Pub Date : 2019-01-25DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023450
B. Dutta, L. Strigari
Direct dark matter detection experiments will soon be sensitive to neutrinos from astrophysical sources, including the Sun, the atmosphere, and supernovae, which will set an important benchmark and open a new window into neutrino physics and astrophysics. The detection of these neutrinos will be complementary to accelerator- and reactor-based experiments that study neutrinos over the same energy range. We review the physics and astrophysics that can be extracted from the detection of these neutrinos, highlighting the potential of identifying New Physics in the form of light mediators that arise from kinetic mixing and hidden sectors, as well as ∼eV-scale sterile neutrinos. We discuss how the physics reach of these experiments will complement searches for New Physics at the LHC and dedicated neutrino experiments.
{"title":"Neutrino Physics with Dark Matter Detectors","authors":"B. Dutta, L. Strigari","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023450","url":null,"abstract":"Direct dark matter detection experiments will soon be sensitive to neutrinos from astrophysical sources, including the Sun, the atmosphere, and supernovae, which will set an important benchmark and open a new window into neutrino physics and astrophysics. The detection of these neutrinos will be complementary to accelerator- and reactor-based experiments that study neutrinos over the same energy range. We review the physics and astrophysics that can be extracted from the detection of these neutrinos, highlighting the potential of identifying New Physics in the form of light mediators that arise from kinetic mixing and hidden sectors, as well as ∼eV-scale sterile neutrinos. We discuss how the physics reach of these experiments will complement searches for New Physics at the LHC and dedicated neutrino experiments.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42538340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023755
C. Giunti, Thierry Lasserre
We address the phenomenology of light sterile neutrinos, with an emphasis on short-baseline neutrino oscillations. After reviewing the observed short-baseline neutrino oscillation anomalies, we discuss the global fit of the data and the current appearance–disappearance tension. We also review briefly the effects of light sterile neutrinos in β decay, neutrinoless double-β decay, and cosmology. Finally, we discuss future perspectives of the search for the effects of eV-scale sterile neutrinos.
{"title":"eV-Scale Sterile Neutrinos","authors":"C. Giunti, Thierry Lasserre","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023755","url":null,"abstract":"We address the phenomenology of light sterile neutrinos, with an emphasis on short-baseline neutrino oscillations. After reviewing the observed short-baseline neutrino oscillation anomalies, we discuss the global fit of the data and the current appearance–disappearance tension. We also review briefly the effects of light sterile neutrinos in β decay, neutrinoless double-β decay, and cosmology. Finally, we discuss future perspectives of the search for the effects of eV-scale sterile neutrinos.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48156345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023600
J. Lynn, I. Tews, S. Gandolfi, A. Lovato
In recent years, the combination of precise quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods with realistic nuclear interactions and consistent electroweak currents, in particular those constructed within effective field theories (EFTs), has led to new insights in light and medium-mass nuclei, neutron matter, and electroweak reactions. For example, with the same chiral interactions, QMC calculations can reproduce binding energies and radii for light nuclei, n–α scattering phase shifts, and the neutron matter equation of state. This compelling new body of work has been made possible both by advances in QMC methods for nuclear physics, which push the bounds of applicability to heavier nuclei and to asymmetric nuclear matter, and by the development of local chiral EFT interactions up to next-to-next-to-leading order and minimally nonlocal interactions including Δ degrees of freedom. In this review, we discuss these recent developments and give an overview of the exciting results for nuclei, neutron matter and neutron stars, and electroweak reactions.
{"title":"Quantum Monte Carlo Methods in Nuclear Physics: Recent Advances","authors":"J. Lynn, I. Tews, S. Gandolfi, A. Lovato","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023600","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the combination of precise quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods with realistic nuclear interactions and consistent electroweak currents, in particular those constructed within effective field theories (EFTs), has led to new insights in light and medium-mass nuclei, neutron matter, and electroweak reactions. For example, with the same chiral interactions, QMC calculations can reproduce binding energies and radii for light nuclei, n–α scattering phase shifts, and the neutron matter equation of state. This compelling new body of work has been made possible both by advances in QMC methods for nuclear physics, which push the bounds of applicability to heavier nuclei and to asymmetric nuclear matter, and by the development of local chiral EFT interactions up to next-to-next-to-leading order and minimally nonlocal interactions including Δ degrees of freedom. In this review, we discuss these recent developments and give an overview of the exciting results for nuclei, neutron matter and neutron stars, and electroweak reactions.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49423526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023723
M. Hansen, S. Sharpe
Most strong-interaction resonances have decay channels involving three or more particles, including many of the recently discovered X, Y, and Z resonances. In order to study such resonances from first principles using lattice QCD, one must understand finite-volume effects for three particles in the cubic box used in calculations. We review efforts to develop a three-particle quantization condition that relates finite-volume energies to infinite-volume scattering amplitudes. We describe in detail the three approaches that have been followed, and present new results on the relationship between the corresponding results. We show examples of the numerical implementation of all three approaches and point out the important issues that remain to be resolved.
