Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102020-124444
Bing Zhang
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are brief, highly dispersed bursts detected in the radio band that originate from cosmological distances. The only such event detected in the Milky Way Galaxy, FRB 20200428D—which was associated with an X-ray burst emitted by a magnetar named SGR J1935+2154—revealed the first case of a multiwavelength counterpart of an FRB. Counterparts in other wavelengths accompanying or following FRBs, as well as the bright emission associated with the progenitor of the FRB engine, have been proposed in various FRB models, but no robust detection has been made so far. In general, FRBs as we know them are not favored multimessenger emitters. Nonetheless, possible neutrino and gravitational wave emission signals associated with FRBs or FRB-like events have been discussed in the literature. Here I review these suggested multiwavelength and multimessenger counterparts of FRBs or FRB-like events and the observational progress in searching for these signals. Topics include multiwavelength (X-rays, γ-rays, optical) emission and neutrino emission from FRBs within the framework of the magnetar source models and possible FRB-like events associated with gravitational waves.
{"title":"Multiwavelength and Multimessenger Counterparts of Fast Radio Bursts","authors":"Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102020-124444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102020-124444","url":null,"abstract":"Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are brief, highly dispersed bursts detected in the radio band that originate from cosmological distances. The only such event detected in the Milky Way Galaxy, FRB 20200428D—which was associated with an X-ray burst emitted by a magnetar named SGR J1935+2154—revealed the first case of a multiwavelength counterpart of an FRB. Counterparts in other wavelengths accompanying or following FRBs, as well as the bright emission associated with the progenitor of the FRB engine, have been proposed in various FRB models, but no robust detection has been made so far. In general, FRBs as we know them are not favored multimessenger emitters. Nonetheless, possible neutrino and gravitational wave emission signals associated with FRBs or FRB-like events have been discussed in the literature. Here I review these suggested multiwavelength and multimessenger counterparts of FRBs or FRB-like events and the observational progress in searching for these signals. Topics include multiwavelength (X-rays, γ-rays, optical) emission and neutrino emission from FRBs within the framework of the magnetar source models and possible FRB-like events associated with gravitational waves.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-023751
Oluwatomi A. Akindele, Rachel Carr
Will neutrinos find uses outside basic science? It may be too early to say, but neutrino physicists have already imagined a variety of possibilities from the relatively modest to the more blue-sky. In this review, we survey the range of proposed applications, most involving nuclear reactors and other fission sources. We give special attention to the most recent proposals, including verifying submarine reactor integrity, safeguarding advanced nuclear power plants, and monitoring spent nuclear fuel. All of these concepts take advantage of the fact that neutrinos pass through barriers other signals cannot penetrate. That same fact creates the central challenge for neutrino applications: the size and complexity of detectors needed to collect a signal. Although the weakly interacting nature of neutrinos makes them fundamentally difficult to use, developments in detector technology are making some ideas more feasible.
{"title":"Concepts for Neutrino Applications","authors":"Oluwatomi A. Akindele, Rachel Carr","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-023751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-023751","url":null,"abstract":"Will neutrinos find uses outside basic science? It may be too early to say, but neutrino physicists have already imagined a variety of possibilities from the relatively modest to the more blue-sky. In this review, we survey the range of proposed applications, most involving nuclear reactors and other fission sources. We give special attention to the most recent proposals, including verifying submarine reactor integrity, safeguarding advanced nuclear power plants, and monitoring spent nuclear fuel. All of these concepts take advantage of the fact that neutrinos pass through barriers other signals cannot penetrate. That same fact creates the central challenge for neutrino applications: the size and complexity of detectors needed to collect a signal. Although the weakly interacting nature of neutrinos makes them fundamentally difficult to use, developments in detector technology are making some ideas more feasible.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-022007
GianLuca Sabbi
Recent strategy updates by the international particle physics community have confirmed strong interest in a next-generation energy frontier collider after completion of the High-Luminosity LHC program and construction of a e + e − Higgs factory. Both hadron and muon colliders provide a path toward the highest energies, and both require significant and sustained development to achieve technical readiness and optimize the design. For hadron colliders, the energy reach is determined by machine circumference and the strength of the guiding magnetic field. To achieve a collision energy of 100 TeV while limiting the circumference to 100 km, a dipole field of 16 T is required and is within the reach of niobium–tin magnets operating at 1.9 K. Magnets based on high-temperature superconductors may enable a range of alternatives, including a more compact footprint, a reduction of the cooling power, or a further increase of the collision energy to 150 TeV. The feasibility and cost of the magnet system will determine the possible options and optimal configurations. In this article, I review the historical milestones and recent progress in superconducting materials, design concepts, magnet fabrication, and test results and emphasize current developments that have the potential to address the most significant challenges and shape future directions.
