Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111703
Zaijing Sun , Krishnakumar Divakar Nangeelil , Sungmin Pak
This study demonstrates the efficacy of employing the GEANT4 simulation toolkit for investigating the background spectra of High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector induced by atmospheric cosmic rays. GEANT4 is utilized to accurately replicate the experimental setup, detector geometry, and the gamma background spectrum for the HPGe detector. The EXPAC model is used to generate above-ground-level cosmic-ray particles for the terrain. Various techniques, such as the use of low-activity lead and oxygen-free copper as shielding materials, along with an external plastic scintillator to veto cosmic rays from the atmosphere, are employed to improve the signal-to-background ratio of HPGe detector systems. Photopeaks associated with 40K, 60Co, 232Th and 238U decay chain were observed in the measured background gamma spectrum. The integral count rates of the experimental and simulated background spectrum in the 20–1750 keV energy range were 1.92 ± 0.06 s−1 and 1.84 ± 0.14 s−1, respectively. The experimental and simulated background spectra match well, both qualitatively and quantitatively, indicating that GEANT4 is an effective simulation tool for predicting gamma spectra of HPGe detectors accurately.
{"title":"Evaluating cosmic-ray backgrounds in HPGe gamma spectrometry: Experimental observations and GEANT4 simulations","authors":"Zaijing Sun , Krishnakumar Divakar Nangeelil , Sungmin Pak","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study demonstrates the efficacy of employing the GEANT4 simulation toolkit for investigating the background spectra of High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector induced by atmospheric cosmic rays. GEANT4 is utilized to accurately replicate the experimental setup, detector geometry, and the gamma background spectrum for the HPGe detector. The EXPAC model is used to generate above-ground-level cosmic-ray particles for the terrain. Various techniques, such as the use of low-activity lead and oxygen-free copper as shielding materials, along with an external plastic scintillator to veto cosmic rays from the atmosphere, are employed to improve the signal-to-background ratio of HPGe detector systems. Photopeaks associated with <sup>40</sup>K, <sup>60</sup>Co, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>238</sup>U decay chain were observed in the measured background gamma spectrum. The integral count rates of the experimental and simulated background spectrum in the 20–1750 keV energy range were 1.92 ± 0.06 s<sup>−1</sup> and 1.84 ± 0.14 s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The experimental and simulated background spectra match well, both qualitatively and quantitatively, indicating that GEANT4 is an effective simulation tool for predicting gamma spectra of HPGe detectors accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111703"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111694
Yuliang Huang
{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Development of a CLYC-based wide dose rate range portable neutron-gamma detector\" [Appl. Radiat. Isotop. 217 111629].","authors":"Yuliang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111694","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":" ","pages":"111694"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111702
Patrício Luiz de Andrade , Enivaldo Santos Barbosa, Daniel Milian Pérez, Abel Gámez Rodríguez, Marcio Fernando Paixão de Brito, Carlos Costa Dantas, Antonio Celso Dantas Antonino
This study presents a new mathematical model for determining the atomic number and density of materials using dual-energy gamma-ray transmission tomography. The proposed method is based on an algebraic function that relates the atomic number to the attenuation ratio, offering an innovative approach for the precise characterization of materials. The methodology employed involved the theoretical development of the model, followed by tests using data from NIST XCOM and practical experiments with a gamma-ray transmission tomograph using americium-241 (59.5 keV) and cesium-137 (662 keV) sources. Two sets of materials were used: one group of 10 elements for determining the calibration curves and another with 4 elements (graphite, magnesium, aluminum, and iron) for validating the theoretical and experimental calibration curves. Unlike existing methods, which predominantly utilize polynomial or exponential relationships, the proposed model introduces a novel algebraic approach to enhance accuracy and computational efficiency. The performance of the new model was compared with approaches used by other authors. The analyses were conducted for elements with atomic numbers between 6 and 30, covering a significant range of materials of practical and scientific interest. The results demonstrated that the proposed model presented discrepancies of less than 3.5% for the atomic number and a maximum error of 10.04% for the density, with a trend of decreasing errors as the atomic number increased.
