Pub Date : 2021-11-24eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saab037
Thomas N Sheehan, Kier D Klepzig
The longleaf pine Pinus palustris Miller (Pinales: Pinaceae) ecosystem once covered as many as 37 million hectares across the southeastern United States. Through fire suppression, development, and conversion to other plantation pines, this coverage has dwindled to fewer than 2 million hectares. A recent focus on the restoration of this ecosystem has revealed its complex and biologically diverse nature. Arthropods of the longleaf pine ecosystem are incredibly numerous and diverse-functionally and taxonomically. To provide clarity on what is known about the species and their functional roles in longleaf pine forests, we thoroughly searched the literature and found nearly 500 references. In the end, we tabulated 51 orders 477 families, 1,949 genera, and 3,032 arthropod species as having been stated in the scientific literature to occur in longleaf pine ecosystems. The body of research we drew from is rich and varied but far from comprehensive. Most work deals with land management objective associated taxa such as pests of pine, pests of-and food for-wildlife (red-cockaded woodpecker, northern bobwhite quail, gopher tortoise, pocket gopher, etc.), and pollinators of the diverse plant understory associated with longleaf pine. We explored the complex role frequent fire (critical in longleaf pine management) plays in determining the arthropod community in longleaf pine, including its importance to rare and threatened species. We examined known patterns of abundance and occurrence of key functional groups of longleaf pine-associated arthropods. Finally, we identified some critical gaps in knowledge and provide suggestions for future research into this incredibly diverse ecosystem.
{"title":"Arthropods and Fire Within the Biologically Diverse Longleaf Pine Ecosystem.","authors":"Thomas N Sheehan, Kier D Klepzig","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab037","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aesa/saab037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The longleaf pine <i>Pinus palustris</i> Miller (Pinales: Pinaceae) ecosystem once covered as many as 37 million hectares across the southeastern United States. Through fire suppression, development, and conversion to other plantation pines, this coverage has dwindled to fewer than 2 million hectares. A recent focus on the restoration of this ecosystem has revealed its complex and biologically diverse nature. Arthropods of the longleaf pine ecosystem are incredibly numerous and diverse-functionally and taxonomically. To provide clarity on what is known about the species and their functional roles in longleaf pine forests, we thoroughly searched the literature and found nearly 500 references. In the end, we tabulated 51 orders 477 families, 1,949 genera, and 3,032 arthropod species as having been stated in the scientific literature to occur in longleaf pine ecosystems. The body of research we drew from is rich and varied but far from comprehensive. Most work deals with land management objective associated taxa such as pests of pine, pests of-and food for-wildlife (red-cockaded woodpecker, northern bobwhite quail, gopher tortoise, pocket gopher, etc.), and pollinators of the diverse plant understory associated with longleaf pine. We explored the complex role frequent fire (critical in longleaf pine management) plays in determining the arthropod community in longleaf pine, including its importance to rare and threatened species. We examined known patterns of abundance and occurrence of key functional groups of longleaf pine-associated arthropods. Finally, we identified some critical gaps in knowledge and provide suggestions for future research into this incredibly diverse ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"69-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/95/93/saab037.PMC8764571.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39843875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Mattila, S. Shimano, G. Otis, L. Nguyen, Erica R Maul, J. Billen
Abstract The activities of social insect colonies are supported by exocrine glands and the tremendous functional diversity of the compounds that they secrete. Many social wasps in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae have two sternal glands—the van der Vecht and Richards' glands—that vary in their features and function across the species in which they are found. Field observations suggest that giant hornets use secretions from the van der Vecht gland to chemically mark targeted nests when workers initiate group attacks on social insect prey. However, descriptions of giant hornets' sternal glands and details about their recruitment behavior are lacking. We describe the morphology of the sternal glands of the giant hornet Vespa soror du Buysson and consider their potential to contribute to a marking pheromone. We also assess the gastral rubbing behavior of workers as they attacked Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. V. soror workers have well-developed van der Vecht and Richards' glands on their terminal gastral sternites, with morphologies that robustly support the synthesis, storage, and dissemination of their secretory products. Observations confirm that the van der Vecht gland is exposed during gastral rubbing, but that the Richards' gland and glands associated with the sting apparatus may also contribute to a marking pheromone. Workers briefly but repeatedly rubbed their gasters around hive entrances and on overhead vegetation. Colonies were heavily marked over consecutive attacks. Our findings provide insight into the use of exocrine secretions by giant hornets as they recruit nestmates to prey colonies for group attacks.