{"title":"Lattice QCD and Three-Particle Decays of Resonances","authors":"M. Hansen, S. Sharpe","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023723","url":null,"abstract":"Most strong-interaction resonances have decay channels involving three or more particles, including many of the recently discovered X, Y, and Z resonances. In order to study such resonances from first principles using lattice QCD, one must understand finite-volume effects for three particles in the cubic box used in calculations. We review efforts to develop a three-particle quantization condition that relates finite-volume energies to infinite-volume scattering amplitudes. We describe in detail the three approaches that have been followed, and present new results on the relationship between the corresponding results. We show examples of the numerical implementation of all three approaches and point out the important issues that remain to be resolved.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41535206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021029
L. Maiani, G. Martinelli
In this article we review the life and work of Guido Altarelli (1941–2015).
在这篇文章中，我们回顾了Guido Altarelli（1941–2015）的生活和工作。
{"title":"Guido Altarelli","authors":"L. Maiani, G. Martinelli","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021029","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we review the life and work of Guido Altarelli (1941–2015).","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48291364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021008
A. Boveia, C. Doglioni
Colliders, among the most successful tools of particle physics, have revealed much about matter. This review describes how colliders contribute to the search for particle dark matter, focusing on the highest-energy collider currently in operation, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. In the absence of hints about the character of interactions between dark matter and standard matter, this review emphasizes what could be observed in the near future, presents the main experimental challenges, and discusses how collider searches fit into the broader field of dark matter searches. Finally, it highlights a few areas to watch for the future LHC program.
{"title":"Dark Matter Searches at Colliders","authors":"A. Boveia, C. Doglioni","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021008","url":null,"abstract":"Colliders, among the most successful tools of particle physics, have revealed much about matter. This review describes how colliders contribute to the search for particle dark matter, focusing on the highest-energy collider currently in operation, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. In the absence of hints about the character of interactions between dark matter and standard matter, this review emphasizes what could be observed in the near future, presents the main experimental challenges, and discusses how collider searches fit into the broader field of dark matter searches. Finally, it highlights a few areas to watch for the future LHC program.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41732597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-020959
C. Degrande, V. Hirschi, O. Mattelaer
The automation of one-loop amplitudes plays a key role in addressing several computational challenges for hadron collider phenomenology: They are needed for simulations including next-to-leading-order corrections, which can be large at hadron colliders. They also allow the exact computation of loop-induced processes. A high degree of automation has now been achieved in public codes that do not require expert knowledge and can be widely used in the high-energy physics community. In this article, we review many of the methods and tools used for the different steps of automated one-loop amplitude calculations: renormalization of the Lagrangian, derivation and evaluation of the amplitude, its decomposition onto a basis of scalar integrals and their subsequent evaluation, as well as computation of the rational terms.
{"title":"Automated Computation of One-Loop Amplitudes","authors":"C. Degrande, V. Hirschi, O. Mattelaer","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-020959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-020959","url":null,"abstract":"The automation of one-loop amplitudes plays a key role in addressing several computational challenges for hadron collider phenomenology: They are needed for simulations including next-to-leading-order corrections, which can be large at hadron colliders. They also allow the exact computation of loop-induced processes. A high degree of automation has now been achieved in public codes that do not require expert knowledge and can be widely used in the high-energy physics community. In this article, we review many of the methods and tools used for the different steps of automated one-loop amplitude calculations: renormalization of the Lagrangian, derivation and evaluation of the amplitude, its decomposition onto a basis of scalar integrals and their subsequent evaluation, as well as computation of the rational terms.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-020959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47335849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-102711-094939
J. Dilling, K. Blaum, M. Brodeur, S. Eliseev
Penning-trap mass spectrometry in atomic and nuclear physics has become a well-established and reliable tool for the determination of atomic masses. In combination with short-lived radioactive nuclides it was first introduced at ISOLTRAP at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line facility (ISOLDE) at CERN. Penning traps have found new applications in coupling to other production mechanisms, such as in-flight production and separation systems. The applications in atomic and nuclear physics range from nuclear structure studies and related precision tests of theoretical approaches to description of the strong interaction to tests of the electroweak Standard Model, quantum electrodynamics and neutrino physics, and applications in nuclear astrophysics. The success of Penning-trap mass spectrometry is due to its precision and accuracy, even for low ion intensities (i.e., low production yields), as well as its very fast measurement cycle, enabling access to short-lived isotopes. The current reach in relative mass precision goes beyond δ m/ m=10−8, the half-life limit is as low as a few milliseconds, and the sensitivity is on the order of one ion per minute in the trap. We provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques and applications of Penning-trap mass spectrometry in nuclear and atomic physics.
