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Multifunctional MnO2 nanorods-modified wood sponge for water remediation: applications for heavy metal sorption and oil/water separation 用于水修复的多功能 MnO2 纳米棒改性木质海绵:在重金属吸附和油/水分离方面的应用
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01602-w
Siavosh Vojdani Saghir, Elaheh K. Goharshadi

This study presents the development of a wood sponge (WS) modified with MnO2 nanorods (MnO2/WS) derived from balsa natural wood, an abundant and environmentally friendly raw material, for the adsorption of organic solvents, oils, and heavy metal ions from water. The MnO2/WS composite exhibits an exceptionally low density of 0.014 g cm− 3 and a high porosity of approximately 97%. It demonstrates consistent sorption-desorption performance over 20 cycles. Zeta potential analysis reveals that MnO2 nanorods carry a negative charge (-22.31 mV) at pH 4.68, indicating their affinity for adsorbing positively charged heavy metal ions, which are commonly found in industrial effluents. Moreover, WS shows remarkable mechanical robustness, enduring 1000 stress-strain cycles with high shape recovery, ensuring its durability under operational conditions. The data highlight several strengths of MnO2/WS, including cost-effective production process, high reusability, remarkable sorption capacities for carbon tetrachloride and soybean oil (29.56 and 17.65 times its mass, respectively), and efficient performance. Its capability to produce potable water from real industrial effluents positions MnO2/WS as an ideal solution for addressing water crises.

本研究介绍了一种用二氧化锰纳米棒(MnO2/WS)改性的木质海绵(WS)的开发情况,这种木质海绵取自巴尔萨天然木材(一种丰富的环保型原材料),用于吸附水中的有机溶剂、油类和重金属离子。MnO2/WS 复合材料的密度极低,仅为 0.014 g cm-3,孔隙率高达约 97%。在 20 个循环中,它的吸附-解吸性能始终如一。Zeta 电位分析表明,MnO2 纳米棒在 pH 值为 4.68 时带负电荷(-22.31 mV),这表明它们对吸附工业废水中常见的带正电荷的重金属离子具有亲和力。此外,WS 还表现出卓越的机械坚固性,可承受 1000 次应力应变循环,形状恢复能力强,确保了其在操作条件下的耐用性。数据凸显了二氧化锰/WS 的几大优势,包括生产工艺成本低、可重复使用性高、对四氯化碳和豆油的吸附能力强(分别为其质量的 29.56 倍和 17.65 倍)以及性能高效。二氧化锰/WS 能够利用真正的工业废水生产饮用水,是解决水危机的理想解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of high-intensity microwave (HIMW) treatment on mechanical properties and bending failure mechanisms of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) 高强度微波(HIMW)处理对辐射松(Pinus radiata D. Don)机械性能和弯曲破坏机理的影响
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01601-x
Xuefeng Xing, Shanming Li, Juwan Jin, Zhenyu Wang, Feng Fu

This study investigated the effects of high-intensity microwave (HIMW) treatment on the mechanical properties of radiata pine wood. The treatment, conducted on sapwood and heartwood with 60% initial moisture content, involved varied microwave energy densities: 60, 80, and 100 kWh/m3. Tests evaluated tensile and compressive properties in three directions, alongside shear strength and bending properties. Acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques probed damage evolution under bending loads before and after HIMW treatment. As microwave energy density increased, compressive, tensile, and shear strength decreased, with heartwood being the most susceptible. Substantial reductions occurred in longitudinal compressive properties and tensile properties perpendicular to the grain. After HIMW treatment (80 kWh/m3 and 100 kWh/m3 for sapwood and heartwood, respectively), although there was a slight decrease in the modulus of elasticity and bending strength, there was a significant increase in bending plasticity. HIMW-treated specimens exhibited more high-frequency AE signals during elastic–plastic deformation, indicating more frequent fractures in the treated wood during three-point bending. Changes in the microscopic structure of the wood specimens caused by HIMW treatment increased the damage growth rate and stress redistribution efficiency during loading, augmenting the bending plasticity of wood.