国际粒子物理学界最近的战略更新证实，在高亮度大型强子对撞机计划和 e + e - 希格斯工厂建设完成之后，人们对下一代能量前沿对撞机有着浓厚的兴趣。强子对撞机和μ介子对撞机都提供了一条通往最高能量的道路，但两者都需要大量持续的开发工作，以实现技术就绪和优化设计。对于强子对撞机来说，能量范围由机器周长和引导磁场强度决定。要达到 100 TeV 的对撞能量，同时将周长限制在 100 千米，需要 16 T 的偶极子磁场，这是在 1.9 K 下工作的铌锡磁体所能达到的。以高温超导体为基础的磁体可能会带来一系列替代方案，包括更紧凑的占地面积、降低冷却功率或将对撞能量进一步提高到 150 TeV。磁体系统的可行性和成本将决定可能的选择和最佳配置。在这篇文章中，我回顾了超导材料、设计概念、磁体制造和测试结果方面的历史里程碑和最新进展，并强调了当前有可能应对最重大挑战和塑造未来方向的发展。
{"title":"High-Field Magnets for Future Hadron Colliders","authors":"GianLuca Sabbi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-022007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102122-022007","url":null,"abstract":"Recent strategy updates by the international particle physics community have confirmed strong interest in a next-generation energy frontier collider after completion of the High-Luminosity LHC program and construction of a e + e − Higgs factory. Both hadron and muon colliders provide a path toward the highest energies, and both require significant and sustained development to achieve technical readiness and optimize the design. For hadron colliders, the energy reach is determined by machine circumference and the strength of the guiding magnetic field. To achieve a collision energy of 100 TeV while limiting the circumference to 100 km, a dipole field of 16 T is required and is within the reach of niobium–tin magnets operating at 1.9 K. Magnets based on high-temperature superconductors may enable a range of alternatives, including a more compact footprint, a reduction of the cooling power, or a further increase of the collision energy to 150 TeV. The feasibility and cost of the magnet system will determine the possible options and optimal configurations. In this article, I review the historical milestones and recent progress in superconducting materials, design concepts, magnet fabrication, and test results and emphasize current developments that have the potential to address the most significant challenges and shape future directions.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-113021-055740
John T. Seeman
Three double-ring B factories—PEP-II, KEKB, and SuperKEKB—were built with asymmetric beam energies to produce high luminosity at the Υ(4S) resonance producing copious B mesons and associated particle physics data, delivered to their respective particle physics detectors, BaBar, Belle, and Belle II. In PEP-II and KEKB, the primary goal was achieved to make the first measurements of charge parity (CP) violation in decays in the B meson system. PEP-II and KEKB have finished beam operations, but particle data analysis continues. SuperKEKB is extending those measurements. The beam operation of SuperKEKB with Belle II has recently started. These three accelerators have pushed the state of the art of accelerators of two-ring colliders, including small beam emittances, small interaction point beam sizes, large stored beam currents, crab cavities, top-up injection with the detectors on, bunch-by-bunch feedbacks, crab waist operation, high beam–beam parameters, high peak luminosity, and high integrated luminosity.