{"title":"Characterization of material using dual-energy gamma-ray tomography: Determination of atomic number and density","authors":"Patrício Luiz de Andrade , Enivaldo Santos Barbosa, Daniel Milian Pérez, Abel Gámez Rodríguez, Marcio Fernando Paixão de Brito, Carlos Costa Dantas, Antonio Celso Dantas Antonino","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a new mathematical model for determining the atomic number and density of materials using dual-energy gamma-ray transmission tomography. The proposed method is based on an algebraic function that relates the atomic number to the attenuation ratio, offering an innovative approach for the precise characterization of materials. The methodology employed involved the theoretical development of the model, followed by tests using data from NIST XCOM and practical experiments with a gamma-ray transmission tomograph using americium-241 (59.5 keV) and cesium-137 (662 keV) sources. Two sets of materials were used: one group of 10 elements for determining the calibration curves and another with 4 elements (graphite, magnesium, aluminum, and iron) for validating the theoretical and experimental calibration curves. Unlike existing methods, which predominantly utilize polynomial or exponential relationships, the proposed model introduces a novel algebraic approach to enhance accuracy and computational efficiency. The performance of the new model was compared with approaches used by other authors. The analyses were conducted for elements with atomic numbers between 6 and 30, covering a significant range of materials of practical and scientific interest. The results demonstrated that the proposed model presented discrepancies of less than 3.5% for the atomic number and a maximum error of 10.04% for the density, with a trend of decreasing errors as the atomic number increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111702"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111701
Hasan Oğul , Abuzer Yaz , Hakan Us , Fatih Bulut
This study presents the investigation of the radiation interaction properties for SS304 and Incoloy 800H alloys, which are widely used in PWRs and HTGRs. First of all, theoretical and MC simulation evaluations are performed, then experiments are conducted for further analysis. The findings indicate no significant difference in mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) and gamma-ray radiation protection efficiencies (RPE) between the two alloys. Additionally, both SS304 and Incoloy 800H exhibit similar neutron shielding capabilities, with comparable effective removal cross-sections and numbers of transmitted neutrons at different neutron energies (0.025 eV, 100 eV and 4.5 MeV). The study also examines secondary radiation generated by neutron interactions. The impact of thermal treatment (300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C and 1000 °C) and cooling approaches (quenching and self-cooling) on these alloys were further experimentally examined. Notably, thermal treatment changes the MAC values, particularly at 1000 °C, with SS304 showing a more distinct change than Incoloy 800H. Besides, quenched samples have higher MAC values compared to self-cooled samples, especially at 1000 °C. However, the microhardness values remained largely unaffected by heat treatment, except at 1000 °C, where both alloys exhibited reduced microhardness. The study underscores that there is no significant difference in microhardness between quenching and self-cooling techniques. These results provide valuable insights for enhancing the safety and efficiency of radiation shielding materials in nuclear reactors.
{"title":"Investigation on radiation interactions with some quenched alloys used in nuclear reactors","authors":"Hasan Oğul , Abuzer Yaz , Hakan Us , Fatih Bulut","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the investigation of the radiation interaction properties for SS304 and Incoloy 800H alloys, which are widely used in PWRs and HTGRs. First of all, theoretical and MC simulation evaluations are performed, then experiments are conducted for further analysis. The findings indicate no significant difference in mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) and gamma-ray radiation protection efficiencies (RPE) between the two alloys. Additionally, both SS304 and Incoloy 800H exhibit similar neutron shielding capabilities, with comparable effective removal cross-sections and numbers of transmitted neutrons at different neutron energies (0.025 eV, 100 eV and 4.5 MeV). The study also examines secondary radiation generated by neutron interactions. The impact of thermal treatment (300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C and 1000 °C) and cooling approaches (quenching and self-cooling) on these alloys were further experimentally examined. Notably, thermal treatment changes the MAC values, particularly at 1000 °C, with SS304 showing a more distinct change than Incoloy 800H. Besides, quenched samples have higher MAC values compared to self-cooled samples, especially at 1000 °C. However, the microhardness values remained largely unaffected by heat treatment, except at 1000 °C, where both alloys exhibited reduced microhardness. The study underscores that there is no significant difference in microhardness between quenching and self-cooling techniques. These results provide valuable insights for enhancing the safety and efficiency of radiation shielding materials in nuclear reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explored the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of various quartz types (amethyst, citrine, rock crystal, and rose quartz) when exposed to gamma irradiation, assessing their potential for dosimetric applications. Key aspects such as heating rate, glow curves, dose-response behavior, linearity index, sensitivity, and fading characteristics were analyzed for each quartz type. The results revealed significant differences in TL performance among the quartz samples, with each type exhibiting distinct characteristics under gamma irradiation. Amethyst displayed the most reliable TL behavior, with strong linearity and stable dose-response relationships, making it the most suitable candidate for radiation dosimetry. These findings contribute valuable insights into the selection of optimal quartz materials for radiation measurement, enhancing the precision and reliability of TL-based dosimetric techniques.