这项研究调查了高强度微波(HIMW)处理对辐射松木材机械性能的影响。处理对象是边材和心材,初始含水率为 60%,微波能量密度各不相同:60、80 和 100 kWh/m3:60、80 和 100 kWh/m3。测试评估了三个方向的拉伸和压缩特性,以及剪切强度和弯曲特性。声发射(AE)和数字图像相关(DIC)技术探测了 HIMW 处理前后弯曲负载下的损伤演变。随着微波能量密度的增加,压缩强度、拉伸强度和剪切强度都有所下降,心材最容易受到影响。垂直于纹理的纵向抗压性能和抗拉性能也大幅降低。经过 HIMW 处理(边材和心材分别为 80 kWh/m3 和 100 kWh/m3)后,虽然弹性模量和弯曲强度略有下降,但弯曲塑性却显著增加。经过 HIMW 处理的试样在弹塑性变形过程中表现出更多的高频 AE 信号,表明经过处理的木材在三点弯曲过程中更频繁地发生断裂。HIMW 处理导致木材试样的微观结构发生变化,从而提高了加载过程中的损伤增长速度和应力再分布效率,增强了木材的弯曲塑性。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanistic insight into hydroxy-methylation of hardwood Kraft lignin 硬木牛皮纸木质素羟基甲基化的机理研究
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01596-5
Micaela B. Peralta, Nicolò Pajer, Claudia Crestini, Verónica V. Nicolau

In view of developing upcycling strategies for hardwood Kraft lignin, hydroxy-methylation of Eucalyptus Kraft lignin under alkaline conditions (pH 9 and 11) at different temperatures (50 °C and 70 °C) was studied in the present effort with the double objective of optimizing the reaction conditions and understanding the functionalization mechanism of C5 in either terminal or internal guaiacyl units during hydroxy-methylation. Formaldehyde consumption was estimated via titration of the oximated free formaldehyde; the hydroxy-methylation degree under the reaction was estimated by calculating the ratio in Condensed hydroxyl/Guaiacyl (Condensed OH/G-OH) via a new difference UV-spectroscopy. The reliability of the difference UV-method results for the analyses of the hydroxy-methylated lignins was statistically analysed and compared with that of vacuum-dried and sonicated samples. Hydroxy-methylated samples were then fully characterised by NMR (31P and HSQC) and GPC. The reaction temperature of 50 °C, pH 11, and period time of one hour resulted as the optimal conditions for the hydroxy-methylation, preventing the side-reactions leading to the formation of dimethylene-glycol addition products. The 31P and 1H–13C HSQC NMR revealed the absence of undesirable formaldehyde Cannizzaro by-products and the lack of hydroxymethyl groups in the aliphatic side chain under the studied conditions. GPC analyses, comparing two methodologies, revealed increases in molar mass of the hydroxy-methylated samples upon the formaldehyde addition. The selective hydroxy-methylation at the C5 guaiacyl site demonstrates that Eucalyptus Kraft lignin is as a promising candidate for resol production.

为了开发硬木牛皮纸木质素的升级再循环策略,本研究在不同温度(50 °C和70 °C)、碱性条件(pH值为9和11)下对桉树牛皮纸木质素进行了羟基甲基化,其双重目的是优化反应条件,并了解羟基甲基化过程中端部或内部愈创木酰基单元中C5的官能化机制。甲醛消耗量是通过滴定氧化游离甲醛来估算的;反应中的羟甲基化程度是通过新的紫外光谱差异法计算缩合羟基/愈创木酰基(缩合 OH/G-OH)的比率来估算的。经统计分析,差分紫外法分析羟甲基化木质素结果的可靠性与真空干燥和超声处理样品的可靠性进行了比较。然后通过核磁共振(31P 和 HSQC)和气相色谱对羟甲基化样品进行了全面表征。反应温度为 50 °C、pH 值为 11、反应时间为一小时是羟基甲基化的最佳条件,可防止副反应导致二亚甲基乙二醇加成产物的形成。31P 和 1H-13C HSQC NMR 显示,在所研究的条件下,不存在不良的甲醛 Cannizzaro 副产物,脂肪族侧链中也没有羟甲基。通过比较两种方法进行的 GPC 分析表明,添加甲醛后,羟甲基化样品的摩尔质量增加。C5 愈创木酰基位点的选择性羟甲基化表明,桉树牛皮纸木质素是一种很有希望用于生产 resol 的候选物质。
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引用次数: 0
Phenolic compounds related to heartwood coloration of Millettia pendula 与悬铃木心材着色有关的酚类化合物
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01600-y
Yusuke Taga, Kosei Yamauchi, Tohru Mitsunaga

