1969-1972. The uncertainties and hardships of the Yugoslav experiment in the eyes of a newly graduated Italian scholarship holder 贝尔格莱德1969 - 1972。一位刚毕业的意大利奖学金获得者眼中南斯拉夫实验的不确定性和艰辛
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253261d
M. Dogo
Half a century ago, the author of this paper, a recent graduate, received an exchange scholarship from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for a research visit to Belgrade on the subject of self-management and the theory of the state. At that time, the central, and by no means merely theoretical, problem of Yugoslavian society was how to respond to the impact of the market on the system of self-management. In addition to the production structure, this question also affected the relations between the republics and the political centre of the state. Two serious crises were to be decided by the decisive intervention of the charismatic leader, who put an authoritarian model from another era back into force. The young scholar observed and did not understand much, but in return became familiar with a lively and hospitable city. Critical reflections would come in the years to follow.
半个世纪前,本文的作者是一名刚毕业的大学生,他获得了意大利外交部的交换奖学金,前往贝尔格莱德进行自我管理和国家理论的研究访问。当时,南斯拉夫社会的中心问题,绝不仅仅是理论问题,是如何应对市场对自我管理制度的影响。除了生产结构,这个问题也影响到共和国和国家政治中心之间的关系。两场严重的危机都是由这位魅力非凡的领导人的果断干预决定的,他将另一个时代的威权模式重新付诸实施。年轻的学者观察着,并没有理解多少,但作为回报,他熟悉了这座生机勃勃、热情好客的城市。在接下来的几年里,批评性的反思接踵而至。
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引用次数: 0
The two last encounters between Broz and Berlinguer - the epilogue of an alliance 布罗兹和贝林格之间的最后两次相遇——联盟的尾声
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253273z
Bogdan Zivkovic
Based on unpublished historical sources from the archives of the communist parties of Yugoslavia and Italy (Archives of Yugoslavia, Belgrade; Fondazione Istituto Gramsci, Archivio del Partito comunista Italiano, Rome), this paper analyzes the two last meetings of the leaders of the two parties, Josip Broz Tito and Enrico Berlinguer. The topics are Berlinguer?s two visits to Yugoslavia, in October 1977 and October 1978, which took place at the height of the inter-party alliance, after the Berlin Conference of the Communist Parties of Europe held in June 1976. The aforementioned two visits are viewed in this paper as case studies that testify to the nature of the alliance between the two parties, and illuminate the key similarities and differences between these two political actors.
根据南斯拉夫和意大利共产党档案中未发表的历史资料(南斯拉夫档案,贝尔格莱德;这篇论文分析了两党领导人的最后两次会晤,即铁托和贝林杰。主题是柏林语?他于1977年10月和1978年10月两次访问南斯拉夫,这是在1976年6月举行的欧洲共产党柏林会议之后,在党际联盟的高峰时期。上述两次访问在本文中被视为案例研究,证明了两党之间联盟的性质,并阐明了这两个政治行动者之间的关键异同。
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引用次数: 0
Experiencing disease and medical treatment in renaissance Italy: Cardinal Pietro Bembo and his circle 在意大利文艺复兴时期经历疾病和医疗:红衣主教彼得罗·本博和他的圈子
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253045h
J. Henderson, V. Zivkovic
This article, which examines contemporaries? personal experience of illness in Renaissance Italy, is part of a growing literature which concentrates on the patient rather than the practitioner. The basis of this study is the correspondence of Pietro Bembo, the well-known humanist, papal secretary and latterly Cardinal, with his cousin Gian Matteo Bembo and his long-standing secretary and friend, Cola Bruno. These letters are revealing of how a non-medical man understood and described illness in the sixteenth century, and his personal experience associated particularly with ?mal delle reni?, which he shared with his friends and recommended treatments. It also reveals his attitude towards medical practitioners, ranging from scepticism to fully embracing new therapies such as Holy Wood, which was used to treat the new epidemic disease of the Great Pox. Indeed he shared his enthusiasm for the efficacy of this drug with his great friend the physician Girolamo Fracastoro, the author of Syphilis, the poem which he dedicated to Bembo, and also of the treatise De contagione et contagiosis morbis (1546).
