Pub Date : 2022-10-04eCollection Date: 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saac017
Robert G Hancock, Taylor Boyd, Shannon MacFadden, Aaron Sowders, W A Foster, L P Lounibos
High-speed microcinematography was used to elucidate the details of prey capture by the larvae of three predatory mosquito species. The obligate predators Toxorhynchites amboinensis and Psorophora ciliata exhibited a high degree of convergence as both utilize three essential elements: 1) abdominally-generated hemostatic pressure to propel the head towards the prey; 2) lateral palatal brushes (LPB) opening and fanning into anterior-directed basket-like arrangements; 3) simultaneously with the LPB-basket formation, the wide opening of sharp-toothed mandibles. Thus, LPBs and mandibles are used for prey capture by both species. The facultative predator Sabethes cyaneus utilizes a vastly different prey-capture mechanism that involves ventro-lateral body arching and scooping of prey with axially pointed siphons into the grasp of open maxillae bearing elongate apical teeth. Prey consumption, which is typically incomplete in this species, then involves the action of teeth on the mandibles which cut into the held prey. Although prey consumption is incomplete, simple experiments show that Sa. cyaneus do gain nutritionally from consuming mosquito larvae and that they do discriminate heterospecific from conspecific larvae and actively approach heterospecific mosquito prey. These findings indicate that independent evolutionary pathways have produced diverse predatory behaviors and morphologies in aquatic environments where the immature stages of mosquitoes co-occur.
{"title":"Mosquitoes Eating Mosquitoes: How <i>Toxorhynchites amboinensis</i>, <i>Psorophora ciliata</i>, and <i>Sabethes cyaneus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) Capture Prey.","authors":"Robert G Hancock, Taylor Boyd, Shannon MacFadden, Aaron Sowders, W A Foster, L P Lounibos","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aesa/saac017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-speed microcinematography was used to elucidate the details of prey capture by the larvae of three predatory mosquito species. The obligate predators <i>Toxorhynchites amboinensis</i> and <i>Psorophora ciliata</i> exhibited a high degree of convergence as both utilize three essential elements: 1) abdominally-generated hemostatic pressure to propel the head towards the prey; 2) lateral palatal brushes (LPB) opening and fanning into anterior-directed basket-like arrangements; 3) simultaneously with the LPB-basket formation, the wide opening of sharp-toothed mandibles. Thus, LPBs and mandibles are used for prey capture by both species. The facultative predator <i>Sabethes cyaneus</i> utilizes a vastly different prey-capture mechanism that involves ventro-lateral body arching and scooping of prey with axially pointed siphons into the grasp of open maxillae bearing elongate apical teeth. Prey consumption, which is typically incomplete in this species, then involves the action of teeth on the mandibles which cut into the held prey. Although prey consumption is incomplete, simple experiments show that <i>Sa. cyaneus</i> do gain nutritionally from consuming mosquito larvae and that they do discriminate heterospecific from conspecific larvae and actively approach heterospecific mosquito prey. These findings indicate that independent evolutionary pathways have produced diverse predatory behaviors and morphologies in aquatic environments where the immature stages of mosquitoes co-occur.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9661258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40705253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Montgomery, C. Vanderwoude, M. Lintermans, A. J. Lynch
Abstract Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) is an invasive tramp ant species that has been transported globally since [at least] the early twentieth century. It is often claimed that despite the negative impacts associated with this species and its listing among the world's worst invasive species, very little research attention has been paid to W. auropuntata. Although the need for future research exists, there is currently a considerable body of research from around the world and spanning back to the 1920's on this species. Here we synthesize over 200 peer reviewed research manuscripts, book chapters, conference presentations, and media reports of new distributions spanning 1929–2022 culminating in a comprehensive literature review on W. auropunctata. This review covers all current knowledge on this species and is intended to serve as a quick reference for future research and provide the reference resources for those seeking more in-depth information on specific topics. Topics included in this review include taxonomic identification, current global distribution and pathways, life history, impacts, detection, and control. We discuss where consensus and ambiguity currently lie within the research community, identify contextual considerations for future researchers when interpreting data, and suggest where we believe more research or clarifications are needed.