Three novel phenolic compounds were isolated from the heartwood of Millettia pendula along with eight known compounds. Among the known compounds, six were isolated from this species for the first time. Structural determination of the isolated compounds was accomplished using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Two of the isolated compounds, 2 and 6, showed red and purple pigmentation, respectively. These compounds contained a conjugated π system composed of benzofuran and p-benzoquinone moieties. We therefore hypothesize that a hydroquinone moiety, present in precursors of 2 and 6, is autoxidized by activated oxygen in the air to form p-benzoquinone. The difference in colors between these two compounds was due to the difference in the B ring substituents. Expansion of their conjugated pi systems allows 2 and 6 to absorb and reflect light in the visible region, and results in the characteristic purple coloring of M.pendula.

从垂盆草心材中分离出三种新型酚类化合物和八种已知化合物。在已知化合物中,有六个是首次从该物种中分离出来的。利用一维和二维核磁共振波谱以及基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱对分离出的化合物进行了结构测定。分离出的两种化合物(2 和 6)分别呈现红色和紫色色素沉淀。这些化合物含有由苯并呋喃和对苯醌分子组成的共轭 π 系统。因此,我们假设 2 和 6 的前体中含有对苯二酚分子,在空气中被活性氧自氧化后形成对苯醌。这两种化合物颜色的不同是由于 B 环取代基的不同。共轭 pi 系统的扩展使 2 和 6 能够在可见光区域吸收和反射光线,从而形成垂盆草特有的紫色。
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引用次数: 0
Hygro-mechanical long-term behaviour of spruce, pine and lime wood: parameter identification and model validation 云杉、松木和椴木的水文机械长期行为:参数识别和模型验证
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01577-8
Josef Stöcklein, Gerald Grajcarek, Daniel Konopka, Michael Kaliske

Lime wood, spruce and pine are investigated with regard to its hygro-mechanical long-term behaviour. Experiments are conducted for an identification of model parameters and for model validation. Swelling and shrinkage coefficients, dry density, sorption characteristics and parameters for visco-elasticity, visco-plasticity and mechano-sorption are determined for the main material directions. Supplemented by literature values, a complete set of parameters for long-term hygro-mechanical modelling of wood species is found. Constrained swelling and shrinkage are analysed and the origin of the stress development is investigated. It is demonstrated, that creep phenomena lead to significant stress reduction by relaxation, in case of moisture changes especially due to mechano-sorption. The influence of different model parts is investigated. A numerical parameter study shows the influence of several material parameters on the stress evolution. Experimental material investigations such as those presented here are essential for the application of numerical simulation methods for the prediction of material behaviour and for the assessment of deformations, stresses and damage potential of climatically loaded timber structures.

研究了石灰木、云杉和松木的长期湿力学特性。为确定模型参数和验证模型进行了实验。确定了主要材料方向的膨胀和收缩系数、干密度、吸附特性以及粘弹性、粘塑性和机械吸附参数。在文献值的补充下,找到了一套完整的木材长期湿力学模型参数。对受约束的膨胀和收缩进行了分析,并研究了应力发展的起源。结果表明,在湿度变化的情况下,尤其是在机械吸附的情况下,蠕变现象会通过松弛导致应力的显著降低。研究了不同模型部件的影响。数值参数研究显示了几个材料参数对应力演变的影响。对于应用数值模拟方法预测材料行为以及评估气候荷载木结构的变形、应力和潜在损坏情况而言,本文介绍的材料实验研究是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 0
Combined analysis of the microstructure of wood swollen by water and/or ethanol through dynamic mechanical analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering 通过动态力学分析和小角 X 射线散射综合分析受水和/或乙醇影响而膨胀的木材的微观结构
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01599-2
Hiroaki Horiyama, Keisuke Kojiro, Yoko Okahisa, Tomoya Imai, Yuzo Furuta