三个双环B工厂--PEP-II、KEKB和SuperKEKB--采用不对称束流能量建造，在Υ(4S)共振处产生高亮度，产生大量B介子和相关粒子物理数据，并输送到各自的粒子物理探测器--BaBar、Belle和Belle II。PEP-II和KEKB的主要目标是首次测量B介子系统衰变中的电荷奇偶性（CP）违反。PEP-II 和 KEKB 已经完成了光束运行，但粒子数据分析仍在继续。SuperKEKB 正在扩展这些测量。SuperKEKB 与 Belle II 的光束运行最近已经开始。这三台加速器推动了双环对撞机加速器的技术发展，包括小光束发射率、小相互作用点光束尺寸、大存储光束电流、蟹腔、探测器开启时的补加注入、逐束反馈、蟹腰运行、高光束-光束参数、高峰值光度和高综合光度。
{"title":"High-Luminosity B Factory e+e− Colliders","authors":"John T. Seeman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-113021-055740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-113021-055740","url":null,"abstract":"Three double-ring B factories—PEP-II, KEKB, and SuperKEKB—were built with asymmetric beam energies to produce high luminosity at the Υ(4S) resonance producing copious B mesons and associated particle physics data, delivered to their respective particle physics detectors, BaBar, Belle, and Belle II. In PEP-II and KEKB, the primary goal was achieved to make the first measurements of charge parity (CP) violation in decays in the B meson system. PEP-II and KEKB have finished beam operations, but particle data analysis continues. SuperKEKB is extending those measurements. The beam operation of SuperKEKB with Belle II has recently started. These three accelerators have pushed the state of the art of accelerators of two-ring colliders, including small beam emittances, small interaction point beam sizes, large stored beam currents, crab cavities, top-up injection with the detectors on, bunch-by-bunch feedbacks, crab waist operation, high beam–beam parameters, high peak luminosity, and high integrated luminosity.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100719
Auralee Edelen, Xiaobiao Huang
Particle accelerators are extremely complex machines that are challenging to simulate, design, and control. Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques have made dramatic advancements across various scientific and industrial domains, and rapid improvements have been made in the availability and power of computing resources. These developments have begun to revolutionize the way particle accelerators are designed and controlled, and AI/ML techniques are beginning to be incorporated into regular operations for accelerators. This article provides a high-level overview of the history of AI/ML in accelerators and highlights current developments along with contrasting discussion about traditional methods for accelerator design and control. Areas of current technological challenges in developing reliable AI/ML methods are also discussed along with future research directions.
{"title":"Machine Learning for Design and Control of Particle Accelerators: A Look Backward and Forward","authors":"Auralee Edelen, Xiaobiao Huang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100719","url":null,"abstract":"Particle accelerators are extremely complex machines that are challenging to simulate, design, and control. Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques have made dramatic advancements across various scientific and industrial domains, and rapid improvements have been made in the availability and power of computing resources. These developments have begun to revolutionize the way particle accelerators are designed and controlled, and AI/ML techniques are beginning to be incorporated into regular operations for accelerators. This article provides a high-level overview of the history of AI/ML in accelerators and highlights current developments along with contrasting discussion about traditional methods for accelerator design and control. Areas of current technological challenges in developing reliable AI/ML methods are also discussed along with future research directions.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-120523-021323
Noah S. Oblath, Brent A. VanDevender
Major advances in experimental nuclear and particle physics are often motivated by the need to answer challenging questions. In 2009, Monreal and Formaggio were motivated by the problem of measuring the absolute mass of the neutrino to propose the technique that would come to be called cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES). They needed to measure the energies of the electrons from tritium beta decay with extremely high precision, which could be achieved by measuring the frequency of the cyclotron radiation from many individual magnetically trapped electrons. The technique was put into practice first by the Project 8 Collaboration and then by the He6-CRES Collaboration for the study of nonstandard weak interactions. In this review, we present the CRES experiments that have been performed to date, describe the phenomenology of CRES that has so far been explored, and cover potential applications of CRES that have been proposed.