摘要群居昆虫群落的活动受到外分泌腺和它们分泌的化合物的巨大功能多样性的支持。Vespinae和Politinae亚科中的许多群居黄蜂都有两个胸骨腺——范德韦希特腺和理查兹腺——它们的特征和功能因物种而异。实地观察表明，当工作人员对社会昆虫猎物发起集体攻击时，大黄蜂会利用范德韦希特腺的分泌物对目标巢穴进行化学标记。然而，关于大黄蜂胸骨腺的描述和它们的招募行为的细节却缺乏。我们描述了大黄蜂Vespa soror du Buysson胸骨腺的形态，并考虑了它们作为标记信息素的潜力。我们还评估了工人攻击蜜蜂群落时的腹部摩擦行为。V.soror工作人员在其胃末胸骨上有发育良好的范德韦和理查兹腺，其形态有力地支持其分泌产物的合成、储存和传播。观察证实，范德韦希特腺在腹部摩擦过程中暴露，但理查兹腺和与刺器相关的腺体也可能有助于标记信息素。工人们在蜂箱入口处和头顶的植被上短暂但反复地摩擦他们的胃。殖民地在连续的进攻中被打上了重重的标记。我们的发现为大黄蜂在招募配偶捕食群体进行群体攻击时使用外分泌分泌物提供了见解。
{"title":"Linking the Morphology of Sternal Glands to Rubbing Behavior by Vespa soror (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Workers During Recruitment for Group Predation","authors":"H. Mattila, S. Shimano, G. Otis, L. Nguyen, Erica R Maul, J. Billen","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The activities of social insect colonies are supported by exocrine glands and the tremendous functional diversity of the compounds that they secrete. Many social wasps in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae have two sternal glands—the van der Vecht and Richards' glands—that vary in their features and function across the species in which they are found. Field observations suggest that giant hornets use secretions from the van der Vecht gland to chemically mark targeted nests when workers initiate group attacks on social insect prey. However, descriptions of giant hornets' sternal glands and details about their recruitment behavior are lacking. We describe the morphology of the sternal glands of the giant hornet Vespa soror du Buysson and consider their potential to contribute to a marking pheromone. We also assess the gastral rubbing behavior of workers as they attacked Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. V. soror workers have well-developed van der Vecht and Richards' glands on their terminal gastral sternites, with morphologies that robustly support the synthesis, storage, and dissemination of their secretory products. Observations confirm that the van der Vecht gland is exposed during gastral rubbing, but that the Richards' gland and glands associated with the sting apparatus may also contribute to a marking pheromone. Workers briefly but repeatedly rubbed their gasters around hive entrances and on overhead vegetation. Colonies were heavily marked over consecutive attacks. Our findings provide insight into the use of exocrine secretions by giant hornets as they recruit nestmates to prey colonies for group attacks.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"202 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44964825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Harvester ants (Latreille) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) have traditionally been labeled as pests within their native ranges from perceived effects on crop production and rangeland productivity.Yet, modern research casts doubt on many of these perceived detrimental effects and instead suggests that harvester ants act as keystone species that largely benefit both ecosystems and human activities.Through nest engineering and trophic interactions (such as seed harvesting and predation), harvester ants have considerable direct and indirect effects on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Here we summarize the ecological roles of harvester ants and review their services and disservices to ecosystems and human activities. In doing so, we help clarify perceived keystone and pest roles of harvester ants and their implications for rangeland management. We find the numerous keystone roles of harvester ants to be well-supported compared to perceived pest roles.We also highlight areas where further research into their roles in natural and managed systems is needed.