Dynamic mechanical analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of hinoki wood swollen with water and/or ethanol in the temperature range of 20–78/95 °C were performed to clarify the relationship between swelling and microstructure in different swelling states. For the sample swollen in a water–ethanol mixture with an ethanol mole fraction of 0.2, a peak in tanδ, i.e., the ratio of the dynamic elastic modulus (E′) to the dynamic loss modulus (E″), was observed at around 50 °C. No clear peak was observed in the temperature range of the sample swollen with water or ethanol, but thermal softening behavior due to micro-Brownian motion of lignin was observed. The scattering behavior of the samples swollen with water and/or ethanol differed significantly from one solution to another. The SAXS intensity of samples swollen with water or mixture of water and ethanol increased with increasing temperature, while the SAXS intensity of samples swollen with ethanol changed little with increasing temperature. This suggested that the adsorption sites of ethanol were different. The position of the peak for the sample swollen with the water–ethanol mixture, observed in the Kratky plot, was shifted to the low-q side compared to the pure liquid. It was suggested that the aggregation state of the sample swollen with the mixture of water and ethanol was very different from those of the wood swollen with the pure liquid.

在 20-78/95 °C 温度范围内,对用水和/或乙醇溶胀的桧木进行了动态力学分析和小角 X 射线散射(SAXS)测量,以阐明不同溶胀状态下溶胀与微观结构之间的关系。对于在乙醇摩尔分数为 0.2 的水乙醇混合物中溶胀的样品,在约 50 °C 时观察到 tanδ 的峰值,即动态弹性模量(E′)与动态损耗模量(E″)之比。用水或乙醇溶胀的样品在温度范围内没有观察到明显的峰值,但观察到由于木质素的微布朗运动而产生的热软化行为。用水和/或乙醇溶胀的样品在不同溶液中的散射行为差异很大。用水或水与乙醇混合溶液溶胀的样品的 SAXS 强度随温度升高而增加,而用乙醇溶胀的样品的 SAXS 强度随温度升高变化不大。这表明乙醇的吸附位点不同。从 Kratky 图中观察到,与纯液体相比,水和乙醇混合物溶胀样品的峰值位置偏向低 q 侧。这表明水和乙醇混合物溶胀的样品与纯液体溶胀的木材的聚集状态截然不同。
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引用次数: 0
Combined impact of moisture and temperature on cellulose nanocrystal interface degradation by molecular dynamics simulation 分子动力学模拟水分和温度对纤维素纳米晶界面降解的综合影响
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01598-3
Jialiang Li, Yujun Li, Zhengdao Li, Yongkang Wang, Jianjun Jiang

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), derived from abundant natural cellulose, possess exceptional properties including low weight, bioavailability, and high mechanical performance. During shear loading, CNCs exhibit unique stick–slip behavior, making them excellent toughening materials for CNC neat films and nanocomposite. However, the failure behavior at the interface under specific conditions, particularly moisture and temperature, remains unclear. The study utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to quantitatively investigate the hydrothermal effect on the degradation of CNC interface. The degradation mechanism induced by moisture and temperature was indicated through the reduction of adhesive energy and peak force with the consideration of hydrogen bonds. The simulation results showed that the role of water molecules in the interfacial failure depends their content. Water acted as a binder at low moisture levels, while at high moisture levels, it acted as a lubricant. Besides, temperature had a more pronounced impact on the interfacial shear performance. Our simulation results can be used as input in micromechanical models to bridge the gap between the macroscopic and microscopic behavior of films and nanocomposites.

纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)提取自丰富的天然纤维素,具有重量轻、生物利用率高和机械性能高等优异特性。在剪切加载过程中,CNCs 表现出独特的粘滑行为,是 CNC 薄膜和纳米复合材料的极佳增韧材料。然而,在特定条件下,尤其是在湿度和温度条件下,界面的破坏行为仍不清楚。本研究利用分子动力学(MD)模拟定量研究了水热效应对 CNC 界面降解的影响。考虑到氢键的作用,研究人员通过降低粘合能和峰值力,指出了湿度和温度诱导的降解机制。模拟结果表明,水分子在界面破坏中的作用取决于其含量。水分含量低时,水起到粘合剂的作用,而水分含量高时,水起到润滑剂的作用。此外,温度对界面剪切性能的影响更为明显。我们的模拟结果可作为微观力学模型的输入,以缩小薄膜和纳米复合材料的宏观和微观行为之间的差距。
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引用次数: 0
Accuracy of digital image correlation system with telecentric lens for compression tests of wood 带远心镜头的数字图像相关系统在木材压缩试验中的准确性
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01597-4
Masaki Teranishi, Doppo Matsubara

