Abstract The accurate estimation of the time of death (Post-Mortem Interval, PMI) is of great importance when reconstructing the actual events at a crime scene following the recovery of a body.The reliability of the PMI is vital to validate witness statements and suspect alibis.The PMI estimation based on insects collected from remains relies on two fundamental principles. Firstly, the development of an insect is proportionate to its surrounding environmental condition, and secondly, colonization by insects and other arthropods typically occur according to predictable sequences subjected to seasonality, environment in which the decomposition takes place, and the possible presence of xenobiotics in the food substrate (e.g., drugs). Dipteran species of the family Calliphoridae are the most common species colonizing a corpse and carcass, and a large body of research in entomology is focused on their developmental data. Such data is used forensically to estimate the PMI via three types of calculation: accumulated degree day/hour, table of growth, and isomegalen/isomorphen diagram. Much of this research has been documented during the 20th century, in different countries, using different experimental designs and analyses.This review tabulates development data obtained from 74 manuscripts published between 1933 and 2021 for five cosmopolitan blowfly species associated with the early stages of decomposition during the warmer seasons: Chrysomya megacephala, Ch. rufifacies, Ch. albiceps, Lucilia sericata, and L. cuprina. This review highlights the importance of establishing a standardized protocol to conduct future development studies and maintaining a system for retrieval of this data for future PMI calculations.
{"title":"Current Status of Five Warm Season Diptera Species in Estimating the Post-Mortem Interval","authors":"Y. T. B. Bambaradeniya, P. Magni, I. Dadour","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The accurate estimation of the time of death (Post-Mortem Interval, PMI) is of great importance when reconstructing the actual events at a crime scene following the recovery of a body.The reliability of the PMI is vital to validate witness statements and suspect alibis.The PMI estimation based on insects collected from remains relies on two fundamental principles. Firstly, the development of an insect is proportionate to its surrounding environmental condition, and secondly, colonization by insects and other arthropods typically occur according to predictable sequences subjected to seasonality, environment in which the decomposition takes place, and the possible presence of xenobiotics in the food substrate (e.g., drugs). Dipteran species of the family Calliphoridae are the most common species colonizing a corpse and carcass, and a large body of research in entomology is focused on their developmental data. Such data is used forensically to estimate the PMI via three types of calculation: accumulated degree day/hour, table of growth, and isomegalen/isomorphen diagram. Much of this research has been documented during the 20th century, in different countries, using different experimental designs and analyses.This review tabulates development data obtained from 74 manuscripts published between 1933 and 2021 for five cosmopolitan blowfly species associated with the early stages of decomposition during the warmer seasons: Chrysomya megacephala, Ch. rufifacies, Ch. albiceps, Lucilia sericata, and L. cuprina. This review highlights the importance of establishing a standardized protocol to conduct future development studies and maintaining a system for retrieval of this data for future PMI calculations.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41895916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Júlia Birkhan, Beatriz N. Carrizo, M. Socías, Maria Kátia Matiotti da Costa, J. Guedes, Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Abstract The locust species Schistocerca cancellata Serville, endemic to South America, is known for its ability to form dense swarms, which reach the status of agricultural pest for several crops in southern South America.This article aimed to gather more accurate information about the history, biology, ecology, and control of S. cancellata, because of the 2021 invasions, which threatened to invade the Brazilian territory. During outbreak periods, swarms consume any available vegetation in the occurrence areas of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, and Bolivia.These invasions have been well documented in history, since they left deep marks wherever they went, especially in Argentina, which to this day represents the country that most accounted for agricultural losses from outbreaks. economy's main current means of control are based on pesticides, whose chemical composition induces a series of damages to health, the environment, and consequently the ecosystem. Knowing about the biological processes of this locust is an important factor in understanding how swarms form, as well as controlling them. The intergovernmental coalition shows positive results in monitoring and controlling the swarms, which, even demonstrating stability, remain under constant surveillance by competent bodies.