{"title":"The Little Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A Global Perspective","authors":"M. Montgomery, C. Vanderwoude, M. Lintermans, A. J. Lynch","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) is an invasive tramp ant species that has been transported globally since [at least] the early twentieth century. It is often claimed that despite the negative impacts associated with this species and its listing among the world's worst invasive species, very little research attention has been paid to W. auropuntata. Although the need for future research exists, there is currently a considerable body of research from around the world and spanning back to the 1920's on this species. Here we synthesize over 200 peer reviewed research manuscripts, book chapters, conference presentations, and media reports of new distributions spanning 1929–2022 culminating in a comprehensive literature review on W. auropunctata. This review covers all current knowledge on this species and is intended to serve as a quick reference for future research and provide the reference resources for those seeking more in-depth information on specific topics. Topics included in this review include taxonomic identification, current global distribution and pathways, life history, impacts, detection, and control. We discuss where consensus and ambiguity currently lie within the research community, identify contextual considerations for future researchers when interpreting data, and suggest where we believe more research or clarifications are needed.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Flowering plants and pollinators are in a mutualistic association, where pollinators collect floral resources and plants receive pollination services. Bees and other pollinators are declining in many parts of the world, and their loss affects the functional composition of fauna, flora, and habitats. Different strategies are being deployed to improve pollinator services, including the management of bees. Sustainable management of a bee species strongly depends on floral resource availability. Therefore, beekeepers need to have adequate knowledge about the surrounding vegetation (especially nectar and pollen sources for the bee species). Diverse methodologies are used around the world to determine floral resources for bees. Field surveys and pollen analysis of honey, corbicular/scopal pollen loads, residual pollens in brood cells, forager's body surface pollen content, and internal organs (gut, intestine, crop, etc.) were used by the researchers. For pollen identification, most researchers carried out microscopy-based methods. However, pollen DNA-based methods were also used by researchers in recent years. Regarding the morphology-based identification, most researchers processed pollen samples according to Erdtman's acetolysis method to increase the visibility of diagnostic characteristics of the pollen grains. The method specified by the International Commission for Bee Botany was used to conduct qualitative and quantitative pollen analysis on honey samples. For quantitative pollen load analysis, researchers used numerous techniques that may have been the most effective. Our discussion about the different techniques utilized to determine floral resources of a bee species will be helpful for researchers in selecting a suitable protocol and may assist in developing superior methodologies. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Methods Employed in the Determining Nectar and Pollen Sources for Bees: A Review of the Global Scenario","authors":"U. Layek, Nandita Das, Arijit Kundu, P. Karmakar","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flowering plants and pollinators are in a mutualistic association, where pollinators collect floral resources and plants receive pollination services. Bees and other pollinators are declining in many parts of the world, and their loss affects the functional composition of fauna, flora, and habitats. Different strategies are being deployed to improve pollinator services, including the management of bees. Sustainable management of a bee species strongly depends on floral resource availability. Therefore, beekeepers need to have adequate knowledge about the surrounding vegetation (especially nectar and pollen sources for the bee species). Diverse methodologies are used around the world to determine floral resources for bees. Field surveys and pollen analysis of honey, corbicular/scopal pollen loads, residual pollens in brood cells, forager's body surface pollen content, and internal organs (gut, intestine, crop, etc.) were used by the researchers. For pollen identification, most researchers carried out microscopy-based methods. However, pollen DNA-based methods were also used by researchers in recent years. Regarding the morphology-based identification, most researchers processed pollen samples according to Erdtman's acetolysis method to increase the visibility of diagnostic characteristics of the pollen grains. The method specified by the International Commission for Bee Botany was used to conduct qualitative and quantitative pollen analysis on honey samples. For quantitative pollen load analysis, researchers used numerous techniques that may have been the most effective. Our discussion about the different techniques utilized to determine floral resources of a bee species will be helpful for researchers in selecting a suitable protocol and may assist in developing superior methodologies. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuan-Gan Li, Chuanlei Dong, Feng Zhu, Fei Yang, M. Lu, Yu-Zhou Du
Abstract Cotesia chilonis (Munakata) is the predominant parasitic wasp of Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidea), a major rice pest in China. As climate change continues to intensify, C. chilonis and C. suppressalis must adapt to the increased frequency of adverse temperatures. In this study, the novel Cchsp90-2 was isolated and characterized from C. chilonis. The full-length Cchsp90-2 cDNA was 2689 bp and encoded 728 amino acids with an isoelectric point of 4.93. Cchsp90-2 encodes three heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family signatures, and the alignment of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that Cchsp90-2 does not contain introns. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that Cchsp90-2 was induced in eggs and adults; however, larvae and pupae showed no significant differences in Cchsp90-2 expression levels. Cchsp90-2 was induced at both high and low temperatures, with very high expression levels after a 2-h exposure to 33°C or –13°C. This study provides insight into the mechanistic basis of thermal tolerance in C. chilonis and has implications for deploying this wasp to control C. suppressalis.