{"title":"Analysis of dosimetric properties of quartz crystals under gamma irradiation","authors":"K.S. Almugren , Siti Norbaini Sabtu , S.F. Abdul Sani , Nur Husna Dzamrah , M.N. Nurul Shahira , A.S. Siti Shafiqah , D.A. Bradley","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of various quartz types (amethyst, citrine, rock crystal, and rose quartz) when exposed to gamma irradiation, assessing their potential for dosimetric applications. Key aspects such as heating rate, glow curves, dose-response behavior, linearity index, sensitivity, and fading characteristics were analyzed for each quartz type. The results revealed significant differences in TL performance among the quartz samples, with each type exhibiting distinct characteristics under gamma irradiation. Amethyst displayed the most reliable TL behavior, with strong linearity and stable dose-response relationships, making it the most suitable candidate for radiation dosimetry. These findings contribute valuable insights into the selection of optimal quartz materials for radiation measurement, enhancing the precision and reliability of TL-based dosimetric techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111699"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A multi-detector soil radon measurement system based on IoT (the Internet of Things) has been developed for the specific application of long-term monitoring of soil radon concentration in remote mining areas. The system utilizes the scintillation chamber method to measure radon concentration, with SiPM (Silicon photomultiplier) for photoelectric conversion. This is combined with temperature compensation technology and 'triple-proof' protection measures to enhance the anti-interference capability of the instrument, thereby indirectly ensuring the accuracy of the measurement results. To address the issue of inconvenient data networking in the field, a complementary 'NB-IoT (Narrow Band Internet of Things) + Bluetooth' dual wireless network transmission method is employed. Additionally, the online monitoring and management platform for soil radon concentration on the cloud server enables online monitoring and management of data.The developed system demonstrated a sensitivity of 1.56 cph/(Bq/m³), a relative error of ≤10%, and an relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤5.59%. Additionally, the system exhibited an endurance of 53 h when powered by a 12Ah battery and connected to three measurement nodes. The calibrated system has conducted long-term monitoring of radon concentration in a uranium mining area. The test and practical application demonstrate that the developed system meets the requirements of field data networking and the expansion of multiple detection nodes, operates reliably, and enables long-term continuous online monitoring of radon concentration at multiple depths of a single measuring point and multiple measuring points in a region. This provides effective data support for soil radon-related research.