{"title":"Basis for the Management of Schistocerca cancellata (Orthoptera: Acrididae)","authors":"Júlia Birkhan, Beatriz N. Carrizo, M. Socías, Maria Kátia Matiotti da Costa, J. Guedes, Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The locust species Schistocerca cancellata Serville, endemic to South America, is known for its ability to form dense swarms, which reach the status of agricultural pest for several crops in southern South America.This article aimed to gather more accurate information about the history, biology, ecology, and control of S. cancellata, because of the 2021 invasions, which threatened to invade the Brazilian territory. During outbreak periods, swarms consume any available vegetation in the occurrence areas of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, and Bolivia.These invasions have been well documented in history, since they left deep marks wherever they went, especially in Argentina, which to this day represents the country that most accounted for agricultural losses from outbreaks. economy's main current means of control are based on pesticides, whose chemical composition induces a series of damages to health, the environment, and consequently the ecosystem. Knowing about the biological processes of this locust is an important factor in understanding how swarms form, as well as controlling them. The intergovernmental coalition shows positive results in monitoring and controlling the swarms, which, even demonstrating stability, remain under constant surveillance by competent bodies.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42803077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the alternation of asexually and sexually reproducing generations is common among the oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), it has been hypothesized that the diversity of taxa displaying this unique life cycle is underestimated because either 1) the alternative generation has not yet been described or 2) each generation is currently described as two distinct species and should be collapsed into one heterogonic organism (referred to as ‘closing the life cycle’). Through field observations, experimental rearing, morphological identification, laboratory behavioral assays, and genetic analysis, we demonstrate heterogony in the cynipid species Andricus quercuslanigera (Ashmead 1881) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), which was previously only described from the asexual generation. We confirm that the asexual generation, which develops in ‘fuzzy’ galls on the central vein on the underside of leaves on live oaks in southeast Texas, Quercus virginiana , represents only one generation in a bivoltine life cycle that alternates with a newly discovered sexual generation that develops in galls on catkins on the same host. Our study highlights the need for detailed inspections of the life cycles of unisexual gall wasp species and we discuss the closure of the A. quercuslanigera life cycle in light of recent advances in the study of the ecology and evolution of heterogony in the Cynipidae.
{"title":"Correction to: ‘Closing the life cycle’ of Andricus quercuslanigera (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)","authors":"Hood, Zhang, Topper, Brandão-Dias, Delicia Pino, Comerford, Egan","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac020","url":null,"abstract":"While the alternation of asexually and sexually reproducing generations is common among the oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), it has been hypothesized that the diversity of taxa displaying this unique life cycle is underestimated because either 1) the alternative generation has not yet been described or 2) each generation is currently described as two distinct species and should be collapsed into one heterogonic organism (referred to as ‘closing the life cycle’). Through field observations, experimental rearing, morphological identification, laboratory behavioral assays, and genetic analysis, we demonstrate heterogony in the cynipid species Andricus quercuslanigera (Ashmead 1881) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), which was previously only described from the asexual generation. We confirm that the asexual generation, which develops in ‘fuzzy’ galls on the central vein on the underside of leaves on live oaks in southeast Texas, Quercus virginiana , represents only one generation in a bivoltine life cycle that alternates with a newly discovered sexual generation that develops in galls on catkins on the same host. Our study highlights the need for detailed inspections of the life cycles of unisexual gall wasp species and we discuss the closure of the A. quercuslanigera life cycle in light of recent advances in the study of the ecology and evolution of heterogony in the Cynipidae.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44232172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Ants are eusocial insects belong to family Formicidae and live in symbiotic association with different species of the fungus. Fungi serving them as food and others relationship between fungus and ants is fungi increase the durability of the nest ants living in carton nests in the trees. Our goal was to investigate through literature obvious interactions between ants and common fungi, protection of ants' colonies from pathogens and uses of fungal isolates in sustainable agriculture. Fungal bank in the ants colony is their source of food and colonies of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are attacked by numerous parasites, pathogens, and parasitoids that exploit entire colonies and their resources. Symbiotic fungi strains belonging to Penicillium found in ants nests are antibiotic producer. High frequency and high diversity of these colonies suggested that insects preferentially sustained this fungus for their survival. Fungal growing ants evolved a close mutualistic relationship with multiple species of Actinobacteria belonging to the genus Pseudonocardia for protection of colony from various diseases. Fungus-growing ants and Pseudonocardia symbionts are novel and significant source of antibiotic and antifungal agents and used as model system due to experimental tractability and well-studied ecology. Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium psalliotae are Entomopathogenic fungi found in mutualistic association with Attine ants used in a much smaller scale. Formulation of entomopathogenic fungi-based pesticides biosynthesis of fungal-based nanoparticles at industrial scale is useful in recent sustainable agriculture. