Pub Date : 2025-06-23DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100931
Jorge Martin Camalich, Robert Ziegler
The dark sector offers a compelling theoretical framework for addressing the nature of dark matter while potentially solving other fundamental problems in physics. This review focuses on light dark-flavored sector models, in which the flavor structure of the interactions with the Standard Model is nontrivial and distinguishes among different fermion families. Such scenarios feature flavor violation that leads to unique experimental signatures, such as flavor-changing neutral current decays of heavy hadrons (kaons, D and B mesons, baryons) and leptons (muons and taus) with missing energy carried away by light dark-sector particles. In this article, we review their motivation, summarize current constraints, highlight discovery opportunities in ongoing and future flavor experiments, and discuss implications for astrophysics and cosmology.
{"title":"Flavor Phenomenology of Light Dark Sectors","authors":"Jorge Martin Camalich, Robert Ziegler","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100931","url":null,"abstract":"The dark sector offers a compelling theoretical framework for addressing the nature of dark matter while potentially solving other fundamental problems in physics. This review focuses on light dark-flavored sector models, in which the flavor structure of the interactions with the Standard Model is nontrivial and distinguishes among different fermion families. Such scenarios feature flavor violation that leads to unique experimental signatures, such as flavor-changing neutral current decays of heavy hadrons (kaons, <jats:italic>D</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> mesons, baryons) and leptons (muons and taus) with missing energy carried away by light dark-sector particles. In this article, we review their motivation, summarize current constraints, highlight discovery opportunities in ongoing and future flavor experiments, and discuss implications for astrophysics and cosmology.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144371130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101055
Brian C. Thomas, Brian D. Fields
Exploding stars have long been considered a threat to life on Earth. While early studies were speculative, modern research is based on advanced observations, theory, and modeling. This review examines supernova explosions, γ-ray bursts (GRBs), and kilonova outbursts, which are major sources of ionizing radiation in galaxies. This radiation can harm Earth-like biospheres by destroying stratospheric ozone, increasing exposure to solar ultraviolet, and producing cosmic-ray muons that penetrate belowground and underwater. Using recent work, we calculate rates for nearby explosions based on distance from the Earth and ionizing radiation dose. Over the Earth's history, core-collapse supernova cosmic rays, γ-rays from Type Ia supernovae, X-rays from Type IIn supernovae, and γ-rays from long GRBs have likely caused significant biosphere damage. However, short GRBs and kilonovae are less concerning. Future research could address open questions through nuclear and particle experiments, astronomical observations, and studies in climate, geology, radiation, and evolutionary biology.
{"title":"Terrestrial Effects of Nearby Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts","authors":"Brian C. Thomas, Brian D. Fields","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101055","url":null,"abstract":"Exploding stars have long been considered a threat to life on Earth. While early studies were speculative, modern research is based on advanced observations, theory, and modeling. This review examines supernova explosions, γ-ray bursts (GRBs), and kilonova outbursts, which are major sources of ionizing radiation in galaxies. This radiation can harm Earth-like biospheres by destroying stratospheric ozone, increasing exposure to solar ultraviolet, and producing cosmic-ray muons that penetrate belowground and underwater. Using recent work, we calculate rates for nearby explosions based on distance from the Earth and ionizing radiation dose. Over the Earth's history, core-collapse supernova cosmic rays, γ-rays from Type Ia supernovae, X-rays from Type IIn supernovae, and γ-rays from long GRBs have likely caused significant biosphere damage. However, short GRBs and kilonovae are less concerning. Future research could address open questions through nuclear and particle experiments, astronomical observations, and studies in climate, geology, radiation, and evolutionary biology.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144260060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100950
Wolfgang Altmannshofer, Admir Greljo
The flavor puzzles remain among the most compelling open questions in particle physics. The striking hierarchies observed in the masses and mixing of charged fermions define the Standard Model (SM) flavor puzzle, a profound structural enigma pointing to physics beyond the SM. Simultaneously, the absence of deviations from SM predictions in precision measurements of flavor-changing neutral currents imposes severe constraints on new physics at the TeV scale, giving rise to the new physics flavor puzzle. This review provides an overview of a selection of recent advancements in flavor model building, with a particular focus on attempts to address one or both of these puzzles within the quark sector.
{"title":"Recent Progress in Flavor Model Building","authors":"Wolfgang Altmannshofer, Admir Greljo","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100950","url":null,"abstract":"The flavor puzzles remain among the most compelling open questions in particle physics. The striking hierarchies observed in the masses and mixing of charged fermions define the Standard Model (SM) flavor puzzle, a profound structural enigma pointing to physics beyond the SM. Simultaneously, the absence of deviations from SM predictions in precision measurements of flavor-changing neutral currents imposes severe constraints on new physics at the TeV scale, giving rise to the new physics flavor puzzle. This review provides an overview of a selection of recent advancements in flavor model building, with a particular focus on attempts to address one or both of these puzzles within the quark sector.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144260076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-022842
Omar A. Hurricane
While a variety of laboratory-based fusion schemes have been studied for decades, the only fusion scheme yet to demonstrate fusion ignition and significant energy gain has been X-ray-driven inertially confined fusion. Ignition was demonstrated to occur at the thermodynamic conditions where it had long been expected, but the energy required for the implosion system to reach these conditions was more than projected years ago. This short review gives a status update on the three principal inertial confinement fusion schemes and research challenges going forward.