{"title":"Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy","authors":"Noah S. Oblath, Brent A. VanDevender","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-120523-021323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-120523-021323","url":null,"abstract":"Major advances in experimental nuclear and particle physics are often motivated by the need to answer challenging questions. In 2009, Monreal and Formaggio were motivated by the problem of measuring the absolute mass of the neutrino to propose the technique that would come to be called cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES). They needed to measure the energies of the electrons from tritium beta decay with extremely high precision, which could be achieved by measuring the frequency of the cyclotron radiation from many individual magnetically trapped electrons. The technique was put into practice first by the Project 8 Collaboration and then by the He6-CRES Collaboration for the study of nonstandard weak interactions. In this review, we present the CRES experiments that have been performed to date, describe the phenomenology of CRES that has so far been explored, and cover potential applications of CRES that have been proposed.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"217 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100730
Leendert Hayen
For well over half a century, precision studies of neutron and nuclear β decays have been at the forefront of searches for exotic electroweak physics. Recent advances in nuclear ab initio theory and the widespread use of effective field theories mean that the modern understanding of β decay is going through a transitional phase. This has been propelled by current tensions in the global dataset leading to renewed scrutiny of the theoretical ingredients. In parallel, novel techniques and methods are being investigated that can sidestep many traditional systematic uncertainties and require a diverse palette of skills and collaboration with material science and condensed matter physics. This review highlights the current opportunities and open questions to facilitate the transition to a more modern understanding of β decay.
{"title":"Opportunities and Open Questions in Modern Beta Decay","authors":"Leendert Hayen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100730","url":null,"abstract":"For well over half a century, precision studies of neutron and nuclear β decays have been at the forefront of searches for exotic electroweak physics. Recent advances in nuclear ab initio theory and the widespread use of effective field theories mean that the modern understanding of β decay is going through a transitional phase. This has been propelled by current tensions in the global dataset leading to renewed scrutiny of the theoretical ingredients. In parallel, novel techniques and methods are being investigated that can sidestep many traditional systematic uncertainties and require a diverse palette of skills and collaboration with material science and condensed matter physics. This review highlights the current opportunities and open questions to facilitate the transition to a more modern understanding of β decay.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-035255
Jonathan Asaadi, Daniel A. Dwyer, Brooke Russell
Liquid argon time-projection chambers (LArTPCs) have become a prominent tool for experiments in particle physics. Recent years have yielded significant advances in the techniques used to capture the signals generated by these cryogenic detectors. This article summarizes these novel developments for detection of ionization electrons and scintillation photons in LArTPCs. New methods to capture ionization signals address the challenges of scaling traditional techniques to the large scales necessary for future experiments. Pixelated readouts improve signal fidelity and expand the applicability of LArTPCs to higher-rate environments. Methods that leverage amplification in argon enable measurements in the keV regime and below. Techniques to enhance collection of argon scintillation photons improve calorimetry and expand the physics program for very large detectors. Future efforts aim to demonstrate systems for the combined detection of both electrons and photons.
{"title":"Novel Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber Readouts","authors":"Jonathan Asaadi, Daniel A. Dwyer, Brooke Russell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-035255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-035255","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid argon time-projection chambers (LArTPCs) have become a prominent tool for experiments in particle physics. Recent years have yielded significant advances in the techniques used to capture the signals generated by these cryogenic detectors. This article summarizes these novel developments for detection of ionization electrons and scintillation photons in LArTPCs. New methods to capture ionization signals address the challenges of scaling traditional techniques to the large scales necessary for future experiments. Pixelated readouts improve signal fidelity and expand the applicability of LArTPCs to higher-rate environments. Methods that leverage amplification in argon enable measurements in the keV regime and below. Techniques to enhance collection of argon scintillation photons improve calorimetry and expand the physics program for very large detectors. Future efforts aim to demonstrate systems for the combined detection of both electrons and photons.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023542
Kathryn M. Zurek
We review dark matter (DM) candidates of a very low mass appearing in the window below the traditional weakly interacting massive particle (mχ ≲ 10 GeV) and extending down to mχ ≳ 1 meV, somewhat below the mass limit at which DM becomes wavelike. Such candidates are motivated by hidden sectors such as hidden valleys, which feature hidden forces and rich dynamics, but have evaded traditional accelerator searches for New Physics because of their relatively weak coupling to the Standard Model (SM). Such sectors can still be detected through dedicated low-energy colliders, which, through their intense beams, can have sensitivity to smaller couplings, or through astrophysical observations of the evolution of DM halos and stellar structures, which, through the Universe's epochs, can be sensitive to small DM interactions. We also consider mechanisms whereby the DM abundance is fixed through the interaction with the SM, which directly motivates the search for light DM in terrestrial experiments. The bulk of this review is dedicated to the new ideas that have been proposed for direct detection of such DM candidates of a low mass through nuclear recoils, electronic excitations, or collective modes such as phonons and magnons. The rich tapestry of materials and modes in the condensed matter landscape is reviewed along with specific prospects for detection.