这篇文章考察了同时代的人?在意大利文艺复兴时期的疾病的个人经历,是越来越多的文学的一部分,集中在病人而不是医生。这项研究的基础是著名的人文主义者、教皇秘书和后来的红衣主教彼得罗·本博与他的表弟吉安·马泰奥·本博和他长期的秘书和朋友科拉·布鲁诺的通信。这些信件揭示了一个非医学人士如何理解和描述16世纪的疾病,以及他的个人经历,特别是与马尔·德尔·雷尼?他与朋友们分享了这些信息,并推荐了治疗方法。它还揭示了他对医生的态度,从怀疑到完全接受新疗法,如用于治疗新流行病大痘的“圣木”。事实上,他和他的好朋友,医生吉罗拉莫·弗拉卡斯托罗分享了他对这种药物功效的热情,吉罗拉莫·弗拉卡斯托罗是《梅毒》的作者,他把这首诗献给了本博,也写了《传染性与传染性》(1546)。
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引用次数: 0
The second eastern crisis (1875-1878): Echoes, volunteers and Italian interests 第二次东方危机(1875-1878):回声、志愿者和意大利利益
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253063g
Francesco Guida
The actions of Balkan insurgents during Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878 were closely followed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his supporters as well as by the Italian politicians and writers that were a part Mazzini?s school of thought. Garibaldi actively sustained the insurgents and his red shirts went to fight in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the first year of the Crisis. When the uprising evolved into a war of Serbia and Montenegro against the Ottomans the involvement of red shirts as well as the one of volunteers in general was considerable reduced, with the exception of the Russian contingent under the commandment of the Russian general Mikhail Chernyaev. However, the interest for the ongoing developments in the Bosnia and Herzegovina only changed the form, since Italian politicians and journalists made several projects trying to mobilize Italian general public to support South Slav cause. The Venetian writer Marco Antonio Canini even imagined a confederal solution for the nations in the Danube basin thus trying to overcome the conflicts between the nascent nationalisms that could dispute among them the territorial heritage of the Austria-Hungary after its projected demise. None of the projects were put in practice, but they remain as testimony of Italian interest and involvement into the Great Eastern Crisis and its consequences.
在1875年至1878年的东方危机期间,巴尔干叛乱分子的行动受到朱塞佩·加里波第和他的支持者以及意大利政治家和作家的密切关注,他们是马志尼?S学派的思想。加里波第积极支持叛乱分子,他的红衫军在危机的第一年前往波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那作战。当起义演变成塞尔维亚和黑山对抗奥斯曼帝国的战争时,红衫军的参与以及志愿者的参与都大大减少了,除了俄罗斯将军米哈伊尔·切尔尼亚耶夫(Mikhail Chernyaev)指挥的俄罗斯特遣队。然而,对波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那目前事态发展的兴趣只是改变了形式,因为意大利政治家和新闻记者制作了几个项目,试图动员意大利公众支持南斯拉夫的事业。威尼斯作家马可·安东尼奥·卡尼尼(Marco Antonio Canini)甚至为多瑙河流域的国家设想了一个邦联的解决方案,从而试图克服新兴民族主义之间的冲突,这些民族主义可能会在奥匈帝国灭亡后争夺其领土遗产。这些项目都没有付诸实践,但它们仍然是意大利人对东方大危机及其后果的兴趣和参与的见证。
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引用次数: 0
Italy in the writings of Slobodan Jovanovic 斯洛博丹·约瓦诺维奇笔下的意大利
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2298/balc2253141m
B. Milosavljevic
Slobodan Jovanovic made frequent stays in Italy since his earliest childhood, which contributed to his thorough and comprehensive understanding of Italian history, politics, science, culture and arts. His father, Vladimir Jovanovic, maintained close contact with Mazzini, whose liberal nationalism he embraced and followed. Some of their closest family members resided in Rome during the First World War, because Vladimir Jovanovic?s sonin-law, Mihailo Ristic, served as Serbia?s minister to Italy (1914-17). For about half a century Slobodan Jovanovic was an interpreter of Italian political history, of its influence on Serbian and Yugoslav history, and of the work of Italian statesmen and theorists, notably Machiavelli. In the 1930s he taught a doctoral course on Italian public law and corporate system. After the Second World War he lived in exile in London. Some of the works he published there showed that some solutions in the constitution of socialist Yugoslavia, presented as an original invention, had already existed in interwar Italian corporate law.
斯洛博丹·约万诺维奇从小就经常在意大利逗留,这使他对意大利的历史、政治、科学、文化和艺术有了深入而全面的了解。他的父亲弗拉基米尔·约万诺维奇(Vladimir Jovanovic)与马志尼保持着密切联系,他信奉并追随马志尼的自由民族主义。他们最亲密的家庭成员在第一次世界大战期间住在罗马,因为弗拉基米尔·约万诺维奇?他的女婿米哈伊尔·里斯蒂克曾担任塞尔维亚总统。英国驻意大利公使(1914- 1917)。大约半个世纪以来,斯洛博丹·约瓦诺维奇一直是意大利政治史的诠释者,研究意大利政治史对塞尔维亚和南斯拉夫历史的影响,以及意大利政治家和理论家(尤其是马基雅维利)的著作。在20世纪30年代,他教授了一门关于意大利公法和公司制度的博士课程。第二次世界大战后,他流亡伦敦。他在那里发表的一些著作表明,社会主义南斯拉夫宪法中的一些解决办法,作为一项原创发明,已经存在于两次世界大战之间的意大利公司法中。
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引用次数: 0
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Balcanica (Rome, Italy)
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