{"title":"From Pests to Keystone Species: Ecosystem Influences and Human Perceptions of Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex, Veromessor, and Messor spp.)","authors":"Derek A. Uhey, R. Hofstetter","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Harvester ants (Latreille) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) have traditionally been labeled as pests within their native ranges from perceived effects on crop production and rangeland productivity.Yet, modern research casts doubt on many of these perceived detrimental effects and instead suggests that harvester ants act as keystone species that largely benefit both ecosystems and human activities.Through nest engineering and trophic interactions (such as seed harvesting and predation), harvester ants have considerable direct and indirect effects on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Here we summarize the ecological roles of harvester ants and review their services and disservices to ecosystems and human activities. In doing so, we help clarify perceived keystone and pest roles of harvester ants and their implications for rangeland management. We find the numerous keystone roles of harvester ants to be well-supported compared to perceived pest roles.We also highlight areas where further research into their roles in natural and managed systems is needed.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"127 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47795097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pa Bartlett, L. Hesler, B. French, M. Catangui, J. Gritzner
Recent detections of adults of three previously common, native species of lady beetles [Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, and Adalia bipunctata (L.); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] during surveys at several sites in western South Dakota and western Nebraska provided impetus for additional sampling of lady beetles in that region. The current study systematically sampled for lady beetles among three dominant habitats in the region in 2010 and 2011. Four techniques (sucrose-baited and nonbaited yellow sticky traps, sweepnetting, visual searches) sampled 4,036 adult and 830 larval coccinellids comprising 10 species. Coccinella septempunctata L., Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), and Brachiacantha albifrons (Say) were the most common species. C. novemnotata ranked fifth in abundance, with 94 sampled in small grains, 20 in alfalfa, and 5 in grassland pasture; 58 larval C. novemnotata were sampled primarily in small-grain fields. Abundance of C. novemnotata negatively correlated with proportion of vegetative cover in fields, whereas this characteristic did not correlate with abundances of H. convergens, H. parenthesis, and C. septempunctata. Abundance of these three species negatively correlated with vegetative species richness and diversity in fields, whereas C. novemnotata abundance was not related to these indices. Fourteen C. transversoguttata richardsoni, 30 C. novemnotata, and several other coccinellids were observed on roadside vegetation near sample fields. A. bipunctata was not sampled in this study. Results suggest that sparsely vegetated small-grain fields may favor reproducing populations of C. novemnotata in relatively arid areas of the north central United States.
{"title":"Erratum to: Lady Beetle Assemblages (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Western South Dakota and Western Nebraska and Detection of Reproducing Populations of Coccinella novemnotata","authors":"Pa Bartlett, L. Hesler, B. French, M. Catangui, J. Gritzner","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab039","url":null,"abstract":"Recent detections of adults of three previously common, native species of lady beetles [Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, and Adalia bipunctata (L.); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] during surveys at several sites in western South Dakota and western Nebraska provided impetus for additional sampling of lady beetles in that region. The current study systematically sampled for lady beetles among three dominant habitats in the region in 2010 and 2011. Four techniques (sucrose-baited and nonbaited yellow sticky traps, sweepnetting, visual searches) sampled 4,036 adult and 830 larval coccinellids comprising 10 species. Coccinella septempunctata L., Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), and Brachiacantha albifrons (Say) were the most common species. C. novemnotata ranked fifth in abundance, with 94 sampled in small grains, 20 in alfalfa, and 5 in grassland pasture; 58 larval C. novemnotata were sampled primarily in small-grain fields. Abundance of C. novemnotata negatively correlated with proportion of vegetative cover in fields, whereas this characteristic did not correlate with abundances of H. convergens, H. parenthesis, and C. septempunctata. Abundance of these three species negatively correlated with vegetative species richness and diversity in fields, whereas C. novemnotata abundance was not related to these indices. Fourteen C. transversoguttata richardsoni, 30 C. novemnotata, and several other coccinellids were observed on roadside vegetation near sample fields. A. bipunctata was not sampled in this study. Results suggest that sparsely vegetated small-grain fields may favor reproducing populations of C. novemnotata in relatively arid areas of the north central United States.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"217 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48291003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saab036
Victoria M Pocius, Ania A Majewska, Micah G Freedman
Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) (Lepidoptera Danaidae Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)) are an iconic species of conservation concern due to declines in the overwintering colonies over the past twenty years. Because of this downward trend in overwintering numbers in both California and Mexico, monarchs are currently considered 'warranted-but-precluded' for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Monarchs have a fascinating life history and have become a model system in chemical ecology, migration biology, and host-parasite interactions, but many aspects of monarch biology important for informing conservation practices remain unresolved. In this review, we focus on recent advances using experimental and genetic approaches that inform monarch conservation. In particular, we emphasize three areas of broad importance, which could have an immediate impact on monarch conservation efforts: 1) breeding habitat and host plant use, 2) natural enemies and exotic caterpillar food plants, and 3) the utility of genetic and genomic approaches for understanding monarch biology and informing ongoing conservation efforts. We also suggest future studies in these areas that could improve our understanding of monarch behavior and conservation.