{"title":"Development and Temperature-induced Expression of a HSP90 Gene Lacking Introns in Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","authors":"Shuan-Gan Li, Chuanlei Dong, Feng Zhu, Fei Yang, M. Lu, Yu-Zhou Du","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cotesia chilonis (Munakata) is the predominant parasitic wasp of Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidea), a major rice pest in China. As climate change continues to intensify, C. chilonis and C. suppressalis must adapt to the increased frequency of adverse temperatures. In this study, the novel Cchsp90-2 was isolated and characterized from C. chilonis. The full-length Cchsp90-2 cDNA was 2689 bp and encoded 728 amino acids with an isoelectric point of 4.93. Cchsp90-2 encodes three heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family signatures, and the alignment of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that Cchsp90-2 does not contain introns. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that Cchsp90-2 was induced in eggs and adults; however, larvae and pupae showed no significant differences in Cchsp90-2 expression levels. Cchsp90-2 was induced at both high and low temperatures, with very high expression levels after a 2-h exposure to 33°C or –13°C. This study provides insight into the mechanistic basis of thermal tolerance in C. chilonis and has implications for deploying this wasp to control C. suppressalis.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46408874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Recent research has shown that a subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki) is dependent on dietary nitrogen in order to fulfill it's nitrogen requirements for colony growth and development. Crypototermes brevis (Walker) was chosen as a model for comparison, as it has no access to dietary nitrogen outside of it's wood diet. A full nitrogen inventory before and after colony growth was conducted in order to determine the species' dependence on atmospheric N2 fixation. In addition, an expression assay was conducted for a gene encoding a nitrogenase subunit (nifH). Nitrogenase expression was then compared between C. formosanus and Cr. brevis. Results showed that N2 fixation was an important source of nitrogen acquisition for Cr. brevis, and nitrogenase expression was approximately four-fold higher in Cr. brevis than in C. formosanus. The nitrogenase assay used in this study is proposed as a potential tool to measure dependence on N2 fixation versus dietary nitrogen roles in diverse species of termite.
{"title":"Nitrogen Inventories and Nitrogenase Expression Rates of a Drywood and a Subterranean Termite","authors":"A. Mullins, R. Scheffrahn, N. Su","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent research has shown that a subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki) is dependent on dietary nitrogen in order to fulfill it's nitrogen requirements for colony growth and development. Crypototermes brevis (Walker) was chosen as a model for comparison, as it has no access to dietary nitrogen outside of it's wood diet. A full nitrogen inventory before and after colony growth was conducted in order to determine the species' dependence on atmospheric N2 fixation. In addition, an expression assay was conducted for a gene encoding a nitrogenase subunit (nifH). Nitrogenase expression was then compared between C. formosanus and Cr. brevis. Results showed that N2 fixation was an important source of nitrogen acquisition for Cr. brevis, and nitrogenase expression was approximately four-fold higher in Cr. brevis than in C. formosanus. The nitrogenase assay used in this study is proposed as a potential tool to measure dependence on N2 fixation versus dietary nitrogen roles in diverse species of termite.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42495201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-08eCollection Date: 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saac012
A J Talcott Stewart, M E O'Neal, W R Graves
Ptelea trifoliata L., is a North American tree that supports insect communities through floral rewards. Our objectives were to determine the importance of insects as pollinators of P. trifoliata; describe the community of floral visiting insects of P. trifoliata in Iowa, where no such information was available; and to note insect preferences for male or female flowers. Over two years, inflorescences on 13 trees were covered with mesh bags before blooming and the amount of fruit produced was compared to uncovered inflorescences from the same trees. In one year, insects were collected from male and female trees with an insect vacuum every 3 h between 7 am and 7 pm from four sites in Iowa, USA between 30 May and 16 June 2020. In 2019 and 2020, almost no fruit set occurred from inflorescences covered with mesh bags while an average of 51.2 fruits formed on unbagged inflorescences (P < 0.0001), suggesting insects larger than the 600 μm pore diameters mesh were responsible for pollination of P. trifoliata. Insects from five orders, 49 families, and at least 109 species were collected. Most insects were Hymentoptera (48.3%) or Diptera (28.2%). Male flowers attracted 62.3% of all insects collected. Since most of the insects found visiting P. trifoliata were not bees, the floral rewards of the flowers may be a valuable resource for a wide variety of insects in the central United States.