{"title":"Development of multi-detector soil radon measurement system based on IoT","authors":"Jinxuan Ding, Weihua Zeng, Shengli Hou, Nanping Wang, Cong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A multi-detector soil radon measurement system based on IoT (the Internet of Things) has been developed for the specific application of long-term monitoring of soil radon concentration in remote mining areas. The system utilizes the scintillation chamber method to measure radon concentration, with SiPM (Silicon photomultiplier) for photoelectric conversion. This is combined with temperature compensation technology and 'triple-proof' protection measures to enhance the anti-interference capability of the instrument, thereby indirectly ensuring the accuracy of the measurement results. To address the issue of inconvenient data networking in the field, a complementary 'NB-IoT (Narrow Band Internet of Things) + Bluetooth' dual wireless network transmission method is employed. Additionally, the online monitoring and management platform for soil radon concentration on the cloud server enables online monitoring and management of data.The developed system demonstrated a sensitivity of 1.56 cph/(Bq/m³), a relative error of ≤10%, and an relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤5.59%. Additionally, the system exhibited an endurance of 53 h when powered by a 12Ah battery and connected to three measurement nodes. The calibrated system has conducted long-term monitoring of radon concentration in a uranium mining area. The test and practical application demonstrate that the developed system meets the requirements of field data networking and the expansion of multiple detection nodes, operates reliably, and enables long-term continuous online monitoring of radon concentration at multiple depths of a single measuring point and multiple measuring points in a region. This provides effective data support for soil radon-related research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111693
Thorben Niemeyer , Daniel Mowitz , Sebastian Berndt , Jörn Beyer , Holger Dorrer , Christoph E. Düllmann , Alexander Göggelmann , Raphael Hasse , Sebastian Kempf , Tom Kieck , Nina Kneip , Karsten Kossert , Andrea T. Loria Basto , Christoph Mokry , Michael Müller , Ole J. Nähle , Dennis Renisch , Jörg Runke , Dominik Studer , Marcell P. Takács , Klaus Wendt
Precise measurements of fundamental decay data such as energies and transition probabilities of radioactive isotopes are important for the development of corresponding nuclear modelling, activity determination and various applications in science and technology. The EMPIR project PrimA-LTD -“Towards new Primary Activity standardisation methods based on Low-Temperature Detectors” - aims to measure the electron-capture decay of 55Fe very precisely using Metallic Microcalorimeters (MMCs) with outstandingly high energy resolution. Using a high-statistics measurement, electron-capture probabilities shall be precisely determined and higher-order effects such as electron shake-up and shake-off shall be examined with unprecedented precision. A key to success for this project is sample preparation. This work reports on the implantation of 55Fe into the 140 μm × 140 μm gold absorbers of the MMCs as a proof of principle for scalability. Building up on preparatory laser-spectroscopic studies on stable 56Fe, laser resonance ionization at the RISIKO mass separator was used to produce a monoisotopic 55Fe ion beam with the required specifications. Successful implantations of this isotope (i) into 32 test absorbers with about 0.7(2) Bq each and (ii) into various on-chip absorbers with an activity close to the requested 5 Bq per absorber are presented. The impact of the implantation on the quality of spectra is highlighted on the basis of first MMC test measurements.
{"title":"Ion implantation of the electron-capture nuclide 55Fe for measurements by means of metallic microcalorimeters","authors":"Thorben Niemeyer , Daniel Mowitz , Sebastian Berndt , Jörn Beyer , Holger Dorrer , Christoph E. Düllmann , Alexander Göggelmann , Raphael Hasse , Sebastian Kempf , Tom Kieck , Nina Kneip , Karsten Kossert , Andrea T. Loria Basto , Christoph Mokry , Michael Müller , Ole J. Nähle , Dennis Renisch , Jörg Runke , Dominik Studer , Marcell P. Takács , Klaus Wendt","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise measurements of fundamental decay data such as energies and transition probabilities of radioactive isotopes are important for the development of corresponding nuclear modelling, activity determination and various applications in science and technology. The EMPIR project PrimA-LTD -“Towards new Primary Activity standardisation methods based on Low-Temperature Detectors” - aims to measure the electron-capture decay of <sup>55</sup>Fe very precisely using Metallic Microcalorimeters (MMCs) with outstandingly high energy resolution. Using a high-statistics measurement, electron-capture probabilities shall be precisely determined and higher-order effects such as electron shake-up and shake-off shall be examined with unprecedented precision. A key to success for this project is sample preparation. This work reports on the implantation of <sup>55</sup>Fe into the 140 μm × 140 μm gold absorbers of the MMCs as a proof of principle for scalability. Building up on preparatory laser-spectroscopic studies on stable <sup>56</sup>Fe, laser resonance ionization at the RISIKO mass separator was used to produce a monoisotopic <sup>55</sup>Fe ion beam with the required specifications. Successful implantations of this isotope (i) into 32 test absorbers with about 0.7(2) Bq each and (ii) into various on-chip absorbers with an activity close to the requested 5 Bq per absorber are presented. The impact of the implantation on the quality of spectra is highlighted on the basis of first MMC test measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111693"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143063182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of upgrading the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to its High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) configuration, it is essential to conduct a thorough zoning classification and characterization of activated cables within the particle accelerator. To address this need, a methodology was developed to identify regions where materials can be cleared from regulatory control in compliance with the Swiss Radiation Protection Legislation.