{"title":"The Role of Experiments in Monarch Butterfly Conservation: A Review of Recent Studies and Approaches.","authors":"Victoria M Pocius, Ania A Majewska, Micah G Freedman","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monarch butterflies (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) (Lepidoptera Danaidae Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)) are an iconic species of conservation concern due to declines in the overwintering colonies over the past twenty years. Because of this downward trend in overwintering numbers in both California and Mexico, monarchs are currently considered 'warranted-but-precluded' for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Monarchs have a fascinating life history and have become a model system in chemical ecology, migration biology, and host-parasite interactions, but many aspects of monarch biology important for informing conservation practices remain unresolved. In this review, we focus on recent advances using experimental and genetic approaches that inform monarch conservation. In particular, we emphasize three areas of broad importance, which could have an immediate impact on monarch conservation efforts: 1) breeding habitat and host plant use, 2) natural enemies and exotic caterpillar food plants, and 3) the utility of genetic and genomic approaches for understanding monarch biology and informing ongoing conservation efforts. We also suggest future studies in these areas that could improve our understanding of monarch behavior and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"10-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764570/pdf/saab036.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39852434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Yokomi, Jennifer K Delgado, T. Unruh, N. Bárcenas, S. F. Garczynski, S. Walse, A. A. Pérez de León, W. Cooper
Abstract Molecular advances facilitate fruit export by improving rapid pest diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and advanced sequencing technology. Improved pest detection provides timely certification of the quarantine pest-free status in the commodity being exported, avoiding unnecessary commodity treatment. The U.S.–Japan Systems Approach to export fresh cherries from the Western United States that targets the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is used as an example. Suspect codling moth larvae interdicted at cherry packing houses are distinguished by PCR from other internal fruit moth larvae such as the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); lesser appleworm, G. prunivora (Walsh) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); cherry fruitworm, G. packardi (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); and filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Identification is confirmed by sequencing the amplicon of a 301 bp region of the COI gene produced by PCR of the DNA from a suspect moth and comparing this sequence of COI gene sequences of other internal fruit feeders of pome fruit. This sequence comparison results in unambiguous pest identification. These findings are discussed in the context of systems approach research to meet evolving needs of phytosanitary requirements for global export of fruits.