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Symbiotic Association Between Ants and Fungus","authors":"S. Riaz, F. Farooq, F. Manzoor","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ants are eusocial insects belong to family Formicidae and live in symbiotic association with different species of the fungus. Fungi serving them as food and others relationship between fungus and ants is fungi increase the durability of the nest ants living in carton nests in the trees. Our goal was to investigate through literature obvious interactions between ants and common fungi, protection of ants' colonies from pathogens and uses of fungal isolates in sustainable agriculture. Fungal bank in the ants colony is their source of food and colonies of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are attacked by numerous parasites, pathogens, and parasitoids that exploit entire colonies and their resources. Symbiotic fungi strains belonging to Penicillium found in ants nests are antibiotic producer. High frequency and high diversity of these colonies suggested that insects preferentially sustained this fungus for their survival. Fungal growing ants evolved a close mutualistic relationship with multiple species of Actinobacteria belonging to the genus Pseudonocardia for protection of colony from various diseases. Fungus-growing ants and Pseudonocardia symbionts are novel and significant source of antibiotic and antifungal agents and used as model system due to experimental tractability and well-studied ecology. Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium psalliotae are Entomopathogenic fungi found in mutualistic association with Attine ants used in a much smaller scale. Formulation of entomopathogenic fungi-based pesticides biosynthesis of fungal-based nanoparticles at industrial scale is useful in recent sustainable agriculture. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45763386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Here, I provide data from a longitudinal survey that suggests that male entomology doctoral graduates are more successful at getting scientific positions than female graduates are. I digitally followed over 800 male and female doctorates graduating between 2001 and 2018 over several years to determine occupational outcomes. Males significantly outnumber females in industry positions, and occupy more academic positions and government jobs than females. Males may get a head start in employment by publishing significantly more scientific papers during their graduate programs than do females, setting them up to be more competitive. Once hired into academia, males appear to continue this publication pattern, obtaining significantly higher H-indices than female academic colleagues later in their careers, which may play a role in being promoted more quickly than females. Males are also favored by institutions at which they previously interned: Males working as postdoctoral scientists in USDA labs end up being hired into significantly more permanent jobs at USDA than females who also were postdocs at USDA. Another important result of the research is the finding that the majority of both genders undergo postdoctoral training, but fewer than 25% of entomology postdocs get academic positions, demonstrating the bleak outlook of the academic job market.
{"title":"Longitudinal Career Survey of Entomology Doctoral Graduates Suggests That Females Are Disadvantaged in Entomology Job Market","authors":"K. A. Walker","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Here, I provide data from a longitudinal survey that suggests that male entomology doctoral graduates are more successful at getting scientific positions than female graduates are. I digitally followed over 800 male and female doctorates graduating between 2001 and 2018 over several years to determine occupational outcomes. Males significantly outnumber females in industry positions, and occupy more academic positions and government jobs than females. Males may get a head start in employment by publishing significantly more scientific papers during their graduate programs than do females, setting them up to be more competitive. Once hired into academia, males appear to continue this publication pattern, obtaining significantly higher H-indices than female academic colleagues later in their careers, which may play a role in being promoted more quickly than females. Males are also favored by institutions at which they previously interned: Males working as postdoctoral scientists in USDA labs end up being hired into significantly more permanent jobs at USDA than females who also were postdocs at USDA. Another important result of the research is the finding that the majority of both genders undergo postdoctoral training, but fewer than 25% of entomology postdocs get academic positions, demonstrating the bleak outlook of the academic job market.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42902770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sharma, N. Negi, Himanshu Thakur, Jabez Raju Battu, M. Turnbull
Abstract Gap junctions are integral membrane proteins that play a role in cell-to-cell communication. They are coded by the functional genes called connexins in chordates and innexins in invertebrates. However, recently pannexins were also found in mammalian genomes, which are homologous to insect innexins. Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) has different functions ranging from their role in ontogenesis to the transfer of intracellular signal molecules and minimizing the adverse effects of xenobiotics by dilution and steady-state catabolism. Perturbations of these gap junctions are known to promote cancers besides, and many tumor inducers reduce the functioning of these gap junctions. Insect gap junctions play a crucial role in the development of insects and perhaps might be one of the reasons for the success of insects on terrestrial habitats. Majority of the work on innexins was done on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and its innexins regulate size of the central nervous system, embryonic gut formation, metamorphosis, and the fertility of germ lines in the reproductive system. There are several insecticides like cyclodienes, organochlorines, phenypyrazoles, synthetic pyrethroids, avermectins, milbemycins, oxadiazines, semicarbazones, metadiamides, isoxazolines which target ion channels in the insects, but there is no evidence that supports the possible toxic effects of insecticides on insect gap junctions. In this review, we discuss the importance of insect gap junctions and how they could be a potential target for chemical pest management.