The study begins with optimizing the elemental composition of cables and validating Monte Carlo FLUKA simulations using high-energy resolution gamma spectrometry (GS) and total gamma counting (TGC) measurements on 19 copper cable samples, collected during the winter shutdown 2023/2024.
This methodology enables performing radiological zoning and accurately defines the radiological classification of the cables installed in the LHC Points 1 and 5, including both the accelerator tunnel and service galleries, prior to dismantling.
Finally, the study proposes a conservative scaling factor for cable zoning and introduces a TGC figure of merit (FOM), representing a conservative activation scenario for the copper cable types.
{"title":"Radiological Zoning and Clearance Methodology of activated cables in the LHC accelerator at CERN","authors":"Patrycja Dyrcz, Angelo Infantino, Nabil Menaa, Safouane El-Idrissi, Heinz Vincke","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of upgrading the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to its High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) configuration, it is essential to conduct a thorough zoning classification and characterization of activated cables within the particle accelerator. To address this need, a methodology was developed to identify regions where materials can be cleared from regulatory control in compliance with the Swiss Radiation Protection Legislation.</div><div>The study begins with optimizing the elemental composition of cables and validating Monte Carlo FLUKA simulations using high-energy resolution gamma spectrometry (GS) and total gamma counting (TGC) measurements on 19 copper cable samples, collected during the winter shutdown 2023/2024.</div><div>This methodology enables performing radiological zoning and accurately defines the radiological classification of the cables installed in the LHC Points 1 and 5, including both the accelerator tunnel and service galleries, prior to dismantling.</div><div>Finally, the study proposes a conservative scaling factor for cable zoning and introduces a TGC figure of merit (FOM), representing a conservative activation scenario for the copper cable types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111692"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111653
Annesha Karmakar , Anikesh Pal , G. Anil Kumar , Bhavika , Vivek , Mohit Tyagi
This study shows an implementation of neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination (PSD) using a two-dimensional convolutional neural network. The inputs to the network are snapshots of the unprocessed, digitized signals from a BC501A detector. By exposing a BC501A detector to a Cf-252 source, neutron and gamma signals were collected to create a training dataset. The realistic datasets were created using a data-driven approach for labeling the digitized signals, having classified snapshots of neutron and gamma pulses. Our algorithm was able to successfully differentiate neutrons and gammas with similar accuracy as the Charge Integration (CI) approach. Additionally, the independent dataset accuracy for our suggested 2D CNN-based PSD approach is 99%. In contrast to the traditional charge integration method, our suggested algorithm with data augmentation, is capable of extracting features from snapshots of the raw data based on the signal structures, making it computationally more efficient and also appropriate for other types of neutron detectors.
{"title":"Neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination for organic scintillation detector using 2D CNN based image classification","authors":"Annesha Karmakar , Anikesh Pal , G. Anil Kumar , Bhavika , Vivek , Mohit Tyagi","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study shows an implementation of neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination (PSD) using a two-dimensional convolutional neural network. The inputs to the network are snapshots of the unprocessed, digitized signals from a BC501A detector. By exposing a BC501A detector to a Cf-252 source, neutron and gamma signals were collected to create a training dataset. The realistic datasets were created using a data-driven approach for labeling the digitized signals, having classified snapshots of neutron and gamma pulses. Our algorithm was able to successfully differentiate neutrons and gammas with similar accuracy as the Charge Integration (CI) approach. Additionally, the independent dataset accuracy for our suggested 2D CNN-based PSD approach is 99%. In contrast to the traditional charge integration method, our suggested algorithm with data augmentation, is capable of extracting features from snapshots of the raw data based on the signal structures, making it computationally more efficient and also appropriate for other types of neutron detectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111653"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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