{"title":"Inertial Confinement Fusion: Status and Challenges","authors":"Omar A. Hurricane","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-022842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-022842","url":null,"abstract":"While a variety of laboratory-based fusion schemes have been studied for decades, the only fusion scheme yet to demonstrate fusion ignition and significant energy gain has been X-ray-driven inertially confined fusion. Ignition was demonstrated to occur at the thermodynamic conditions where it had long been expected, but the energy required for the implosion system to reach these conditions was more than projected years ago. This short review gives a status update on the three principal inertial confinement fusion schemes and research challenges going forward.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"478 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144236879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023343
Dean Lee
Lattice effective field theory applies the principles of effective field theory in a lattice framework where space and time are discretized. Nucleons are placed on the lattice sites, and the interactions are tuned to replicate the observed features of the nuclear force. Monte Carlo simulations are then employed to predict the properties of nuclear few- and many-body systems. We review the basic methods and several theoretical and algorithmic advances that have been used to further our understanding of atomic nuclei.
{"title":"Lattice Effective Field Theory Simulations of Nuclei","authors":"Dean Lee","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023343","url":null,"abstract":"Lattice effective field theory applies the principles of effective field theory in a lattice framework where space and time are discretized. Nucleons are placed on the lattice sites, and the interactions are tuned to replicate the observed features of the nuclear force. Monte Carlo simulations are then employed to predict the properties of nuclear few- and many-body systems. We review the basic methods and several theoretical and algorithmic advances that have been used to further our understanding of atomic nuclei.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144236880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101030
Jonathan Engel
This article reviews the calculation of nuclear Schiff moments, which one must know in order to interpret experiments that search for time-reversal-violating electric dipole moments in certain atoms and molecules. After briefly reviewing the connection between dipole moments and CP violation in and beyond the Standard Model of particle physics; Schiff's theorem, which concerns the screening of nuclear electric dipole moments by electrons; Schiff moments; and experiments to measure dipole moments in atoms and molecules, this review examines attempts to compute Schiff moments in nuclei such as 199Hg and octupole-deformed isotopes such as 225Ra, which are particularly useful in experiments. It then turns to ab initio nuclear-structure theory, describing ways in which both the in-medium similarity renormalization group and coupled-cluster theory can be used to compute important Schiff moments more accurately than the less controlled methods that have been applied so far.
{"title":"Nuclear Schiff Moments and CP Violation","authors":"Jonathan Engel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101030","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the calculation of nuclear Schiff moments, which one must know in order to interpret experiments that search for time-reversal-violating electric dipole moments in certain atoms and molecules. After briefly reviewing the connection between dipole moments and <jats:italic>CP</jats:italic> violation in and beyond the Standard Model of particle physics; Schiff's theorem, which concerns the screening of nuclear electric dipole moments by electrons; Schiff moments; and experiments to measure dipole moments in atoms and molecules, this review examines attempts to compute Schiff moments in nuclei such as <jats:sup>199</jats:sup>Hg and octupole-deformed isotopes such as <jats:sup>225</jats:sup>Ra, which are particularly useful in experiments. It then turns to ab initio nuclear-structure theory, describing ways in which both the in-medium similarity renormalization group and coupled-cluster theory can be used to compute important Schiff moments more accurately than the less controlled methods that have been applied so far.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144236881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101015
Asher Berlin, Yonatan Kahn
The search for dark matter and physics beyond the Standard Model has grown to encompass a highly interdisciplinary approach. In this review, we survey recent searches for light, weakly coupled particles—axions and dark photons—over the past decade, focusing on new experimental results and the incorporation of technologies and techniques from fields as diverse as quantum science, microwave engineering, precision magnetometry, and condensed matter physics. We also review theoretical progress that has been useful in identifying new experimental directions and identify the areas of most rapid experimental progress and the technological advances required to continue exploring the parameter space for axions and dark photons.