{"title":"Insect Gap Junctions Could Be a Potential Target for Pest Management","authors":"P. Sharma, N. Negi, Himanshu Thakur, Jabez Raju Battu, M. Turnbull","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gap junctions are integral membrane proteins that play a role in cell-to-cell communication. They are coded by the functional genes called connexins in chordates and innexins in invertebrates. However, recently pannexins were also found in mammalian genomes, which are homologous to insect innexins. Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) has different functions ranging from their role in ontogenesis to the transfer of intracellular signal molecules and minimizing the adverse effects of xenobiotics by dilution and steady-state catabolism. Perturbations of these gap junctions are known to promote cancers besides, and many tumor inducers reduce the functioning of these gap junctions. Insect gap junctions play a crucial role in the development of insects and perhaps might be one of the reasons for the success of insects on terrestrial habitats. Majority of the work on innexins was done on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and its innexins regulate size of the central nervous system, embryonic gut formation, metamorphosis, and the fertility of germ lines in the reproductive system. There are several insecticides like cyclodienes, organochlorines, phenypyrazoles, synthetic pyrethroids, avermectins, milbemycins, oxadiazines, semicarbazones, metadiamides, isoxazolines which target ion channels in the insects, but there is no evidence that supports the possible toxic effects of insecticides on insect gap junctions. In this review, we discuss the importance of insect gap junctions and how they could be a potential target for chemical pest management.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46307449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-04eCollection Date: 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saac017
Robert G Hancock, Taylor Boyd, Shannon MacFadden, Aaron Sowders, W A Foster, L P Lounibos
High-speed microcinematography was used to elucidate the details of prey capture by the larvae of three predatory mosquito species. The obligate predators Toxorhynchites amboinensis and Psorophora ciliata exhibited a high degree of convergence as both utilize three essential elements: 1) abdominally-generated hemostatic pressure to propel the head towards the prey; 2) lateral palatal brushes (LPB) opening and fanning into anterior-directed basket-like arrangements; 3) simultaneously with the LPB-basket formation, the wide opening of sharp-toothed mandibles. Thus, LPBs and mandibles are used for prey capture by both species. The facultative predator Sabethes cyaneus utilizes a vastly different prey-capture mechanism that involves ventro-lateral body arching and scooping of prey with axially pointed siphons into the grasp of open maxillae bearing elongate apical teeth. Prey consumption, which is typically incomplete in this species, then involves the action of teeth on the mandibles which cut into the held prey. Although prey consumption is incomplete, simple experiments show that Sa. cyaneus do gain nutritionally from consuming mosquito larvae and that they do discriminate heterospecific from conspecific larvae and actively approach heterospecific mosquito prey. These findings indicate that independent evolutionary pathways have produced diverse predatory behaviors and morphologies in aquatic environments where the immature stages of mosquitoes co-occur.