The digital image correlation (DIC) system is a powerful tool for measuring distributions of displacement and strain on the surface of a specimen. DIC systems are employed not only for homogeneous materials such as metals but also for heterogeneous materials such as wood. Although numerous validations of DIC system accuracy for metallic materials exist, the accuracy verification for wood, especially under multiaxial stress conditions, is less common. This study investigated the accuracy of a DIC system equipped with a bilateral telecentric lens on wood (Douglas fir). The accuracy verification in uniaxial stress fields was conducted through full compression testing, while verification in multiaxial stress fields was performed through partial compression testing. Additionally, compression tests on A6063 (aluminium alloy) were conducted to examine the differences in the DIC system accuracy between homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. The accuracy of the DIC system was assessed by comparing the results with those obtained from strain gauges. The results from the full compression tests indicate that the accuracy of axial strain measured by the DIC system was comparable for the specimens of A6063 and Douglas fir in the longitudinal (L) direction but was inferior for Douglas fir in the radial (R) direction. This is because the differences in the mechanical properties of earlywood and latewood produce high strain gradients. Furthermore, the differences in Young’s modulus obtained from the DIC system and strain gauge for the specimens of A6063, Douglas fir (L), and Douglas fir (R) were − 1.23%, 2.26%, and − 12.5%, respectively. In the partial compression tests, the accuracy of strain components measured by the DIC system in the specimens of Douglas fir (R) was lower than that in A6063. In the partial compression tests, high strain gradients appear in multiple strain components, leading to a notable decrease in the accuracy of the DIC system compared to the full compression tests.

数字图像相关(DIC)系统是测量试样表面位移和应变分布的强大工具。DIC 系统不仅适用于金属等均质材料,也适用于木材等异质材料。尽管有许多针对金属材料的 DIC 系统精度验证,但针对木材的精度验证,尤其是多轴应力条件下的精度验证,却并不多见。本研究对配备了双侧远心透镜的 DIC 系统在木材(花旗松)上的精度进行了研究。单轴应力场下的精度验证是通过完全压缩测试进行的,而多轴应力场下的精度验证则是通过部分压缩测试进行的。此外,还对 A6063(铝合金)进行了压缩测试,以检验 DIC 系统在同质材料和异质材料之间的精度差异。DIC 系统的准确性是通过与应变片获得的结果进行比较来评估的。全面压缩试验的结果表明,DIC 系统测量的轴向应变在纵向(L)上与 A6063 和花旗松试样的准确性相当,但在径向(R)上却不如花旗松。这是因为早材和晚材的机械特性不同,会产生较大的应变梯度。此外,A6063、花旗松(L)和花旗松(R)试样的杨氏模量分别为-1.23%、2.26%和-12.5%。在局部压缩试验中,用 DIC 系统测量花旗松(R)试样应变成分的准确度低于 A6063。在局部压缩试验中,多个应变分量中都出现了高应变梯度,导致 DIC 系统的精确度明显低于全面压缩试验。
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引用次数: 0
Fracture energy of birch in tension perpendicular to grain: experimental evaluation and comparative numerical simulations 桦木在垂直于纹理的拉伸状态下的断裂能:实验评估和数值模拟比较
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01595-6
Johannes Jonasson, Henrik Danielsson, Erik Serrano

The present work has experimentally determined the specific fracture energy of the hardwood species silver birch (Betula pendula), which in recent times has caught increased attention for utilization in structural applications. The single-edge-notched beam loaded in three-point-bending was utilized for evaluating the fracture energy with the work-of-fracture method. In addition to birch, Norway spruce (Picea abies) was utilized as a reference material. The effect of two different geometries of the fracture area for each species was evaluated—one triangular and one rectangular fracture area. It should be noted that the geometry of the fracture area did influence the evaluated fracture energy, and this influence was not consistent between species. This was likely in part due to manufacturing difficulties with the triangular fracture area. In addition to the experimental testing, a numerical 2d-model including linear strain-softening behavior was used for comparative simulations. The numerical 2d-models showed reasonable agreement with the experimental results regarding the global load vs. displacement response, despite their relative simple nature. The specific fracture energy for the spruce specimens was evaluated to 221 J/(hbox {m}^2) and for the birch specimens to 656 J/(hbox {m}^2). Consequently, the present work implies a marked increase in specific fracture energy for birch, compared to spruce. This increase in specific fracture energy could potentially have a large influence on the failure behavior of birch when used in structural applications which is something that needs to be considered in future work.

