Pub Date : 2020-12-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-034438
L. Fabbietti, V. Sarti, O., Vázquez Doce
The strong interaction among hadrons has been measured in the past by scattering experiments. Although this technique has been extremely successful in providing information about the nucleon–nucleon and pion–nucleon interactions, when unstable hadrons are considered the experiments become more challenging. In the last few years, the analysis of correlations in the momentum space for pairs of stable and unstable hadrons measured in pp and p+Pb collisions by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC has provided a new method to investigate the strong interaction among hadrons. In this article, we review the numerous results recently achieved for hyperon–nucleon, hyperon–hyperon, and kaon–nucleon pairs, which show that this new method opens the possibility of measuring the residual strong interaction of any hadron pair.
{"title":"Study of the Strong Interaction Among Hadrons with Correlations at the LHC","authors":"L. Fabbietti, V. Sarti, O., Vázquez Doce","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-034438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-034438","url":null,"abstract":"The strong interaction among hadrons has been measured in the past by scattering experiments. Although this technique has been extremely successful in providing information about the nucleon–nucleon and pion–nucleon interactions, when unstable hadrons are considered the experiments become more challenging. In the last few years, the analysis of correlations in the momentum space for pairs of stable and unstable hadrons measured in pp and p+Pb collisions by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC has provided a new method to investigate the strong interaction among hadrons. In this article, we review the numerous results recently achieved for hyperon–nucleon, hyperon–hyperon, and kaon–nucleon pairs, which show that this new method opens the possibility of measuring the residual strong interaction of any hadron pair.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41875152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-09DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-120720-031147
Kiwoon Choi, Sang Hui Im, C. Shin
The axion is a light pseudoscalar particle postulated to solve issues with the Standard Model, including the strong CP problem and the origin of dark matter. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the physics of axions in several directions. An unusual type of axion-like particle termed the relaxion was proposed as a new solution to the weak scale hierarchy problem. There are also new ideas for laboratory, astrophysical, or cosmological searches for axions; such searches can probe a wide range of model parameters that were previously inaccessible. On the formal theory side, the weak gravity conjecture indicates a tension between quantum gravity and a trans-Planckian axion field excursion. Many of these developments involve axions with hierarchical couplings. In this article, we review recent progress in axion physics, with particular attention paid to hierarchies between axion couplings. We emphasize that the parameter regions of hierarchical axion couplings are the most accessible experimentally. Moreover, such regions are often where important theoretical questions in the field are addressed, and they can result from simple model-building mechanisms. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Recent Progress in the Physics of Axions and Axion-Like Particles","authors":"Kiwoon Choi, Sang Hui Im, C. Shin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-120720-031147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-120720-031147","url":null,"abstract":"The axion is a light pseudoscalar particle postulated to solve issues with the Standard Model, including the strong CP problem and the origin of dark matter. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the physics of axions in several directions. An unusual type of axion-like particle termed the relaxion was proposed as a new solution to the weak scale hierarchy problem. There are also new ideas for laboratory, astrophysical, or cosmological searches for axions; such searches can probe a wide range of model parameters that were previously inaccessible. On the formal theory side, the weak gravity conjecture indicates a tension between quantum gravity and a trans-Planckian axion field excursion. Many of these developments involve axions with hierarchical couplings. In this article, we review recent progress in axion physics, with particular attention paid to hierarchies between axion couplings. We emphasize that the parameter regions of hierarchical axion couplings are the most accessible experimentally. Moreover, such regions are often where important theoretical questions in the field are addressed, and they can result from simple model-building mechanisms. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47426507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-055056
G. Lanfranchi, M. Pospelov, P. Schuster
At the dawn of a new decade, particle physics faces the challenge of explaining the mystery of dark matter, the origin of matter over antimatter in the Universe, the apparent fine-tuning of the electroweak scale, and many other aspects of fundamental physics. Perhaps the most striking frontier to emerge in the search for answers involves New Physics at mass scales comparable to that of familiar matter—below the GeV scale but with very feeble interaction strength. New theoretical ideas to address dark matter and other fundamental questions predict such feebly interacting particles (FIPs) at these scales, and existing data may even provide hints of this possibility. Emboldened by the lessons of the LHC, a vibrant experimental program to discover such physics is underway, guided by a systematic theoretical approach that is firmly grounded in the underlying principles of the Standard Model. We give an overview of these efforts, their motivations, and the decadal goals that animate the community involved in the search for FIPs, and we focus in particular on accelerator-based experiments.