{"title":"Mosquitoes Eating Mosquitoes: How <i>Toxorhynchites amboinensis</i>, <i>Psorophora ciliata</i>, and <i>Sabethes cyaneus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) Capture Prey.","authors":"Robert G Hancock, Taylor Boyd, Shannon MacFadden, Aaron Sowders, W A Foster, L P Lounibos","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aesa/saac017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-speed microcinematography was used to elucidate the details of prey capture by the larvae of three predatory mosquito species. The obligate predators <i>Toxorhynchites amboinensis</i> and <i>Psorophora ciliata</i> exhibited a high degree of convergence as both utilize three essential elements: 1) abdominally-generated hemostatic pressure to propel the head towards the prey; 2) lateral palatal brushes (LPB) opening and fanning into anterior-directed basket-like arrangements; 3) simultaneously with the LPB-basket formation, the wide opening of sharp-toothed mandibles. Thus, LPBs and mandibles are used for prey capture by both species. The facultative predator <i>Sabethes cyaneus</i> utilizes a vastly different prey-capture mechanism that involves ventro-lateral body arching and scooping of prey with axially pointed siphons into the grasp of open maxillae bearing elongate apical teeth. Prey consumption, which is typically incomplete in this species, then involves the action of teeth on the mandibles which cut into the held prey. Although prey consumption is incomplete, simple experiments show that <i>Sa. cyaneus</i> do gain nutritionally from consuming mosquito larvae and that they do discriminate heterospecific from conspecific larvae and actively approach heterospecific mosquito prey. These findings indicate that independent evolutionary pathways have produced diverse predatory behaviors and morphologies in aquatic environments where the immature stages of mosquitoes co-occur.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9661258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40705253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Montgomery, C. Vanderwoude, M. Lintermans, A. J. Lynch
Abstract Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) is an invasive tramp ant species that has been transported globally since [at least] the early twentieth century. It is often claimed that despite the negative impacts associated with this species and its listing among the world's worst invasive species, very little research attention has been paid to W. auropuntata. Although the need for future research exists, there is currently a considerable body of research from around the world and spanning back to the 1920's on this species. Here we synthesize over 200 peer reviewed research manuscripts, book chapters, conference presentations, and media reports of new distributions spanning 1929–2022 culminating in a comprehensive literature review on W. auropunctata. This review covers all current knowledge on this species and is intended to serve as a quick reference for future research and provide the reference resources for those seeking more in-depth information on specific topics. Topics included in this review include taxonomic identification, current global distribution and pathways, life history, impacts, detection, and control. We discuss where consensus and ambiguity currently lie within the research community, identify contextual considerations for future researchers when interpreting data, and suggest where we believe more research or clarifications are needed.
{"title":"The Little Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A Global Perspective","authors":"M. Montgomery, C. Vanderwoude, M. Lintermans, A. J. Lynch","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) is an invasive tramp ant species that has been transported globally since [at least] the early twentieth century. It is often claimed that despite the negative impacts associated with this species and its listing among the world's worst invasive species, very little research attention has been paid to W. auropuntata. Although the need for future research exists, there is currently a considerable body of research from around the world and spanning back to the 1920's on this species. Here we synthesize over 200 peer reviewed research manuscripts, book chapters, conference presentations, and media reports of new distributions spanning 1929–2022 culminating in a comprehensive literature review on W. auropunctata. This review covers all current knowledge on this species and is intended to serve as a quick reference for future research and provide the reference resources for those seeking more in-depth information on specific topics. Topics included in this review include taxonomic identification, current global distribution and pathways, life history, impacts, detection, and control. We discuss where consensus and ambiguity currently lie within the research community, identify contextual considerations for future researchers when interpreting data, and suggest where we believe more research or clarifications are needed.