{"title":"Molecular Advances in Larval Fruit Moth Identification to Facilitate Fruit Export From Western United States Under Systems Approaches","authors":"R. Yokomi, Jennifer K Delgado, T. Unruh, N. Bárcenas, S. F. Garczynski, S. Walse, A. A. Pérez de León, W. Cooper","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Molecular advances facilitate fruit export by improving rapid pest diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and advanced sequencing technology. Improved pest detection provides timely certification of the quarantine pest-free status in the commodity being exported, avoiding unnecessary commodity treatment. The U.S.–Japan Systems Approach to export fresh cherries from the Western United States that targets the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is used as an example. Suspect codling moth larvae interdicted at cherry packing houses are distinguished by PCR from other internal fruit moth larvae such as the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); lesser appleworm, G. prunivora (Walsh) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); cherry fruitworm, G. packardi (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); and filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Identification is confirmed by sequencing the amplicon of a 301 bp region of the COI gene produced by PCR of the DNA from a suspect moth and comparing this sequence of COI gene sequences of other internal fruit feeders of pome fruit. This sequence comparison results in unambiguous pest identification. These findings are discussed in the context of systems approach research to meet evolving needs of phytosanitary requirements for global export of fruits.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"105 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44224270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Our understanding of how natural selection and demographic processes produce and maintain biological diversity remains limited. However, developments in high-throughput genomic sequencing coupled with new analytical tools and phylogenetic methods now allow detailed analyses of evolutionary patterns in genes and genomes responding to specific demographic events, ecological changes, or other selection pressures. Here, we propose that the mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex, which include taxa of significant medical importance, provide an exceptional system for examining the mechanisms underlying speciation and taxonomic radiation. Furthermore, these insects may shed light on the influences that historical and contemporary admixture have on taxonomic integrity. Such studies will have specific importance for mitigating the disease and nuisance burdens caused by these mosquitoes. More broadly, they could inform predictions about future evolutionary trajectories in response to changing environments and patterns of evolution in other cosmopolitan and invasive species that have developed recent associations with humans.
{"title":"The Enigmatic Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Species Complex: Phylogenetic Challenges and Opportunities From a Notoriously Tricky Mosquito Group","authors":"M. Aardema, Sarah K Olatunji, D. Fonseca","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our understanding of how natural selection and demographic processes produce and maintain biological diversity remains limited. However, developments in high-throughput genomic sequencing coupled with new analytical tools and phylogenetic methods now allow detailed analyses of evolutionary patterns in genes and genomes responding to specific demographic events, ecological changes, or other selection pressures. Here, we propose that the mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex, which include taxa of significant medical importance, provide an exceptional system for examining the mechanisms underlying speciation and taxonomic radiation. Furthermore, these insects may shed light on the influences that historical and contemporary admixture have on taxonomic integrity. Such studies will have specific importance for mitigating the disease and nuisance burdens caused by these mosquitoes. More broadly, they could inform predictions about future evolutionary trajectories in response to changing environments and patterns of evolution in other cosmopolitan and invasive species that have developed recent associations with humans.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"95 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46255627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sexual selection is central to many theories on mate selection and individual behavior. Relatively little is known, however, about the impacts that human-induced rapid environmental change are having on secondary sexually selected characteristics. Honest signals function as an indicator of mate quality when there are differences in nutrient acquisition and are thus potentially sensitive to anthropogenically altered nutrient inputs. We used the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), to investigate differences in color and testes size in a system that is often exposed to agricultural landscapes with nitrogen addition. We collected individuals from four sites in California and Nevada to investigate variation in key traits and the possibility that any relationship between wing color and a reproductive trait (testes size) could vary among locations in the focal butterfly. Coloration variables and testes size were positively albeit weakly associated across sites, consistent with the hypothesis that females could use nitrogen-based coloration in the cabbage white as an indicator for a male mating trait that has the potential to confer elevated mating success in progeny. However, variation in testes size and in the relationship between testes size and wing color suggest complexities that need exploration, including the possibility that the signal is not of equal value in all populations. Thus these results advance our understanding of complex relationships among environmental change and sexual selection in the wild.