{"title":"New Technologies for Axion and Dark Photon Searches","authors":"Asher Berlin, Yonatan Kahn","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101015","url":null,"abstract":"The search for dark matter and physics beyond the Standard Model has grown to encompass a highly interdisciplinary approach. In this review, we survey recent searches for light, weakly coupled particles—axions and dark photons—over the past decade, focusing on new experimental results and the incorporation of technologies and techniques from fields as diverse as quantum science, microwave engineering, precision magnetometry, and condensed matter physics. We also review theoretical progress that has been useful in identifying new experimental directions and identify the areas of most rapid experimental progress and the technological advances required to continue exploring the parameter space for axions and dark photons.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101000
Akitaka Ariga, Jamie Boyd, Felix Kling, Albert De Roeck
The proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce an intense, high-energy beam of neutrinos of all flavors collimated in the forward direction. Recently, two dedicated neutrino experiments, FASER (Forward Search Experiment) and SND@LHC (Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC), have started operating to take advantage of the TeV-energy LHC neutrino beam. First results were released in 2023, and further results were released in 2024. The first detection of neutrinos produced at a particle collider opens up a new avenue of research, enabling the study of the highest-energy neutrinos produced in a controlled laboratory environment, with an associated broad and rich physics program. Neutrino measurements at the LHC will provide important contributions to QCD, neutrino, and BSM (beyond the Standard Model) physics and have significant implications for astroparticle physics. This review summarizes the physics motivation, status, and plans regarding present and future neutrino experiments at the LHC.
{"title":"Neutrino Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider","authors":"Akitaka Ariga, Jamie Boyd, Felix Kling, Albert De Roeck","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101000","url":null,"abstract":"The proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce an intense, high-energy beam of neutrinos of all flavors collimated in the forward direction. Recently, two dedicated neutrino experiments, FASER (Forward Search Experiment) and SND@LHC (Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC), have started operating to take advantage of the TeV-energy LHC neutrino beam. First results were released in 2023, and further results were released in 2024. The first detection of neutrinos produced at a particle collider opens up a new avenue of research, enabling the study of the highest-energy neutrinos produced in a controlled laboratory environment, with an associated broad and rich physics program. Neutrino measurements at the LHC will provide important contributions to QCD, neutrino, and BSM (beyond the Standard Model) physics and have significant implications for astroparticle physics. This review summarizes the physics motivation, status, and plans regarding present and future neutrino experiments at the LHC.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100906
Kenneth Bloom, Véronique Boisvert
Future accelerators and experiments for energy-frontier particle physics will be built and operated during a period in which society must also address the climate change emergency by significantly reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. The carbon intensity of many particle physics activities is potentially significant, such that as a community particle physicists could create substantially more emissions compared to the amount created by average citizens, which is itself currently more than budgeted to limit the increase in average global temperatures. We estimate the carbon impacts of potential future accelerators, detectors, computing, and travel, and find that while emissions from civil construction dominate by far, some other activities make noticeable contributions. We discuss potential mitigation strategies as well as research and development activities that can be pursued to make particle physics more sustainable.
{"title":"Sustainability and Carbon Emissions of Future Accelerators","authors":"Kenneth Bloom, Véronique Boisvert","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100906","url":null,"abstract":"Future accelerators and experiments for energy-frontier particle physics will be built and operated during a period in which society must also address the climate change emergency by significantly reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. The carbon intensity of many particle physics activities is potentially significant, such that as a community particle physicists could create substantially more emissions compared to the amount created by average citizens, which is itself currently more than budgeted to limit the increase in average global temperatures. We estimate the carbon impacts of potential future accelerators, detectors, computing, and travel, and find that while emissions from civil construction dominate by far, some other activities make noticeable contributions. We discuss potential mitigation strategies as well as research and development activities that can be pursued to make particle physics more sustainable.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"228 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-023242
Carlo Giunti, Konstantin Kouzakov, Yu-Feng Li, Alexander Studenikin
Neutrinos are neutral in the Standard Model, but they have tiny charge radii generated by radiative corrections. In theories beyond the Standard Model, neutrinos can also have magnetic and electric moments and small electric charges (millicharges). We review the general theory of neutrino electromagnetic form factors, which reduce, for ultrarelativistic neutrinos and small momentum transfers, to the neutrino charges, effective charge radii, and effective magnetic moments. We discuss the phenomenology of these electromagnetic neutrino properties and review the existing experimental bounds. We also briefly review the electromagnetic processes of astrophysical neutrinos and the neutrino magnetic moment portal in the presence of sterile neutrinos.
{"title":"Neutrino Electromagnetic Properties","authors":"Carlo Giunti, Konstantin Kouzakov, Yu-Feng Li, Alexander Studenikin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-023242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-023242","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrinos are neutral in the Standard Model, but they have tiny charge radii generated by radiative corrections. In theories beyond the Standard Model, neutrinos can also have magnetic and electric moments and small electric charges (millicharges). We review the general theory of neutrino electromagnetic form factors, which reduce, for ultrarelativistic neutrinos and small momentum transfers, to the neutrino charges, effective charge radii, and effective magnetic moments. We discuss the phenomenology of these electromagnetic neutrino properties and review the existing experimental bounds. We also briefly review the electromagnetic processes of astrophysical neutrinos and the neutrino magnetic moment portal in the presence of sterile neutrinos.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143872899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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