{"title":"Insect Floral Visitors of <i>Ptelea trifoliata</i> (Rutaceae) in Iowa, United States.","authors":"A J Talcott Stewart, M E O'Neal, W R Graves","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ptelea trifoliata</i> L., is a North American tree that supports insect communities through floral rewards. Our objectives were to determine the importance of insects as pollinators of <i>P. trifoliata</i>; describe the community of floral visiting insects of <i>P. trifoliata</i> in Iowa, where no such information was available; and to note insect preferences for male or female flowers. Over two years, inflorescences on 13 trees were covered with mesh bags before blooming and the amount of fruit produced was compared to uncovered inflorescences from the same trees. In one year, insects were collected from male and female trees with an insect vacuum every 3 h between 7 am and 7 pm from four sites in Iowa, USA between 30 May and 16 June 2020. In 2019 and 2020, almost no fruit set occurred from inflorescences covered with mesh bags while an average of 51.2 fruits formed on unbagged inflorescences (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), suggesting insects larger than the 600 μm pore diameters mesh were responsible for pollination of <i>P. trifoliata</i>. Insects from five orders, 49 families, and at least 109 species were collected. Most insects were Hymentoptera (48.3%) or Diptera (28.2%). Male flowers attracted 62.3% of all insects collected. Since most of the insects found visiting <i>P. trifoliata</i> were not bees, the floral rewards of the flowers may be a valuable resource for a wide variety of insects in the central United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40356464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ning Huangfu, Yong Wang, Yu Zeng, T. Chua, C. Zhu, Xiaolin Chen
Abstract The stalk-eyed fruit flies, with their eyes borne at the ends of long stalks, are distinctly different from all other members of the family Tephritidae (Diptera). They resemble stalk-eyed flies (Diptera, Diopsidae) but they are much larger and their antennae are located in the middle of the head instead of on the eye stalks. The stalk-eyed fruit flies are represented by two genera (Pelmatops Enderlein and Pseudopelmatops Shiraki) mainly found in the Oriental tropics and subtropics, but their basic biology remains poorly documented. Here, we describe the life history, reproductive biology, and host use patterns of Pelmatops spp. (mainly P. ichneumoneus (Westwood)). These flies used two local brambles, Rubus setchuenensis and R. multibracteatus (Rosales, Rosaceae), as hosts, with females laying eggs below the epidermal tissue.The larvae bore into the stem, where they feed, eventually dropping to the ground to pupate in the soil. We describe the pupal morphology and eclosion, including the elongation of their eye stalks, feeding, mating, and agonistic behavior in adults. We observed mating between female P. ichneumoneus and male P. tangliangi and tentatively suggest that the two species could be conspecific. Our work presents the first detailed report on the biology of stalk-eyed fruit flies and it lays a significant foundation for future studies on the ecology and evolution of this group.
{"title":"The First Biological Portrait of Stalk-Eyed Fruit Flies: Life History, Reproductive Biology and Host Use Patterns in Pelmatops spp. (Diptera:Tephritidae)","authors":"Ning Huangfu, Yong Wang, Yu Zeng, T. Chua, C. Zhu, Xiaolin Chen","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The stalk-eyed fruit flies, with their eyes borne at the ends of long stalks, are distinctly different from all other members of the family Tephritidae (Diptera). They resemble stalk-eyed flies (Diptera, Diopsidae) but they are much larger and their antennae are located in the middle of the head instead of on the eye stalks. The stalk-eyed fruit flies are represented by two genera (Pelmatops Enderlein and Pseudopelmatops Shiraki) mainly found in the Oriental tropics and subtropics, but their basic biology remains poorly documented. Here, we describe the life history, reproductive biology, and host use patterns of Pelmatops spp. (mainly P. ichneumoneus (Westwood)). These flies used two local brambles, Rubus setchuenensis and R. multibracteatus (Rosales, Rosaceae), as hosts, with females laying eggs below the epidermal tissue.The larvae bore into the stem, where they feed, eventually dropping to the ground to pupate in the soil. We describe the pupal morphology and eclosion, including the elongation of their eye stalks, feeding, mating, and agonistic behavior in adults. We observed mating between female P. ichneumoneus and male P. tangliangi and tentatively suggest that the two species could be conspecific. Our work presents the first detailed report on the biology of stalk-eyed fruit flies and it lays a significant foundation for future studies on the ecology and evolution of this group.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47224807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reviewers for Annals of the Entomological Society of America(November 2020–October 2021)","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46436526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tingting Zhang, Xiaopin Liu, Lisheng Zhang, Mengqing Wang, Yuyan Li, J. Mao
Abstract In insects, insulin signaling plays a pivotal role in the regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction, and aging. Revealing the regulatory roles of insulin signaling in natural enemy insects is helpful for developing artificial approaches to promote reproduction. In this study, the expression of four insulin-like peptides (ILPs) in female adults of the natural predator Chrysopa pallens was analyzed by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and their functions were investigated by RNA interference (RNAi). C. pallens ILP1 (CpILP1) and C. pallens ILP4 (CpILP4) showed a gradual increase in mRNA levels from early adult stages to later stages. However, C. pallens ILP2 (CpILP2) and C. pallens ILP3 (CpILP3) had an opposite expression curve with a high transcript level at the beginning of the adult stage and a gradual reduction thereafter. All four CpILPs showed high expression levels in the ovary, but CpILP2 transcripts were also abundant in fat bodies. Disruption of CpILP1 and CpILP2 expression by RNAi-mediated knockdown strikingly suppressed ovarian development and reduced C. pallens vitellogenin gene 1 (CpVg1) transcripts. Depletion of CpILP3 transcripts did not significantly decrease ovariole number but drastically reduced CpVg1 expression. Interference with the expression of CpILP4 significantly inhibited ovarian development but did not suppress CpVg1 expression. All gene knockdowns failed to dramatically impair total fecundity and egg quality.These data suggest that the four C. pallens ILPs are involved in reproductive signaling at different degrees.