我们回顾了出现在传统弱相互作用大质量粒子（m χ ≲ 10 GeV）以下窗口的质量极低的暗物质（DM）候选体，它们的质量一直延伸到 m χ ≳ 1 meV，略低于暗物质变成波状的质量极限。这些候选者是由隐藏扇区（如隐谷）激发的，它们具有隐藏的作用力和丰富的动力学特征，但由于与标准模型（SM）的耦合相对较弱而躲避了传统加速器对新物理的搜索。我们仍然可以通过专用的低能对撞机来探测这些扇区，因为低能对撞机的高强度光束可以对较小的耦合产生敏感性；或者通过对DM光环和恒星结构演化的天体物理观测来探测这些扇区，因为宇宙的各个纪元可以对较小的DM相互作用产生敏感性。我们还考虑了DM丰度通过与SM的相互作用而固定下来的机制，这直接促使我们在地面实验中寻找轻DM。这篇综述的大部分内容是关于通过核反冲、电子激发或声子和磁子等集体模式直接探测这种低质量候选DM的新想法。本文对凝聚态物质中丰富的材料和模式进行了综述，并对具体的探测前景进行了展望。
{"title":"Dark Matter Candidates of a Very Low Mass","authors":"Kathryn M. Zurek","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023542","url":null,"abstract":"We review dark matter (DM) candidates of a very low mass appearing in the window below the traditional weakly interacting massive particle (<jats:italic>m</jats:italic> <jats:sub>χ</jats:sub> ≲ 10 GeV) and extending down to <jats:italic>m</jats:italic> <jats:sub>χ</jats:sub> ≳ 1 meV, somewhat below the mass limit at which DM becomes wavelike. Such candidates are motivated by hidden sectors such as hidden valleys, which feature hidden forces and rich dynamics, but have evaded traditional accelerator searches for New Physics because of their relatively weak coupling to the Standard Model (SM). Such sectors can still be detected through dedicated low-energy colliders, which, through their intense beams, can have sensitivity to smaller couplings, or through astrophysical observations of the evolution of DM halos and stellar structures, which, through the Universe's epochs, can be sensitive to small DM interactions. We also consider mechanisms whereby the DM abundance is fixed through the interaction with the SM, which directly motivates the search for light DM in terrestrial experiments. The bulk of this review is dedicated to the new ideas that have been proposed for direct detection of such DM candidates of a low mass through nuclear recoils, electronic excitations, or collective modes such as phonons and magnons. The rich tapestry of materials and modes in the condensed matter landscape is reviewed along with specific prospects for detection.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-040628
Daniel Johnson, Ivan Polyakov, Tomasz Skwarnicki, Mengzhen Wang
It has been 5 years since the data sample from the LHCb detector, the first experiment optimized for heavy-flavor physics studies at a hadronic collider, was completed. These data led to many major discoveries in exotic hadron spectroscopy, which we review in this article. We supplement the experimental results with a selection of phenomenological interpretations. As the upgraded LHCb detector is expected to collect a larger data sample starting in 2024, we also discuss the potential of the LHCb program in exotic hadron physics for the near future and beyond.
{"title":"Exotic Hadrons at LHCb","authors":"Daniel Johnson, Ivan Polyakov, Tomasz Skwarnicki, Mengzhen Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-040628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-040628","url":null,"abstract":"It has been 5 years since the data sample from the LHCb detector, the first experiment optimized for heavy-flavor physics studies at a hadronic collider, was completed. These data led to many major discoveries in exotic hadron spectroscopy, which we review in this article. We supplement the experimental results with a selection of phenomenological interpretations. As the upgraded LHCb detector is expected to collect a larger data sample starting in 2024, we also discuss the potential of the LHCb program in exotic hadron physics for the near future and beyond.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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