{"title":"Penning-Trap Mass Measurements in Atomic and Nuclear Physics","authors":"J. Dilling, K. Blaum, M. Brodeur, S. Eliseev","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-102711-094939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-102711-094939","url":null,"abstract":"Penning-trap mass spectrometry in atomic and nuclear physics has become a well-established and reliable tool for the determination of atomic masses. In combination with short-lived radioactive nuclides it was first introduced at ISOLTRAP at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line facility (ISOLDE) at CERN. Penning traps have found new applications in coupling to other production mechanisms, such as in-flight production and separation systems. The applications in atomic and nuclear physics range from nuclear structure studies and related precision tests of theoretical approaches to description of the strong interaction to tests of the electroweak Standard Model, quantum electrodynamics and neutrino physics, and applications in nuclear astrophysics. The success of Penning-trap mass spectrometry is due to its precision and accuracy, even for low ion intensities (i.e., low production yields), as well as its very fast measurement cycle, enabling access to short-lived isotopes. The current reach in relative mass precision goes beyond δ m/ m=10−8, the half-life limit is as low as a few milliseconds, and the sensitivity is on the order of one ion per minute in the trap. We provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques and applications of Penning-trap mass spectrometry in nuclear and atomic physics.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-102711-094939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45809507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021053
J. Brient, R. Rusack, F. Sefkow
We review the development of silicon-based calorimeters from the very first applications of small calorimeters used in collider experiments to the large-scale systems that are being designed today. We discuss silicon-based electromagnetic calorimeters for future e− e+ colliders and for the upgrade of the CMS experiment's endcap calorimeter to be used in the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. We present the intrinsic advantages of silicon as an active detector material and highlight the enabling technologies that have made calorimeters with very high channel densities feasible. We end by discussing the outlook for further extensions to the silicon calorimeter concept, such as calorimeters with fine-pitched pixel detectors.
{"title":"Silicon Calorimeters","authors":"J. Brient, R. Rusack, F. Sefkow","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021053","url":null,"abstract":"We review the development of silicon-based calorimeters from the very first applications of small calorimeters used in collider experiments to the large-scale systems that are being designed today. We discuss silicon-based electromagnetic calorimeters for future e− e+ colliders and for the upgrade of the CMS experiment's endcap calorimeter to be used in the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. We present the intrinsic advantages of silicon as an active detector material and highlight the enabling technologies that have made calorimeters with very high channel densities feasible. We end by discussing the outlook for further extensions to the silicon calorimeter concept, such as calorimeters with fine-pitched pixel detectors.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45748366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-021129
V. Burkert
Jefferson Lab's upgrade of its Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) has recently been completed. The project involved an upgrade of the accelerator to achieve a maximum beam energy of 12 GeV and the construction of a fourth end station, Experimental Hall D, as well as new detector equipment for two of the three existing halls (A, B, and C). A broad experimental program has been developed to map the nucleon's intrinsic quark distributions in transverse space and in longitudinal momentum through measurements of deeply exclusive and semi-inclusive processes, and to probe color confinement by studying the spectrum of hadrons with active gluon degrees of freedom in the wave function. Other programs include the forward parton distribution function at large quark momentum fraction x, the quark and gluon polarized distribution functions, measurements of electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon ground state and of nucleon resonance transitions at short distances, and the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model in high-precision parity-violating processes and in the search for signals of dark matter. The higher beam energy is also suitable for exploration of quark hadronization properties using the nucleus as a laboratory. This review highlights major areas of hadron and nuclear science that will be the focus of the first 5 years of operation.
{"title":"Jefferson Lab at 12 GeV: The Science Program","authors":"V. Burkert","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-021129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-021129","url":null,"abstract":"Jefferson Lab's upgrade of its Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) has recently been completed. The project involved an upgrade of the accelerator to achieve a maximum beam energy of 12 GeV and the construction of a fourth end station, Experimental Hall D, as well as new detector equipment for two of the three existing halls (A, B, and C). A broad experimental program has been developed to map the nucleon's intrinsic quark distributions in transverse space and in longitudinal momentum through measurements of deeply exclusive and semi-inclusive processes, and to probe color confinement by studying the spectrum of hadrons with active gluon degrees of freedom in the wave function. Other programs include the forward parton distribution function at large quark momentum fraction x, the quark and gluon polarized distribution functions, measurements of electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon ground state and of nucleon resonance transitions at short distances, and the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model in high-precision parity-violating processes and in the search for signals of dark matter. The higher beam energy is also suitable for exploration of quark hadronization properties using the nucleus as a laboratory. This review highlights major areas of hadron and nuclear science that will be the focus of the first 5 years of operation.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101917-021129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43172141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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