{"title":"Four Insulin-Like Peptides Orchestrate Reproductive Signaling of the Green Lacewing, Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)","authors":"Tingting Zhang, Xiaopin Liu, Lisheng Zhang, Mengqing Wang, Yuyan Li, J. Mao","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saac007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In insects, insulin signaling plays a pivotal role in the regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction, and aging. Revealing the regulatory roles of insulin signaling in natural enemy insects is helpful for developing artificial approaches to promote reproduction. In this study, the expression of four insulin-like peptides (ILPs) in female adults of the natural predator Chrysopa pallens was analyzed by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and their functions were investigated by RNA interference (RNAi). C. pallens ILP1 (CpILP1) and C. pallens ILP4 (CpILP4) showed a gradual increase in mRNA levels from early adult stages to later stages. However, C. pallens ILP2 (CpILP2) and C. pallens ILP3 (CpILP3) had an opposite expression curve with a high transcript level at the beginning of the adult stage and a gradual reduction thereafter. All four CpILPs showed high expression levels in the ovary, but CpILP2 transcripts were also abundant in fat bodies. Disruption of CpILP1 and CpILP2 expression by RNAi-mediated knockdown strikingly suppressed ovarian development and reduced C. pallens vitellogenin gene 1 (CpVg1) transcripts. Depletion of CpILP3 transcripts did not significantly decrease ovariole number but drastically reduced CpVg1 expression. Interference with the expression of CpILP4 significantly inhibited ovarian development but did not suppress CpVg1 expression. All gene knockdowns failed to dramatically impair total fecundity and egg quality.These data suggest that the four C. pallens ILPs are involved in reproductive signaling at different degrees.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61318017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Montañez-Reyna, J. León-Cortés, F. Infante, E. Naranjo, A. Gómez-Velasco
Abstract The Mexican lepidopteran fauna is particularly diverse, but many moth groups remain poorly documented. The tribe Arctiini is a species-rich group that has been used as a reliable indicator of environmental change. However, little is known about the fauna of the tribe Arctiini in Mexico, and there is no exhaustive review of its diversity and distribution patterns. Our aims were: 1) to account for the species diversity and distribution patterns of the tribe Arctiini; 2) to build spatial distributions and discuss possible changes in the distribution areas of the tribe Arctiini using conservative (RCP 2.6) and liberal (RCP 8.5) future climate scenarios; and 3) to discuss the conservation implications for key taxa that due to their life history characteristics and restricted distribution, might require particular conservation actions. We compiled a total of 16,385 records and 548 species in seven subtribes. Diversity profiles revealed higher cumulative species richness and diversity for the subtribes Phaegopterina, Ctenuchina, and Euchromiina, and we identified a pattern of decreasing species diversity with elevation. In addition, we estimated that 35% and 84% of modeled species in future conservative and liberal climatic scenarios, respectively, would result in significant losses of climatic suitability and shifts in spatial distribution. The endemic species, Virbia semirosea, Poliopastea jalapensis, and Pygoctenucha azteca would likely reduce their distribution by approximately 50% in both climatic scenarios. Maintaining a network of highly threatened habitats (e.g., cloud forests, tropical rain forests) will be essential to preserve persisting species populations and to increase likely (re)colonization events.
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