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Flowering plants and pollinators are in a mutualistic association, where pollinators collect floral resources and plants receive pollination services. Bees and other pollinators are declining in many parts of the world, and their loss affects the functional composition of fauna, flora, and habitats. Different strategies are being deployed to improve pollinator services, including the management of bees. Sustainable management of a bee species strongly depends on floral resource availability. Therefore, beekeepers need to have adequate knowledge about the surrounding vegetation (especially nectar and pollen sources for the bee species). Diverse methodologies are used around the world to determine floral resources for bees. Field surveys and pollen analysis of honey, corbicular/scopal pollen loads, residual pollens in brood cells, forager's body surface pollen content, and internal organs (gut, intestine, crop, etc.) were used by the researchers. For pollen identification, most researchers carried out microscopy-based methods. However, pollen DNA-based methods were also used by researchers in recent years. Regarding the morphology-based identification, most researchers processed pollen samples according to Erdtman's acetolysis method to increase the visibility of diagnostic characteristics of the pollen grains. The method specified by the International Commission for Bee Botany was used to conduct qualitative and quantitative pollen analysis on honey samples. For quantitative pollen load analysis, researchers used numerous techniques that may have been the most effective. Our discussion about the different techniques utilized to determine floral resources of a bee species will be helpful for researchers in selecting a suitable protocol and may assist in developing superior methodologies. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Methods Employed in the Determining Nectar and Pollen Sources for Bees: A Review of the Global Scenario","authors":"U. Layek, Nandita Das, Arijit Kundu, P. Karmakar","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flowering plants and pollinators are in a mutualistic association, where pollinators collect floral resources and plants receive pollination services. Bees and other pollinators are declining in many parts of the world, and their loss affects the functional composition of fauna, flora, and habitats. Different strategies are being deployed to improve pollinator services, including the management of bees. Sustainable management of a bee species strongly depends on floral resource availability. Therefore, beekeepers need to have adequate knowledge about the surrounding vegetation (especially nectar and pollen sources for the bee species). Diverse methodologies are used around the world to determine floral resources for bees. Field surveys and pollen analysis of honey, corbicular/scopal pollen loads, residual pollens in brood cells, forager's body surface pollen content, and internal organs (gut, intestine, crop, etc.) were used by the researchers. For pollen identification, most researchers carried out microscopy-based methods. However, pollen DNA-based methods were also used by researchers in recent years. Regarding the morphology-based identification, most researchers processed pollen samples according to Erdtman's acetolysis method to increase the visibility of diagnostic characteristics of the pollen grains. The method specified by the International Commission for Bee Botany was used to conduct qualitative and quantitative pollen analysis on honey samples. For quantitative pollen load analysis, researchers used numerous techniques that may have been the most effective. Our discussion about the different techniques utilized to determine floral resources of a bee species will be helpful for researchers in selecting a suitable protocol and may assist in developing superior methodologies. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuan-Gan Li, Chuanlei Dong, Feng Zhu, Fei Yang, M. Lu, Yu-Zhou Du
Abstract Cotesia chilonis (Munakata) is the predominant parasitic wasp of Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidea), a major rice pest in China. As climate change continues to intensify, C. chilonis and C. suppressalis must adapt to the increased frequency of adverse temperatures. In this study, the novel Cchsp90-2 was isolated and characterized from C. chilonis. The full-length Cchsp90-2 cDNA was 2689 bp and encoded 728 amino acids with an isoelectric point of 4.93. Cchsp90-2 encodes three heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family signatures, and the alignment of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that Cchsp90-2 does not contain introns. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that Cchsp90-2 was induced in eggs and adults; however, larvae and pupae showed no significant differences in Cchsp90-2 expression levels. Cchsp90-2 was induced at both high and low temperatures, with very high expression levels after a 2-h exposure to 33°C or –13°C. This study provides insight into the mechanistic basis of thermal tolerance in C. chilonis and has implications for deploying this wasp to control C. suppressalis.
{"title":"Development and Temperature-induced Expression of a HSP90 Gene Lacking Introns in Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","authors":"Shuan-Gan Li, Chuanlei Dong, Feng Zhu, Fei Yang, M. Lu, Yu-Zhou Du","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cotesia chilonis (Munakata) is the predominant parasitic wasp of Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidea), a major rice pest in China. As climate change continues to intensify, C. chilonis and C. suppressalis must adapt to the increased frequency of adverse temperatures. In this study, the novel Cchsp90-2 was isolated and characterized from C. chilonis. The full-length Cchsp90-2 cDNA was 2689 bp and encoded 728 amino acids with an isoelectric point of 4.93. Cchsp90-2 encodes three heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family signatures, and the alignment of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that Cchsp90-2 does not contain introns. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that Cchsp90-2 was induced in eggs and adults; however, larvae and pupae showed no significant differences in Cchsp90-2 expression levels. Cchsp90-2 was induced at both high and low temperatures, with very high expression levels after a 2-h exposure to 33°C or –13°C. This study provides insight into the mechanistic basis of thermal tolerance in C. chilonis and has implications for deploying this wasp to control C. suppressalis.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46408874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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