本研究通过实验测定了硬木树种银桦(Betula pendula)的比断裂能,近来,银桦在结构应用方面受到越来越多的关注。利用三点弯曲加载的单边缺口梁,采用断裂功法评估了断裂能。除桦木外,还使用了挪威云杉(Picea abies)作为参考材料。对每个树种的两种不同断裂区域几何形状的影响进行了评估--一种是三角形断裂区域,另一种是矩形断裂区域。值得注意的是,断裂区域的几何形状确实会影响评估的断裂能,而且不同树种之间的影响并不一致。部分原因可能是三角形断裂区的制造困难。除实验测试外,还使用了包含线性应变软化行为的二维数值模型进行比较模拟。尽管数值 2d 模型相对简单,但在整体载荷与位移响应方面与实验结果显示出合理的一致性。经评估,云杉试样的比断裂能为 221 J/(hbox {m}^2),桦木试样的比断裂能为 656 J/(hbox {m}^2)。因此,与云杉相比,本研究意味着桦木的比断裂能明显增加。当桦木用于结构应用时,比断裂能的增加可能会对其破坏行为产生巨大影响,这一点需要在今后的工作中加以考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Green and sustainable fabrication of DES-pretreated high-strength densified wood 以绿色和可持续的方式制造经 DES 处理的高强度致密化木材
IF 3.1 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01594-7
Akash Madhav Gondaliya, Mahfuzul Hoque, Sreenath Raghunath, E. Johan Foster

Wood is a sustainable, benign, and high-performing green structural material readily available in nature that can be used to replace structural materials. However, insufficient mechanical performance (compared to metals and plastic), moisture sensitivity, and susceptibility to microorganism attack make it challenging to use wood as it is for advanced engineering applications. We here present an efficient approach to fabricating densified wood with minimal time and waste generation, demonstrating high mechanical strength, and decreased water penetration on the surface. Wood slabs were treated with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to solubilize the lignin, followed by in-situ regeneration of dissolved lignin in the wood. Then, the slabs were densified with heat and pressure, turning the wood into a functionalized densified material. Lignin regeneration and morphological changes were observed via two-photon microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. The final product is less susceptible to water absorption on the surface and has enhanced flexural strength (> 50% higher), surface hardness (100% increased), and minimal set recovery compared to natural wood. The improved mechanical performance is due to regenerated lignin which acts as a glue and fills spaces present within the interconnected cellulose network inside the wood, forming a highly dense composite during densification. Such enhancement in the properties of DES-densified wood composite makes it a favorable candidate for advanced structural and engineering applications.

木材是一种可持续、无害、高性能的绿色结构材料,在自然界中随处可见,可用来替代结构材料。然而,由于木材的机械性能(与金属和塑料相比)不足、对湿气敏感以及易受微生物侵袭,因此将其用于高级工程应用具有挑战性。我们在此介绍一种高效的方法,用最少的时间、产生最少的废料,制造出高强度的致密化木材,并减少表面的水分渗透。使用深共晶溶剂(DES)处理木板以溶解木质素,然后在木材中对溶解的木质素进行原位再生。然后,通过加热和加压使木板致密化,将木材变成功能化致密材料。木质素再生和形态变化分别通过双光子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行观察。与天然木材相比,最终产品表面不易吸水,抗折强度(高出 50%)、表面硬度(高出 100%)和凝固恢复能力都有所提高。机械性能的提高是由于再生木质素起到了胶水的作用,填充了木材内部相互连接的纤维素网络中的空隙,在致密化过程中形成了高密度的复合材料。DES 增密木材复合材料性能的提高使其成为先进结构和工程应用的有利候选材料。
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引用次数: 0
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Wood Science and Technology
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