{"title":"In Search of an Honest Butterfly: Sexually Selected Wing Coloration and Reproductive Traits From Wild Populations of the Cabbage White Butterfly","authors":"Anne E. Espeset, M. Forister","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sexual selection is central to many theories on mate selection and individual behavior. Relatively little is known, however, about the impacts that human-induced rapid environmental change are having on secondary sexually selected characteristics. Honest signals function as an indicator of mate quality when there are differences in nutrient acquisition and are thus potentially sensitive to anthropogenically altered nutrient inputs. We used the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), to investigate differences in color and testes size in a system that is often exposed to agricultural landscapes with nitrogen addition. We collected individuals from four sites in California and Nevada to investigate variation in key traits and the possibility that any relationship between wing color and a reproductive trait (testes size) could vary among locations in the focal butterfly. Coloration variables and testes size were positively albeit weakly associated across sites, consistent with the hypothesis that females could use nitrogen-based coloration in the cabbage white as an indicator for a male mating trait that has the potential to confer elevated mating success in progeny. However, variation in testes size and in the relationship between testes size and wing color suggest complexities that need exploration, including the possibility that the signal is not of equal value in all populations. Thus these results advance our understanding of complex relationships among environmental change and sexual selection in the wild.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"156 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47810613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Previous exploration has found that bee visitation tends to benefit yields of many pollinator-independent crops. However, the reverse of this relationship—if pollinator-independent crops benefit bees—has not been extensively studied or explicitly reviewed. Therefore, we initiated a review of the literature using Web of Science and EBSCOhost to determine whether: 1) bees collect pollen from pollinator-independent crops, and 2) pollinator-independent crops provided adequate nutrition for bees.These factors help establish if pollinator-independent crops could benefit bees. We found 45 peer-review articles that included bee pollen trap data on 13 pollinator-independent crops (self-pollinating and wind-pollinated plants), with Zea mays, Brassica napus, and Glycine max pollen most often found in pollen traps. Pollinator-independent crops averaged 12% of total pollen loads, but due to high variability, the median was only 1.6%. Pollen from pollinator-independent crops increased in landscapes with more agricultural cover, but our data was heavily skewed towards honey bees (Apis mellifera). We found the average crude protein for B. napus and G. max was high enough to support honey bee requirements (>20%), along with providing essential amino acids; however, average crude protein and essential amino acids may be lacking in Z. mays. Although some pollinator-independent crops are found in pollen traps and provide adequate resources for bees, they may fail to provide temporally stable resources and chemical-free space. For improved health and reproduction, bees need access to semi-natural landscapes within diverse cropping systems to increase diet mixing. This will help amplify the mutualistic relationship between bees and pollinator-independent crops.
以往的研究发现，蜜蜂的造访往往有利于许多不依赖传粉媒介的作物的产量。然而，这种关系的相反——不依赖传粉媒介的作物是否对蜜蜂有益——尚未得到广泛研究或明确评论。因此，我们利用Web of Science和EBSCOhost对相关文献进行了梳理，以确定:1)蜜蜂是否从不依赖传粉媒介的作物中采集花粉，2)不依赖传粉媒介的作物是否为蜜蜂提供了足够的营养。这些因素有助于确定不依赖传粉媒介的作物是否对蜜蜂有益。我们发现了45篇同行评议的文章，其中包括13种不依赖传粉媒介的作物(自传粉和风传粉植物)的蜂花粉诱捕器数据，其中玉米、甘蓝型油菜和甘氨酸花粉最常出现在花粉诱捕器中。非传粉媒介作物平均占总花粉负荷的12%，但由于高变异性，中位数仅为1.6%。在农业覆盖较多的地区，来自非传粉媒介作物的花粉增加，但我们的数据严重偏向于蜜蜂。我们发现，甘蓝型油菜和g.m ax的平均粗蛋白质足以支持蜜蜂的需求(>20%)，并提供必需氨基酸;然而，平均粗蛋白质和必需氨基酸可能缺乏。虽然在花粉陷阱中发现了一些不依赖传粉媒介的作物，为蜜蜂提供了充足的资源，但它们可能无法提供暂时稳定的资源和无化学物质的空间。为了改善健康和繁殖，蜜蜂需要在不同的种植系统中进入半自然的景观，以增加饮食的混合。这将有助于扩大蜜蜂和不依赖传粉媒介的作物之间的互惠关系。