{"title":"The Search for Feebly Interacting Particles","authors":"G. Lanfranchi, M. Pospelov, P. Schuster","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-055056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-055056","url":null,"abstract":"At the dawn of a new decade, particle physics faces the challenge of explaining the mystery of dark matter, the origin of matter over antimatter in the Universe, the apparent fine-tuning of the electroweak scale, and many other aspects of fundamental physics. Perhaps the most striking frontier to emerge in the search for answers involves New Physics at mass scales comparable to that of familiar matter—below the GeV scale but with very feeble interaction strength. New theoretical ideas to address dark matter and other fundamental questions predict such feebly interacting particles (FIPs) at these scales, and existing data may even provide hints of this possibility. Emboldened by the lessons of the LHC, a vibrant experimental program to discover such physics is underway, guided by a systematic theoretical approach that is firmly grounded in the underlying principles of the Standard Model. We give an overview of these efforts, their motivations, and the decadal goals that animate the community involved in the search for FIPs, and we focus in particular on accelerator-based experiments.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41915320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102920-050505
I. Tamborra, S. Shalgar
Neutrino–neutrino refraction dominates the flavor evolution in core-collapse supernovae, neutron star mergers, and the early Universe. Ordinary neutrino flavor conversions develop on timescales determined by the vacuum oscillation frequency. However, when the neutrino density is large enough, collective flavor conversions may arise because of pairwise neutrino scattering. Pairwise conversions are deemed fast because they are expected to occur on timescales that depend on the neutrino–neutrino interaction energy (i.e., on the neutrino number density) and are regulated by the angular distributions of electron neutrinos and antineutrinos. The enigmatic phenomenon of fast pairwise conversions has been overlooked for a long time. However, because of the fast conversion rate, pairwise conversions could occur in the proximity of the neutrino decoupling region with yet-to-be-understood implications for the hydrodynamics of astrophysical sources and the synthesis of the heavy elements. We review the physics of this fascinating phenomenon and its implications for neutrino-dense sources. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"New Developments in Flavor Evolution of a Dense Neutrino Gas","authors":"I. Tamborra, S. Shalgar","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102920-050505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102920-050505","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrino–neutrino refraction dominates the flavor evolution in core-collapse supernovae, neutron star mergers, and the early Universe. Ordinary neutrino flavor conversions develop on timescales determined by the vacuum oscillation frequency. However, when the neutrino density is large enough, collective flavor conversions may arise because of pairwise neutrino scattering. Pairwise conversions are deemed fast because they are expected to occur on timescales that depend on the neutrino–neutrino interaction energy (i.e., on the neutrino number density) and are regulated by the angular distributions of electron neutrinos and antineutrinos. The enigmatic phenomenon of fast pairwise conversions has been overlooked for a long time. However, because of the fast conversion rate, pairwise conversions could occur in the proximity of the neutrino decoupling region with yet-to-be-understood implications for the hydrodynamics of astrophysical sources and the synthesis of the heavy elements. We review the physics of this fascinating phenomenon and its implications for neutrino-dense sources. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44740399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101916-123029
S. Murgia
The center of the Galaxy is one of the prime targets in the search for a signal of annihilating (or decaying) dark matter. If such a signal were to be detected, it would shed light on one of the bi...