{"title":"Quid Pro Quo? A Review on Bee Utilization of Pollinator-Independent Crops","authors":"K. Kral‐O'Brien, T. Hovick, J. Harmon","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous exploration has found that bee visitation tends to benefit yields of many pollinator-independent crops. However, the reverse of this relationship—if pollinator-independent crops benefit bees—has not been extensively studied or explicitly reviewed. Therefore, we initiated a review of the literature using Web of Science and EBSCOhost to determine whether: 1) bees collect pollen from pollinator-independent crops, and 2) pollinator-independent crops provided adequate nutrition for bees.These factors help establish if pollinator-independent crops could benefit bees. We found 45 peer-review articles that included bee pollen trap data on 13 pollinator-independent crops (self-pollinating and wind-pollinated plants), with Zea mays, Brassica napus, and Glycine max pollen most often found in pollen traps. Pollinator-independent crops averaged 12% of total pollen loads, but due to high variability, the median was only 1.6%. Pollen from pollinator-independent crops increased in landscapes with more agricultural cover, but our data was heavily skewed towards honey bees (Apis mellifera). We found the average crude protein for B. napus and G. max was high enough to support honey bee requirements (>20%), along with providing essential amino acids; however, average crude protein and essential amino acids may be lacking in Z. mays. Although some pollinator-independent crops are found in pollen traps and provide adequate resources for bees, they may fail to provide temporally stable resources and chemical-free space. For improved health and reproduction, bees need access to semi-natural landscapes within diverse cropping systems to increase diet mixing. This will help amplify the mutualistic relationship between bees and pollinator-independent crops.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42117063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract During a recent pig carrion succession study in northwest Florida, United States, we noticed an abundance of spiders but found that literature on spider ecology at carrion is sparse and scattered. We compiled a literature review of 569 carrion succession studies, of which 37 studies specifically mentioned the presence of spiders, with less than a third providing species-level identifications and only half providing family-level identifications. Nineteen spider families have been reported at carrion in the literature. Spiders are recognized as generalist, opportunistic predators in carrion succession studies, but only 38% of the studies that mentioned spiders during carrion succession included any ecological information. Data on spiders in the present experiment were compared to background samples, finding that the difference in abundance was statistically significant for all spider species combined. Seven species of spiders from five families were identified from both background and carrion succession samples; statistical differences in abundance were found for three species: the linyphiid Florinda coccinea and the lycosids Tigrosa annexa and Pirata seminolus. The family Corinnidae is reported from carrion for the first time. This research reviews the existing literature on spider ecology during carrion succession, provides additional data on species identity and abundance, and demonstrates the potential significance of spiders in carrion ecology and forensic investigations.
{"title":"Review of Spider Ecology During Carrion Decomposition, with a Field Study on Density and Taxa Richness in Pitfall Trap Captures of Geophilic Spiders (Aranea: Anyphaenidae, Corinnidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae)","authors":"G. D. De Jong, F. Meyer, J. Goddard","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During a recent pig carrion succession study in northwest Florida, United States, we noticed an abundance of spiders but found that literature on spider ecology at carrion is sparse and scattered. We compiled a literature review of 569 carrion succession studies, of which 37 studies specifically mentioned the presence of spiders, with less than a third providing species-level identifications and only half providing family-level identifications. Nineteen spider families have been reported at carrion in the literature. Spiders are recognized as generalist, opportunistic predators in carrion succession studies, but only 38% of the studies that mentioned spiders during carrion succession included any ecological information. Data on spiders in the present experiment were compared to background samples, finding that the difference in abundance was statistically significant for all spider species combined. Seven species of spiders from five families were identified from both background and carrion succession samples; statistical differences in abundance were found for three species: the linyphiid Florinda coccinea and the lycosids Tigrosa annexa and Pirata seminolus. The family Corinnidae is reported from carrion for the first time. This research reviews the existing literature on spider ecology during carrion succession, provides additional data on species identity and abundance, and demonstrates the potential significance of spiders in carrion ecology and forensic investigations.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"114 1","pages":"756 - 764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43307360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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