{"title":"The Fermi–LAT Galactic Center Excess: Evidence of Annihilating Dark Matter?","authors":"S. Murgia","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101916-123029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101916-123029","url":null,"abstract":"The center of the Galaxy is one of the prime targets in the search for a signal of annihilating (or decaying) dark matter. If such a signal were to be detected, it would shed light on one of the bi...","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"455-483"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44385275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-020620-063734
F. Nunes, G. Potel, T. Poxon-Pearson, J. Cizewski
Astrophysical simulations require knowledge of a wide array of reaction rates. For a number of reasons, many of these reaction rates cannot be measured directly and instead are probed with indirect...
{"title":"Nuclear Reactions in Astrophysics: A Review of Useful Probes for Extracting Reaction Rates","authors":"F. Nunes, G. Potel, T. Poxon-Pearson, J. Cizewski","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-020620-063734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-020620-063734","url":null,"abstract":"Astrophysical simulations require knowledge of a wide array of reaction rates. For a number of reasons, many of these reaction rates cannot be measured directly and instead are probed with indirect...","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"147-170"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-020620-063734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41631739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-032620-043846
Jan Steggemann
Extended scalar sectors appear in various extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, such as supersymmetric models. They are also generic extensions of the Standard Model and can address...
{"title":"Extended Scalar Sectors","authors":"Jan Steggemann","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-032620-043846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-032620-043846","url":null,"abstract":"Extended scalar sectors appear in various extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, such as supersymmetric models. They are also generic extensions of the Standard Model and can address...","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"197-223"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44833374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023359
J. Bjorken
In this informal memoir, the author describes his passage through a golden age of elementary particle physics. It includes not only his career trajectory as a theoretical physicist but also his exc...
{"title":"“Why Do We Do Physics? Because Physics Is Fun!”","authors":"J. Bjorken","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023359","url":null,"abstract":"In this informal memoir, the author describes his passage through a golden age of elementary particle physics. It includes not only his career trajectory as a theoretical physicist but also his exc...","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43829788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-032020-021829
T. Ruth
Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as ...
{"title":"The Shortage of Technetium-99m and Possible Solutions","authors":"T. Ruth","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-032020-021829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-032020-021829","url":null,"abstract":"Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as ...","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"70 1","pages":"77-94"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-032020-021829","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47772205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023715
K. Vetter
The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) following the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent tsunami in March 2011 changed people's perceptions regarding nuclear power generation in Japan and worldwide. The failure to prevent the accident and the response to it had an enormous impact specifically on the communities close to the site but also across Japan and globally. In this review, I discuss radiation detection technologies, their use and limits in the immediate assessment and response, and improvements since then. In particular, I examine recent developments in radiation detection and imaging systems that, in combination with the enormous advances in computer vision, provide new means to detect, map, and visualize radiation using manned and unmanned deployment platforms. In addition to smarter and more adaptable technologies to prevent and minimize the impact of such events, an important outcome of this accident is the need for informed and resilient citizens who are empowered by knowledge and technologies to make rational decisions. The accident at FDNPS leaves a legacy concerning the importance of historical information, technologies, and resilience as well as challenges regarding powerful technologies that can provide substantial benefits to human society but that are also associated with risks of which we must be aware.
{"title":"The Nuclear Legacy Today of Fukushima","authors":"K. Vetter","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023715","url":null,"abstract":"The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) following the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent tsunami in March 2011 changed people's perceptions regarding nuclear power generation in Japan and worldwide. The failure to prevent the accident and the response to it had an enormous impact specifically on the communities close to the site but also across Japan and globally. In this review, I discuss radiation detection technologies, their use and limits in the immediate assessment and response, and improvements since then. In particular, I examine recent developments in radiation detection and imaging systems that, in combination with the enormous advances in computer vision, provide new means to detect, map, and visualize radiation using manned and unmanned deployment platforms. In addition to smarter and more adaptable technologies to prevent and minimize the impact of such events, an important outcome of this accident is the need for informed and resilient citizens who are empowered by knowledge and technologies to make rational decisions. The accident at FDNPS leaves a legacy concerning the importance of historical information, technologies, and resilience as well as challenges regarding powerful technologies that can provide substantial benefits to human society but that are also associated with risks of which we must be aware.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023715","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47047337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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